Possibilities for Transport without Fossil Fuels. Mulighederne for transport uden fossil energi. Daniele Pagani

Transcription

1 Possibilities for Transport without Fossil Fuels Mulighederne for transport uden fossil energi Daniele Pagani

2 Agenda: Why Fossil-free Transportation?; Goals for the Future; Technologies Available; Present situation: EU & DK; Conclusions; 2

3 Why Fossil-Free Transportation? 3

4 Why Fossil-Free Transportation? 4

5 Why Fossil-Free Transportation? 3,3 Million People in the world die every year due to pollution Health cost in Europe: US$ 1,6 trillion/year Health cost in Denmark: 4,5 billions Euro/year 5

6 Goals for the Future (2050) Europe: No more conventional-fuels cars in cities; 40% aviation with renewable energies; 40% cut in shipping emissions; 50% of road traffic through rail or water; -60% of transport emissions; -60% of dependence from oil; Denmark: 100% Energy coming from renewable energies (Including transportation); 6

7 Technologies Available: Electric Advantages: Zero or limited noise; Very efficient technology (Up to 92%); Compact and simple design; No maintenance needed; Ideal for city-driving; High torque; Good acceleration capabilities; Disadvantages: Limited range; Optionals? Less range!; Weather affects range; General increase in weight; Expensive ( %); Slow charging time (4-13 hours); Toxicity of old batteries; Safety?; StreetScooter Work B14, Electric, Nordic Folkecenter 7

8 Technologies Available: Electric Is it possible to overcome to the disadvantages? Battery swapping? 8

9 Technologies Available: Electric 9

10 Technologies Available: Hybrids 10

11 Technologies Available: Hybrids Advantages: Better fuel Economy compared to a conventional car; Efficient in city driving; Low or zero emissions; Wide selection of model; Longer range than EV; Lower wear of motor and brakes; BMW i3, 127 kw (172 hp), 0,6 L/100 Km, 13 g/km CO2, Disadvantages: No relevant advantage in motorway driving; Added weight and (sometimes) reduced available space; Expensive (35% more than a the correspondent gasoline or diesel car; Handling not always brilliant; PORSCHE 918 Spyder 4.6 V8, 652 kw (887 hp), 3,1 L/100 Km, 72 g/km CO2,

12 Technologies Available: Hybrids Gasoline + Air η: +50% Air + Gasoline η: +33% Air Hybrid Advantages: No batteries = Reduction of contamination; No batteries = Reduction of initial investment; No batteries = Weight reduction; No batteries = Reduced risk of fire & explosion; Disadvantages: No plans for releasing any time soon; PSA Peugeot-Citroen, 2,9 L/100 km, 69 g/km CO 2 12

13 Technologies Available: Gas Fossil Methane Renewable Methane Biomethane Conventional Natural Gas Synthetic Natural Gas Coal Peat Biogas Synthetic Biogas Ren.En. Methane Solar Wind Oil Shale Gas Shale Gas 1 m3 CH4 = 1,01 L gasoline or 1,1 L Diesel; 13

14 Technologies Available: Gas Advantages: Disadvantages: Cleaner combustion; Cheap and more evenly distributed; η = 35% (+10% gasoline & Diesel); Reduced CO2 and PM; Service every km; -12% maintenance costs than a Diesel; Wide selection of vehicles; Possibility to switch to H2; CH4 compressed at 248 bar (1% of the volume); -10% power (H2 available for upgrade); Accidents on the pipeline will stop the supply; Loss of available space; 14

15 Technologies Available: Gas What is it your first thought? 15

16 Technologies Available: Hydrogen ICE Hydrogen Advantages: Good knowledge of ICEs; Can be converted from a conventional engine or a gas engine; Can run on gasoline as back-up; High efficiency (Like Diesel), if direct injection is used; Low NOX and zero HC, CO and CO2; Pipelines for CH4 can be used for distribution; ICE Hydrogen Disadvantages: Loss of space, if double tank; Difficult to store; Big amount of CO2 for producing it; (If R.E. Is not used); Few filling stations; Ford Focus, 2,0 L, Gasoline + H2, Nordic Folkecenter 16

17 Technologies Available: Hydrogen Fuel-cells Advantages: Fuel-cells Disadvantages: Usage of an electric engine; Lower weight compared to batteries; Longer range available; Filling up takes same time as conventional fuels; Possibility of using the car as a Portable power station (150 kw); Zero tailpipe emissions; Zero Registeringsafgift in Denmark; High Price; Storage problems; Few filling stations; H2 production requires a lot of energy; Fuel-cells get poisoned and loose their capabilities; H2 17

18 Technologies Available: Biofuels Advantages: Several possibilities available (Corn, Plant oil, Sugar-cane, etc. ; Dual fuel mode or interchangeable fuels; Easy to adapt to old cars; Reduced tailpipe emissions; Reduce dependence on foreign oil; Possibility of increasing local employment; Roughly same cost as conventional fuels; Disadvantages: Risk of monoculture development; Increased pollution through fertilizers; Reduced area for food production; Not sufficient land for filling all the cars circulating; Pollution during the synthesizing process; Big amounts of water needed; Toyota Hilux, 2,4 L, Diesel (Converted at plant oil), Nordic Folkecenter 18

19 Technologies Available: Further Possibilities Compressed Air Vehicle Solar Vehicle In common: New Ideas; Each has some side effect; Technology applied on prototypes (Low weight); Very low safety standards (Would not pass a crash test); Wind Vehicle Water Vehicle 19

20 Present Situation - Electric Europe: Approximately Denmark: Approximately 30 20

21 Present Situation - CNG Europe: Denmark: 9 Natural Gas Pipeline Source: Energinet 21

22 Present Situation - Hydrogen Europe: Approximately 170 Denmark: Approximately 12 22

23 Present Situation Danish Law From 1st January 2016: Electric Vehicles: 2016: Price + 20% of 150% of the price (30%); 2017: Price + 40% of 150% of the price (60%); 2018: Price + 65% of 150% of the price (97,5%); 2019: Price + 90% of 150% of the price (135%); 2020: Price + 100% of 150% of the price (150%); Only for cars costing less than Dkk 4000 Dkk deduction for every km over 16 km/l (9,125 kwh/l); Plug-in Hybrid: Calculation of km over 16 km/l on gasoline only; Calculation of km over 16/9,125 kwh on electric only; 4000 Dkk deduction for every km over 16 km/l (9,125 kwh/l); 23

24 Conclusions: No technology is without harm!; Electric, Hybrids and Gas on short term; Hydrogen & Fuel cells on long term; Support from the government is crucial; 24

25 Thank you for the attention! 25