mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2 CHAPTER 2 THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM Substance that consists of only one type of atom.
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1 CHAPTER 2 THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM Element Matter Anything that occupies space & has mass. Substance that consists of only one type of atom. Kinetic Theory of Matter Compound Substance that contains two or more elements that are chemically bonded together. Type of Particles Atom Molecule Ion Atom Smallest particle of an element that can take place in chemical reaction. Ion Is a positive charged or negative charged particle. Matter is made up of tiny & discrete particle. Particle vibrate, moving & collide with each other. Particles move randomly. There are forces between the particle. Stronger the forces, particle close to each other. Higher the temperature, higher the kinetic energy of particle. Molecule A group of two or more atoms which are chemically bonded together. Physical State Solid Liquid Gas Subatomic Particles Proton Neutron Diffusion Is a random movement between different particles from high concentration to lower concentration. 5
2 Atom, Molecule & Ion Atom + Atom Molecule (ELEMENT) + Atom Atom Cation Anion Molecule (COMPOUND) Ionic Compound Example: Formation of WATER Water Molecule + Oxygen Atom Hydrogen Atom A Glass of Water 6
3 Diffusion in Solid: Test tube is filled with a hot jelly and copper(ii) sulphate crystal. Difussion Rate: Reason: Diffusion in Liquid: A beaker is filled with water & potassium manganate (VII). Difussion Rate: Reason: Diffusion in Gas: A gas jar is filled with few drop of bromine liquid. Difussion Rate: Reason: 7
4 States Particles Arrangement Forces between particles Particles Motion SOLID Held together very strong Vibrate and rotate at fixed position Packed closely in orderly manner LIQUID Packed closely not in orderly arrangement Strong but weaker than solid Vibrate, rotate and move through liquid & collide against each other GAS weak Vibrate, rotate and move freely Far apart from each other Solid Liquid Gas Shape : Shape : Shape : Ability to be compressed: Ability to be compressed: Ability to be compressed: 8
5 Change in the State of Matter Changes in the Heat Energy 9
6 Heating of Naphthalene Cooling of Naphthalene 1. Why is solid naphthalene, C10H8 not heated directly with Bunsen burner? 2. Why is water bath used to heat the naphthalene? 3. During the cooling of naphthalene, explain why a) the boiling tube must place in a conical flask? b) the naphthalene must stirred continuously? 4. What happens to the temperature of naphthalene during a) melting? Give a reason. b) freezing? Give a reason. 5. The melting point of sugar is 184 o C. The melting point of sugar cannot be determined using same apparatus. Why? What apparatus can be used instead? 10
7 The Heating Curve of Naphthalene Temperature ( o C) D B C A Time (min) Melting Point Is the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid at a particular pressure. Physical State AB = BC = CD = Why the temperature increase from A to B? When solid is heated, heat energy is. This cause particles to kinetic energy and vibrate. Why the temperature remains constant at BC? Heat energy by the particles is used to overcome the force between the particles so that the solid turn into liquid. Also known as latent heat of fusion. Why the temperature increase from C to D? When liquid is heated, heat energy is. This cause particles to kinetic energy and move. * label the melting point of the naphthalene in the diagram above as MP. 11
8 The Cooling Curve of Naphthalene Temperature ( o C) E F G H Time (min) Freezing Point Is the temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid at a particular pressure. Physical State EF = FG = GH = Why the temperature decrease from E to F? When liquid is cooled, heat energy is. This cause particles to kinetic energy and move. Why the temperature remains constant at FG? Heat energy to the surroundings is exactly same as the heat energy released by particle to form the forces to become a solid. How to avoid supercooling? Why the temperature decrease from G to H? When solid is cooled, heat energy is. This cause particles to kinetic energy and vibrate. * label the freezing point of the naphthalene in the diagram above as FP. 12
9 The Atomic Structure [Draw the atomic model & briefly explain] (1) John Dalton ( ) (2) J.J. Thomson ( ) (3) Ernest Rutherford ( ) (5) James Chadwick ( ) (4) Neils Bohr ( ) 13
10 Subatomic Particles of an Atom NEUTRON PROTON Symbol : p Relative electric charge : +1 Relative mass: 1 Symbol : n Relative electric charge : 0 Relative mass: 1 ELECTRON Symbol : e NUCLEUS Proton + Neutron Relative electric charge : -1 Relative mass: NUCLEON NUMBER = Proton + Number of Number Neutron Atom Q has a proton number of 11 and a nucleon number of 23. How many protons, electrons and neutrons are present in the atom? NEUTRAL ATOM Number of proton is equal to the number of electron. Definition Nucleon number is the total number of proton and neutrons in its atom. Definition Proton number is the number of protons in its atom. 14
11 Symbol of Elements Element Symbol Element Symbol Element Symbol Element Symbol Hydrogen Carbon Sodium Sulphur Helium Nitrogen Magnesium Chlorine Lithium Oxygen Aluminium Argon Beryllium Fluorine Silicon Potassium Boron Neon Phosphorus Calcium Na Also represented by sodium-23 A fluorine atom has 9 protons and 10 neutrons. What is the proton number and nucleon number of the atom? Represent the atom in the form of. Bromine-80 has 45 neutrons. What are the proton number and nucleon number of the atom? Represent the atom in the form of. 15
12 ISOTOPES Atoms of the same element has same proton number but different number of neutron Why isotopes element has similar chemical properties? Element Nucleon Number Proton Number Hydrogen-1 1 Hydrogen-2 Hydrogen-3 No. of Neutron No. of Carbon-12 6 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 Oxygen-16 8 Oxygen-17 Oxygen-18 Chlorine Chlorine-37 Bromine Bromine-81 To determine the rate of absorption of fertilisers by plants. USES OF ISOTOPES To determine the age of artifact. To detect leaks in underground petroleum pipe. To detect the location of a tumor in the brain. To treat cancer. 16
13 The ic Structure of an Atom Maximum number of electron filled in the shell: 1 st = 2 electrons 2 nd = 8 electrons 3 rd = 8 electrons 4 th = 8 electrons Valence s s in the outermost occupied shell. For atoms with more than 20 electrons, the third shell can filled up to 18 electrons. Configuration Chlorine has proton number 17. The last shell filled with electrons known as the outermost occupied shell. Write the electron arrangement for potassium & state the valence electrons. 17
14 Element Proton Number Number of Configuration & Valence ic Structure Hydrogen 1 E.C = V.E = Helium 2 Lithium 3 Beryllium 4 Boron 5 Carbon 6 Nitrogen 7 18
15 Element Proton Number Number of Configuration & Valence ic Structure Oxygen 8 Fluorine 9 Neon 10 Sodium 11 Magnesium 12 Aluminium 13 19
16 Element Proton Number Number of Configuration & Valence ic Structure Silicon 14 Phosphorus 15 Sulphur 16 Chlorine 17 Argon 18 20
17 Element Proton Number Number of Configuration & Valence ic Structure Potassium 19 Calcium 20 21
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