5/24/2013. MLA Citations and Bibliographies YOU ONLY HAVE TO DO ONE STYLE NOT BOTH! CHOOSE EITHER MLA OR APA. Giving credit is called documentation

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1 YOU ONLY HAVE TO DO ONE STYLE NOT BOTH! CHOOSE EITHER MLA OR APA MLA Citations and Bibliographies Giving credit to others for their words, thoughts, or ideas is an important ethical concept Avoiding plagiarism and integrating source material into your own work are important college skills Two parts to giving credit: 1. Creating a bibliography 2. Integrating source material correctly Paraphrasing, quoting, summarizing In-text citations within your writing, including a signal phrase such as According to Smith, Giving credit is called documentation Essential to college success Many undergraduate research papers consist largely of quoted, paraphrased, and summarized material from others who are experts in the field being studied. Using original research (experiments, surveys, primary studies, etc.) 1

2 Unique interpretations and synthesis You can demonstrate mastery of the material Citing experts gives your conclusions validity Allows others to learn from your research and findings Build on previous research Producing new knowledge and adding to scholarship in the field Two kinds of citations 1. Bibliographic citations A list at the end of the paper, speech, presentation that lists all the sources you cited (quoted, paraphrased, or summarized) within the paper Includes information needed to locate the item Two kinds of citations 2. Parenthetical citations When quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing, or referring to the words, thought, or ideas of other, use a short reference within the text or in a footnote (depending on the citation style) is used Refers your reader to a specific item (and often a specific place within that item) listed in the bibliography Just two of many formats used Both are used at DSU (along with Chicago in just a few classes) Concepts are the same for APA, MLA, and other styles: Clearly note the source of words, thoughts, or ideas Give an accurate, precise, uniform description of the source material 2

3 Used in English (composition and literature) Foreign Languages At DSU, also used in Business Biology Performing arts Require you to select a citation style Use APA If you are planning on majoring in Communication, Education, Health Sciences, or Social Sciences (psychology) Use MLA For all other majors at DSU Format of the material determines the citation Common material formats include Print periodical article or book Online book (e-book) Online periodical article (from a database or a web site) Journal, magazine, newspaper Web site Video recording Personal interview / personal communication Bibliography Works Cited Citations within your writing parenthetical citations Format of material Print or online If online, how you accessed the item can be important Library database In Module 8, link to printable MLA Guide and/or sample MLA Works Cited 3

4 We have created online guides for both MLA and APA styles to help you answer the questions in Quiz 8 and 9, and write bibliographies in the future. Go to Library Homepage > Research Guides > Citation Guide > MLA or APA Includes basic Works Cited information, many formats, parenthetical citations The current printed MLA Style Guide is available at the Reference Desk The MLA Style Guide has the basic rules, more examples, and some of the in-text citations. Please refer to the Style Guide when taking the Quiz and doing the assignment. 4

5 All citations end with a period. All citations must be double spaced Indent after the first line of each entry Entries are not numbered Entries are alphabetized If an element is not present, omit it If no author is listed, begin citation with the title or the article, book, web page, etc. Some missing elements must be noted in the appropriate location within the citation For Online citations If no place of publication is available = N.p. If no publisher is given = n.p. If no date of publication = n.d. If the item does not have page numbers (like a web site or an article in HTML format within a database) = n. pag. When including the name of the database where you located the full-text, do not write EBSCOhost. EBSCOhost is NOT a database. Academic Search Premier, Business Source Premier, etc., are databases Italics must be used for titles of books and periodicals Capitalize titles of books and articles according to convention, no matter how they appear in a database or catalog Editions of books are noted after the title in the following format: 2nd ed. First editions are not listed as such. If no edition is listed, omit the edition section List the city of publication only (not the state or country) Examples in this module are not double-spaced, but your Works Cited list should be double-spaced Examples in this module do not show indented lines after the first line, but yours should be indented Dates are in Day Month Year format (e.g. 12 Dec. 1992) with all months abbreviated to three letters followed by a period (Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Oct., Nov., Dec.) except May, June, and July, which are left as is, and Sept. which is abbreviated to four letters. Page numbers in MLA are sometimes shortened. If the page numbers are three or more digits, shorten the second number to two digits when possible. Examples: 8-9; 44-49; ; ; Publisher s name are shortened. Don t use LLC or company, etc. Italics must be used with the title of the database 5

6 Authors are formatted the same in all material formats. List first author with the last name first Examples: Smith, John D. Smith, John David. Two authors are separated by a comma after the first author and the word and Example: Smith, John D., and Rosemary L. Jones. Only the first author's name is inverted. Second and third authors are formatted normally Three authors are separated with commas and the word and Example: Smith, John D., Rosemary L. Jones, and Steven G. Harper. List up to three (3) authors; above that number, use the first and et al. Example: Smith, John D., et al. Sometimes an author is an organization, corporation, government entity, etc. Do not invert or use abbreviations. Examples: United States Department of Commerce. General Motors Corporation. American Civil Liberties Union. If an entire edited book is cited, the editor is listed as the author with the abbreviation "ed." after his name, or "eds." if there are more than one editor. Multiple editors are formatted the same way as authors. List first editor with the last name first, followed by a comma and "ed." Example: Smith, John D., ed. Two editors are separated by a comma after the first author and the word and and are followed with a comma and "eds." Example: Smith, John D., and Rosemary L. Jones, eds. Only the first editor's name is inverted. Second and third authors are formatted normally Three editors are separated with commas and the word and and are followed with a comma and "eds." Example: Smith, John D., Rosemary L. Jones, and Steven G. Harper, eds. List up to three (3) editors; above that number, use the first and et al. Example: Smith, John D., et al., eds. Author s Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Title: Subtitle of the book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Publication Medium.. Where do you find the citation information for a printed book? Look on the Cover of the book and the title page first. If you still need more information then go to the verso page (copyright page) Book Cover Title Page Verso Page 6

7 Author s Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial. Title: Subtitle of the Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Name of Database. Web. Date of access. Where do you find the citation information for an e-book? Look on the Cover of the book and the title page first. If you still need more information then go to the verso page (copyright page) and database s information panel. Author s Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial. Title of Chapter. Title: Subtitle of the Book. Ed. Editor s First Name Middle Name or Initial Last Name. City of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Page numbers. Publication Medium. Where do you find the citation information for a printed book? Look on the Cover of the book, title page, and table of contents first. If you still need more information then go to the verso page (copyright page) Cover Title page and database s information panel Verso page Title Verso Table of contents Author s Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial. Title of Entry. Title of Encyclopedia. Ed. First Name Middle name Last name. City of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Name of Database. Web. Date of Access. Look at the beginning of the article, end of the article, at the bottom of the site, and the encyclopedia s home page for the year, editor, and URL. Last Name of Author, First Name Middle Name or Initial. Title of Article. Title of Newspaper Date of publication, edition, section: Page numbers. Name of Database. Web. Date of access. Look at the beginning of the article, end of the article, at the top and bottom of the site. Beginning of article End of article Encyclopedia s home page 7

8 Title of Article. Title of Magazine Date of publication: Page numbers. Name of Database. Web. Date of access. Look at the beginning of the article, end of the article, in the database s citation. Last Name of Author, First Name Middle Name or Initial. Title of Article. Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year of publication): Page numbers. Name of Database. Web. Date of access. Look at the beginning of the article, end of the article, in the database s citation Abbreviations: No publisher use N.p. Last Name of Author, First Name Middle Name or initial. Title of work if it is part of the website." Title of the entire website. Publisher or sponsor of the website (if none use N.p.), Date of publication (if none use n.d.). Web. Date of access. Look at the top of the website, bottom of the website, and in the title bar No date use n.d. No pages use n.pag. No pagination use N.pag. There are three elements absolutely necessary for any MLA web site citation: Name (or title) of site Date of access Media source (Web, Video, etc.) 8

9 MLA in-text citations are made with a combination of signal phrases and parenthetical references. A signal phrase indicates that something taken from a source (such as a quotation, summary, paraphrase, or fact) is about to be used; [often] the signal phrase includes the author's name. The parenthetical reference, which comes after the cited material, normally includes at least a page number. The basic rules are the same for both print and electronic sources. The sentence punctuation (ending period, etc.) is placed after the parenthetical citation. There are a variety of scenarios that can develop when using parenthetical citations, including whether or not the author s name has been used in the signal phrase and what information is available about the source. Remember the purpose of the in-text citation is to lead your reader to the specific entry in the works cited and then to the specific place in the work. If the information derived from more than one page in the work, format page numbers just as you do in an MLA Works Cited. Examples: 3-4; 5-15; 23-29; ; The MLA Style Guide has the basic rules, more examples, and some of the in-text citations. Please refer to the Style Guide when taking the Quiz and doing the assignment. You re now ready to take Quiz 8. If you use MLA format for this quiz, you must use MLA format for Quiz 9. It s located in Module 8. Although the quiz is open book, remember that the Final Exam is not, so you ll need to actually be learning the content not just filling in the bubbles. If you have any questions or run into any problems, please let us know. This class is much easier for students who work quickly through the modules. Don t be afraid to work ahead and get the entire class done! 9