Grading Scale: A = B = C = D= F = Midterm Grade:

Transcription

1 Course Title: Biology 210 Anatomy & Physiology I Credit Hours: 4.0 Prerequisite: BIO 100 or BIO 101 or placement test. A college Chemistry course is not required but is recommended. Required Texts: Human Anatomy and Physiology, by Marieb, Hoehn; Pearson, A Photographic Atlas for Anatomy and Physiology, by Hebert, Heisler,; Pearson, Course Description: This is the first of a sequence of courses, including coverage of the body as an integrated whole. All body systems are studied in the sequence of courses. Teaching Methodology: This class will consist of lectures and discussion, reading and written assignments, problem solving, and laboratory activities. Lectures will be organized around, but not limited to, the material presented in the text. Complete the reading for each chapter in advance of that class session so that you will be prepared for lecture discussion. Evaluation Methods: Four unit tests will be administered during the course. Unit Tests will cover all material that has been covered in the lectures or labs. Quizzes may be given periodically during the semester. No retests will be given on any tests. If a student is absent on the day of a test, an acceptable, documentable excuse must be presented to the instructor in order for a make-up test to be granted. Lack of preparation is not an acceptable excuse for missing a test. If a student is not allowed to take a make-up test the grade of 0 will be given for the test. Laboratory exercises involve actual participation in the activities. It is very important that one attend every laboratory session. If a lab is missed the work must be made up. Some exercises, notably those on bone and muscle, constitute continuing activities, which should be reviewed during each lab period to prepare for practical examinations. Four laboratory practical examinations will be given through the semester. The Lab Practical Tests and any homework will constitute the lab grade, which will account for 25% of the total grade. Grading Scale: A = B = C = D= F = 0-59 Midterm Grade: Your midterm grade will be calculated and reported in mycctc halfway through the semester. Your midterm grade will be the weighted average of your lecture exams (67%) and lab practicals (33%) taken to that point in the course as defined in Syllabus Part C.

2 Tabulation of Course Grade: The final grade will be calculated as follows: 50% Unit Tests 25% Lab and Homework Assignments 25% Comprehensive Final Exam (No Exemptions) Course Entrance Competencies: Basic biological knowledge that is acquired in high school Biology or BIO 100 or Biology 101; and Medical terminology (AHS 102), is strongly recommended. Course Exit Competencies: Upon completion of this course and acquisition of the unit exit competencies listed for each unit, the student should be able to: A. Discuss the levels of organization of life and the chemical makeup and reactions of living organisms with specific details of the cell, tissue, organ, and organ system levels. B. Discuss the general anatomy of the body and its eleven systems and the specific anatomical characteristics of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems, including the special sense organs. C. Discuss the physiological functions of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems, including the special sense organs. Discuss the interrelationships among those systems. UNIT OBJECTIVES At the conclusion of each section of this course, you should be able to discuss in detail the items indicated below for each chapter. CHAPTER 1: The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology 1. Define anatomy and physiology, describe their subdivisions, and explain the principle of form and function. 2. Describe (in order of increasing complexity) the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain their relationships. 3. List the 11 organ systems of the body, identify the components of each, and briefly explain the major function(s) of each system. 4. List and define the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans and list the survival needs of the body. 5. Define homeostasis, explain its significance, and describe how negative and positive feedback are involved in maintaining body homeostasis. 6. Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease. 7. Describe the anatomical position and use correct anatomical terms to describe body directions, regions, planes, and sections. 8. Locate and name the major body cavities and their subdivisions, and list the major organs contained within them. Describe boundaries and general contents of the nine abdominal regions. 9. Name the main serous membranes and note their common function. Differentiate between parietal and visceral portions and explain the nature of pleurisy and peritonitis. CHAPTER 2: Atoms, Ions, Molecules,, reactions, and cellular respiration 1. Define matter and list its three forms.

3 2. Define atom. List the subatomic particles; describe their relative masses, charges, and positions in the atom. Define the related terms: atomic number, atomic mass, atomic weight, isotope, and radioisotope. 3. Explain the role of electrons and the octet rule in chemical bonding. Describe ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds, how they differ, and their strengths from weakest to strongest. 4. Define element, mixture, and compound, and list the four major elements that make up the body 5. Compare and contrast polar and nonpolar compounds. 6. Explain the importance of water and salts to body homeostasis. Define acids, bases, and salts and explain the concept of ph. 7. Compare solutions, colloids, and suspensions. Explain what is meant by a molar solution and why molarity is so important. How many particles are in a mole of anything? 8. Describe and compare the building blocks, general structure, and biological functions of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. 9. Explain the role of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the formation and breakdown of organic molecules. Describe the four levels of protein structure. 10. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. 11. Differentiate clearly between matter and energy and between potential energy and kinetic energy. 12. Describe the major forms of energy. 13. Identify three major types of chemical reactions (synthesis, decomposition, and exchange, and reversible reactions). 14. Describe the nature and importance of oxidation- reduction reactions. Describe oxidation and reduction as processes. 15. Describe the general mechanism of enzyme activity and describe the function of molecular chaperones. 16. Describe the factors that affect chemical reaction rates and tell why many chemical reactions in the body are irreversible 17. Explain the role of ATP in cell metabolism and name the pathways that generate ATP 18. List the four stages of glucose oxidation and where each stage occurs in the cell. 19. Write the overall chemical equation for cellular respiration and explain the general process of what is occurring. CHAPTER 3: Biology of the Cell 1. Define cell. List the 3 major regions of a generalized cell and indicate the function of each region. State the cell theory in its original form. 2. Describe the chemical composition of the plasma membrane and relate it to membrane functions, with special regard to active and passive transport mechanisms. Discuss those transport mechanisms relative to energy sources, substances transported, direction, and mechanism. 3. Compare the structure and function of tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. 4. Define membrane potential; explain resting potential, depolarization, and repolarization and their importance to body functions. 5. Describe the role of the plasma membrane glycocalyx in cells interactions with their environments. 6. List several roles of membrane receptors and that of voltage- sensitive membrane channel proteins. 7. Describe the composition of the cytosol; define inclusions and list several types. 8. Discuss the structure and function of membranous and nonmembranous organelles. 9. List the phases of the cell life cycle and describe the key events of each phase. 10. Describe the process of DNA replication. Define gene and explain the function of genes. Explain the genetic code. 11. Name and describe the two phases of protein synthesis of DNA and three kinds of RNA in each phase. Contrast triplets, codons, and anticodons. 12. Name and describe the composition of extracellular materials. 13. Discuss some of the theories of cell differentiation and aging. CHAPTER 4: TISSUE ORGANIZATION

4 1. List several structural and functional characteristics of epithelial tissue, classify them on the basis of cell types and arrangements, and describe their locations and functions. 2. Define gland. Differentiate between exocrine and endocrine glands and multicellular and unicellular glands. Classify the exocrine glands. 3. Indicate common characteristics of connective tissues, and list and describe their structural elements. cells. 4. Classify the types of connective tissue found in the body, and indicate their characteristic functions and locations. 5. Describe the structure and function of cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes. 6. Indicate the general characteristics of nervous tissue. 7. Compare and contrast the structures and body locations of the three types of muscle tissue. 8. Indicate the embryonic origin of each tissue class and briefly describe tissue changes that occur with age. CHAPTER 5: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 1. Name the specific tissue types composing the epidermis and dermis, list the major layers of each and describe the function of each layer. 2. Describe the factors that normally contribute to skin color. Briefly describe how skin color may be used as a clinical sign of disease. 3. Compare the structures, locations, and secretions of sweat and sebaceous glands and distinguish between and apocrine sweat glands. 4. List the parts of a hair follicle and explain the function of each part. Also describe the functional relationship of pili muscles to the hair follicle. 5. Name the regions of a hair and explain the basis of hair color. Describe the distribution, growth, replacement, and changing nature of hair during the life span. 6. Describe the structure of nails. 7. Describe how the skin accomplishes at least five different functions. 8. Summarize the characteristics of the three major types of skin cancers. 9. Describe how to determine the extent of a burn and differentiate among first, second, and third-degree burns. Explain why serious burns are life- threatening. 10. Outline the process of tissue repair involved in the normal healing of a superficial wound. 11. Briefly describe the changes that occur in the skin from birth to old age. Explain the causes of such changes. CHAPTER 6: SKELETAL SYSTEM: BONE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 1. Describe the functional properties of each of the three types of cartilage tissue and tell where each is found in the skeleton. Explain how cartilage grows. 2. Name the major regions of the skeleton and describe their functions. 3. Compare and contrast the structure of the four bone classes and provide examples of each class. 4. List and describe five important functions of bones. 5. Describe the gross anatomy of a typical long bone and flat bone. Indicate the locations and functions of red and yellow marrow, cartilage, periosteum, and endosteum. Indicate the functional importance of bone markings. 6. Describe the histology of compact and spongy bone. 7. Discuss the chemical composition of bone and the relative advantages conferred by its organic and inorganic components. 8. Compare and contrast and endochondral ossification, discuss the process of long bone growth that occurs at the epiphyseal plates, and describe appositional growth. 9. Compare locations and functions of the osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, their roles in bone remodeling, and the role of hormones and physical stress in that process. 10. Describe the steps of fracture repair. 11. Contrast the disorders of bone remodeling seen in osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease. 12. Describe the timing and cause of changes in bone architecture and bone mass throughout life.

5 CHAPTER 7: THE SKELETON - AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SKELETON 1. Name the major parts of the axial and appendicular skeletons and describe their most important functions. 2. Name, describe, and identify the bones of the skull and identify their important markings. 3. Compare and contrast the major functions of the cranium and the facial skeleton. Define the bony boundaries of the orbits, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. 4. Describe the general structure of the vertebral column, list its components, and describe its curvatures and their functions. Describe three kinds of spinal curvature problems. 5. Discuss the structure of a typical vertebra and describe the special features of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae. 6. Name and describe the bones of the thorax and classify the ribs. 7. Identify the bones forming the pectoral girdle and relate their structures and arrangements to the functions of these girdles. 8. Identify the bones of the upper and lower limbs and their important markings. Name the three supporting arches of the foot and explain their importance. 9. Name the bones contributing to the os coxa and relate the pelvic girdle s strength to its function. Distinguish between male and female pelves. 10. Define fontanels, indicate their significance, and describe how skeletal proportions change during childhood and adolescence. 11. Discuss how age-related skeletal changes may affect health. CHAPTER 8: SKELETAL SYSTEM: ARTICULATIONS 1. Define joint and articulation and classify joints structurally and functionally. 2. Describe the general structure of fibrous joints. Name and give an example of the three common types of fibrous joints. 3. Describe the general structure of cartilaginous joints. Name and give an example of each of the two common types of cartilaginous joints. 4. Describe the structural characteristics shared by all synovial joints and list three natural factors that stabilize synovial them. Name six types of synovial joints based on the movement(s) they allow. Provide examples of each type. 5. Compare the structures and functions of bursae and tendon sheaths. 6. Name and describe (or perform) the common types of joint movements. Describe in detail the elbow, knee, hip, and shoulder joints. 7. Name the most common joint injuries and discuss the symptoms and problems associated with each. Compare and contrast the common types of arthritis. 8. Discuss briefly the factors that promote or disturb joint homeostasis. CHAPTER 9: MUSCLE TISSUE 1. Compare and contrast the basic types of muscle tissue and list four important functions of each. 2. Describe the gross structure of a skeletal muscle with respect to location and names of its connective tissue coverings and attachments. 3. Describe the construction of a sarcomere. Describe the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction and tell how each part of the excitation and contraction apparatus plays a role in muscle action. 4. Define motor unit and explain how muscle fibers are stimulated to contract. Explain how smooth, graded contractions of a skeletal muscle are produced. 5. Define muscle twitch, describe events occurring during its three phases, and differentiate between isometric and isotonic contractions. 6. Describe three ways ATP is regenerated during skeletal muscle contraction. Define oxygen debt and muscle fatigue. List possible causes of muscle fatigue. 7. List & describe factors that influence the force, velocity and duration of skeletal muscle contraction.

6 8. Name and describe three types of skeletal muscle fibers; explain the relative value of each fiber type in the body. 9. Compare and contrast the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on skeletal muscles and on other body systems. 10. Compare the gross and microscopic anatomy of smooth muscle cells to that of skeletal muscle cells. Contrast stimulation and contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle and describe two types of smooth muscle. 11. Describe briefly the embryonic development of muscle tissues and the changes that occur in skeletal muscles with age. CHAPTER 10: THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM; AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR MUSCLES 1. Explain the function of prime movers, antagonists, synergists, and fixators and describe how each promotes normal muscular function. 2. List the criteria used in naming muscles. Provide an example to illustrate the use of each criterion. 3. Name the common patterns of fascicle arrangement and relate these to power generation by muscles. 4. Define lever and explain how a lever operating at a mechanical advantage differs from one operating at a mechanical disadvantage. 5. Name the three types of lever systems and indicate the arrangement of elements (effort, fulcrum, and load) in each. Also note the advantage of each type of lever system. 6. Name and identify (on an appropriate diagram or torso model) each of the muscles you are assigned and describe the action of each. CHAPTER 11: NERVOUS SYSTEM: NERVOUS TISSUE 1. List the basic functions of the nervous system and describe the structural and functional divisions of the nervous system. 2. List the types of neuroglial cells and cite their functions. 3. Describe the important anatomical structures of a neuron and relate each structure to a physiological role. Explain the importance of the myelin sheath and describe how it is formed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. 4. Classify neurons structurally and functionally and differentiate between a nerve and a tract, and between a nucleus and a ganglion. 5. Define resting membrane potential and describe its electrochemical basis. Compare and contrast graded and action potentials, and explain how action potentials are generated and propagated along neurons. 6. Define absolute and relative refractory periods. 7. Define saltatory conduction and compare it to conduction along nonmyelinated fibers. 8. Describe synaptic transmission. Distinguish between electrical and chemical synapses structurally and in their mechanisms of information transmission. 9. Distinguish between excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and describe how synaptic events are integrated and modified. 10. Define neurotransmitter and name several classes of neurotransmitters. 11. Describe common patterns of neuronal processing; distinguish in a general sense between serial and parallel processing. 12. Describe the role of astrocytes and nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) in the differentiation of neurons. CHAPTER 12: NERVOUS SYSTEM: BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES 1. Describe the process of brain development. 2. Name major regions of the human brain and list the major lobes, fissures, and functional areas of the cerebral cortex. Name and locate the ventricles of the brain. 3. Compare and contrast the structure and locations of the three meninges and list the spaces found between the meninges 4. Explain the functions of cerebrospinal fluid and trace the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid beginning

7 with its origin and ending with its removal. 5. Describe how meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and the blood-brain barrier protect the CNS. Describe the formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid 6. Differentiate among commissures, association fibers, and projection fibers. Describe the general functions of the basal nuclei. 7. Describe the locations of the diencephalon, midbrain, and cerebellum, name their subdivisions, and list the functions of each. 8. Explain lateralization of hemisphere function 9. Locate the limbic system and the reticular formation and explain the role of each functional system. 10. Describe consciousness clinically. Compare and contrast stages and categories of memory. Describe the relative roles of major brain structures believed to be involved in declarative and procedural memories. 11. Describe cerebrovascular accidents and the major neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington s disease, and Parkinson s disease). 12. Explain the effects of aging on the brain. 13. Name the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and describe the body region and structures innervated by each 14. Compare the functions of each of the cranial nerves. CHAPTER 13: NERVOUS SYSTEM: SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 1. Describe the embryonic development of the spinal cord and its gross and microscopic structure in the adult. 2. Describe the locations and function of the spinal cord meninges and the spaces associated with these coverings. Discuss use of lumbar puncture clinically and its relationship to cerebrospinal fluid. 3. Name the components of sensory and motor conduction pathways and list the features common to each. 4. Define a spinal nerve and describe the general structure of a nerve. 5. Describe the formation of a spinal nerve and distinguish between spinal roots and rami. Describe the general distribution of the ventral and dorsal rami. 6. Define a dermatome and explain its clinical significance 7. Define plexus. Name the major plexuses, their origin sites, a major nerve arising from each, and describe the distribution and function of the peripheral nerves. 8. Describe the process of nerve fiber regeneration after injury. Which fibers regenerate freely and which don t and what seems to make the difference? 9. Name the components of a reflex arc and distinguish between somatic and autonomic reflexes. Compare and contrast stretch, flexor, and crossed extensor reflexes. 10. Describe the developmental relationship between the segmented arrangement of peripheral nerves, skeletal muscles, and skin dermatomes.. CHAPTER 14: NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Define autonomic nervous system and explain its relationship to the peripheral nervous system as a whole. 2. Compare the somatic and autonomic nervous systems relative to effectors, efferent pathways, and neurotransmitters involved. Compare and contrast the general functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. 3. For the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions, describe the site of CNS origin, locations of ganglia, and general fiber pathways general Function of each system. 4. Define cholinergic and adrenergic fibers and list the different types of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors. Briefly describe the clinical importance of drugs that mimic or inhibit adrenergic or cholinergic effects. 5. State the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the following organs: heart, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, adrenal medulla, and external genitalia. 6. Describe autonomic nervous system controls.

8 7. Explain the relationship of some types of hypertension, Raynaud's disease, and the mass reflex reaction to disorders of autonomic functioning. 8. Describe some effects of aging on the autonomic nervous system. 9. Discuss how autonomic reflexes help maintain homeostasis. CHAPTER 15: THE SPECIAL SENSES 1. Describe the structure and function of accessory eye structures, eye tunics, lens, and humors of the eye. Trace the pathway of light through the eye to the retina, and explain how light is focused for distant and close vision. 2. Describe the events involved in the stimulation of photoreceptors by light, and compare and contrast the roles of rods and cones in vision. 3. Describe the causes and consequences of astigmatism, cataract, glaucoma, hyperopia, myopia, and color blindness. 4. Compare and contrast light and dark adaptation. 5. Trace the visual pathway to the optic cortex and briefly describe the steps in visual processing. 6. Describe the location, structure, and afferent pathways of taste and smell receptors and explain how the receptors are activated. 7. Describe structure and general function of the outer, inner, and middle ears. 8. Describe the sound conduction pathway to the fluids of the inner ear and follow the auditory pathway from the organ of Corti to the temporal cortex. 9. Explain how one is able to differentiate pitch and loudness of sounds and to localize the source of sounds. 10. Explain how the balance organs of the semicircular canals and the vestibule help to maintain dynamic and static equilibrium. 11. List symptoms and possible causes of otitis media, deafness, Meniere's syndrome, and motion sickness. 12. List changes that occur in the special sense organs with aging. Effective