Chap 12: DNA - Genetic Material
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1 Chap 12: DNA - Genetic Material
2 QOD 1. Draw and label a nucleotide. 2. What are the 4 bases and how do they pair? 3. Draw and label a strand of DNA. Matching
3 Matching: D N A B K G I M F E C L J H 1. mutagen 2. thymine 3. anticodon 4. adenine 5. cytosine 6. guanine 7. genetic code 8. replication 9. nucleotide 10. uracil 11. transcription 12. double helix 13. translation 14. ribosome a. Sequence of three bases on transfer RNA b. A purine in DNA that pairs only with thymine c. Process of making messenger RNA d. Examples: ultraviolet light and x-rays e. A pyrimidine in RNA that pairs only with adenine f. Subunit of a DNA molecule, made of a base, a sugar, and a phosphate group g. A purine in DNA that pairs only with cytosine h. A structure in the cytoplasm where proteins are synthesized i. Manner in which cells store the information that they pass from one generation to the next. j. Process of converting genetic code in RNA into the amino acid sequence that makes up a protein k. A pyrimidine in DNA that pairs only with guanine l. The structure of DNA molecule m. Process of making copies of DNA n. A pyrimidine in DNA that pairs only with adenine
4 Nucleotide: basic unit of nucleic acid Phosphate Nitrogen Base Sugar
5 Types of Bases: Purine Pyrimidine Adenise Guanine Cytosine Thymine Uracil The order of bases are the instructions for what organism you are, and what you look like = your genetics
6 Base Pairing! Adenine with Thymine - double H bond Guanine with Cytosine - triple H bond This is called: complimentary base pairs
7 1 2 3 Sugar Phosphate Backbone Covalent Bond Hydrogen Bond Covalent Bond: between the phosphate and sugar, stronger bond Hydrogen Bond: between nitrogen bases, weaker
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9 13.1 THE GENETIC MATERIAL Finding the molecule..the material must be 1. Able to store information that pertains to the development, structure and metabolic activities of the cell 2. Stable so that it can be replicated 3. Able to undergo changes (mutations)
10 1869 Discovering Nucleic Acids Swiss Physician, Johannes Friedrich Miescher isolated the chemical he called nuclein from the nuclei of pus cells Now called nucleic acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)
11 THE BIG QUESTION Is it nucleic acids that contain the genetic code or is it proteins? Proteins contain 20 amino acids that can be organized in countless ways to determine traits Nucleic acids only contained 4 different nucleotides
12 TRANSFORMATION OF BACTERIA Frederick Griffith attempted to find a vaccine against pneumococcus He found that one type of bacteria could turn into another
13
14 Figure 13.1a
15 Figure 13.1b
16 Figure 13.1c
17 Figure 13.1d
18 DNA WAS DETERMINED TO BE THE TRANSFORMING SUBSTANCE Conclusions: DNA from S strain bacteria causes R strain to be transformed Enzymes that degrade proteins will not stop the transformation Enzymes that degrade DNA does stop the transformation Transformation Animation Activity
19 Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase Experiments
20 Bacteriophages viruses that infect bacteria Consist of a protein capsid And a core of DNA (or RNA) Experiments used radioactive sulfur to tag the protein And radioactive phosphorous to tag the DNA The goal was to see which substance (protein or DNA) moved into the infected cell
21 Figure
22 Figure 13.2a
23 Figure 13.2b
24 Figure 13.3a Conclusion: The radioactive tag on the DNA went into the bacteria
25 Figure 13.3b Conclusion: The radioactive tag on the protein did not go into the bacteria Animation of the Hershey and Chase Experiment
26 THE RACE IS ON! Who will be the first to discover the structure of DNA?
27 cchargaff The Race to Establish the Structure of DNA The players:: Secret of life - Start at 38 Wilkins
28 Examine the data below. Do you notice a pattern?
29 So did Erwin Chargaff... -noticed that all a species had similar ratios of A, T, G, C Chargaff s Rule Amount of A, T, G, C varies by species, but A = T G = C
30 ROSALIND FRANKLIN & WILKENS Took pictures of DNA using X-RAY DIFFRACTION
31 DNA
32 WATSON & CRICK
33 Figure 13.6d
34 DNA: THE DOUBLE HELIX Steps of ladder are bases (A, T, G, C) Sides of ladder are sugar & phosphate Both sides held together by hydrogen bonds
35 5' and 3' ends 5' 4' 1' 3' 2' 2' 3' 1' 4' 5' Each side is antiparallel, the numbers represent the carbons attached in a ring to make deoxyribose
36
37 5 and 3 ENDS Each Side is ANTIPARALLEL
38
39 DNA DOUBLE HELIX - origami Origami template
40 DNA REPLICATION -the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself -occurs during interphase, prior to cell division -location: nucleus Replication is called semiconservative, because one half of the original strand is always saved, or "conserved
41 Helicase NA olymerase DNA Replication The process: 1. DNA unwinds, DNA unzips at the Hydrogen bonds by the enzyme Helicase. 2. Complimentary bases added form 3 to 5 end for form a new half. -by enzyme DNA polymerase. Ligase : enzyme that connects the fragments together. glue
42 Helicase DNA polymerase 3. Mismatch repair where damaged DNA is taken out by DNA nuclease 4. DNA Polymerase is released. The DNA zips back up and then rewinds. Two identical strands of identical DNA are formed.
43 Replication fork: There are multiple replication forks all down the strand.
44 Figure 13.9a
45 DNA helicase= unzips replication fork= area were unzip occurs DNA polymerase: adds nucleotides and binds the sugars and phosphates. ***DNA polymerase travels from the 3' to the 5' end. The DNA is called the template strand.*** leading strand side that follows the helicase as it unwinds. lagging strand - its moving away from the helicase (in the 5' to 3' direction). OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS are bound by DNA LIGASE
46 Other vocab Okazaki fragment: a string of nucleotides added to the lagging size at once RNA primer: locates the area where DNA polymerase bind and will start Telomeres: nonsense DNA at end of chromosome to protect from loss of genes
47 Pg 235
48 DNA replication video
49
50 Figure 13Ac
51
52
53 Animations and Videos of DNA REPLICATION DNA Replication at stolaf.edu How Nucleotides are Added in DNA Replication (mcgraw-hill) DNA Replication Tutorial at wiley.com DNA Replication Fork at harvard.edu
54 GENES SPECIFY ENZYMES
55 QOD 1. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA - may want to use a table or visual diagram 2. Define the following: Okazaki fragment: RNA primer: Telomeres:
56 There are 2 Types of Nucleic Acids: DNA RNA 1. Monomers are nucleotides. 1. Monomers are nucleotides. 2. Each nucleotide has 3 parts: 2. Each nucleotide has 3 parts: a. Phosphate group a. Phosphate group b. Deoxyribose, a 5-carbon sugar b. Ribose, a 5-carbon sugar c. Nitrogenous base: c. Nitrogenous base: *adenine thymine *adenine uracil *cytosine - guanine *cytosine - guanine 3. Double Stranded 3. Single Stranded 4. Only in nucleus 4. May leave nucleus Okazaki fragment: a string of nucleotides added to the lagging size at once RNA primer: locates the area where DNA polymerase bind and will start Telomeres: nonsense DNA at end of chromosome to protect from loss of genes
57
58 Chapter 10 RNA Structure and Function Cells have three major types of RNA: 1. mrna carries the genetic message from the nucleus to the cytosol. 2. trna carries specific amino acids, helping to form polypeptides. 3. rrna is the major component of ribosomes.
59 GENES SPECIFY PROTEINS
60 Figure 14.3 RNA is a lot like DNA, except: 1. Ribose 2. Uracil 3. Single Strand *Can leave the nucleus, carries the "message"
61 The Central Dogma DNA RNA Amino Acid (Protein)
62 Figure 14.5 Every 3 bases on mrna (messenger RNA) is called a CODON Each CODON specifies one AMINO ACID Chains of amino acids are proteins (ex. hemoglobin)
63 Protein Synthesis: Transcription The Process: 1. RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA molecule at the promoter the start signal. The DNA unwinds and unzips in one region, exposing the gene. (-Gene: a piece of DNA that codes for a protein.) 2. Complimentary bases form a new mrna molecule. 3. RNA polymerase reaches the termination signal or mrna transcript- the stop signal. 4. The DNA re-winds and rezips The mrna can now leave the nucleus..
64
65 Transcription gene RNA molecules DNA
66 Transcription Questions 1. Where does transcription occur? 2. What is the main idea of transcription? 3. What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes transcription? 4. What would the complimentary mrna bases for the DNA (to the right) molecule be? 4. DNA A - T - T - C - C - A - T - A - C - G - T - A - mrna
67 Transcription Questions 1. Where does transcription occur? In the nucleus. 2. What is the main idea of transcription? DNA is copied onto a complementary strand of mrna. 3. What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes transcription? RNA polymerase. 4. What would the complimentary mrna bases for the DNA (to the right) molecule be? 4. DNA mrna A - U T - A T - A C - G C - G A - U T - A A - U C - G G - C T - A A - U
68 Transcription Animations Transcription: Stolaf.edu Transcription: Concord.org
69 Levels of Protein Structure 1. Primary Protein Structure- The sequence of the amino acid chain." 2. Secondary Protein Structure- Twisting of the amino acid chain." 3. Tertiary Protein Structure- folding of the amino acid chain." 4. Quaternary Protein Structureconsists of more than one amino acid chain. "
70 Translation: process by which protein is built from the mrna trna is used to build an amino acid chain Each 3 bases on mrna codes for a single amino acid.
71
72 3 bases on mrna = a codon Matching 3 bases on trna = anticodon trna has a single attached amino acid
73 UUU CAG AAA GUC AUG AUG is the codon that codes to start transcription
74 Amino Acid from mrna codon 2 nd Base 1 st base U C A G 3 rd base U C A G Phenylalanine Phenylalanine Leucine Leucine Leucine Leucine Leucine Leucine Isoleucine Isoleucine Isoleucine Methionine Valine Valine Valine Valine Serine Serine Serine Serine Proline Proline Proline Proline Threonine Threonine Threonine Threonine Alanine Alanine Alanine Alanine Tyrosine Tyrosine Stop Codon Stop Codon Histidine Histidine Glutamine Glutamine Asparagine Asparagine Lysine Lysine Aspartic Acid Aspartic Acid Glutamic Acid Glutamic Acid Cysteine Cysteine Stop codon Tryptophan Arginine Arginine Arginine Arginine Serine Serine Arginine Arginine Glycine Glycine Glycine Glycine U C A G U C A G U C A G U C A G
75 Translation occurs on the ribosome mrna is threaded through the small and large subunit
76 Figure 14.10b
77 All genes start with AUG, also called the START CODON It attaches to anticodon UAC and the amino acid methionine
78 Translation The process: 1. Initiation- mrna attaches to a ribosome- trna attaches to the start codon 2. Elongation-A trna with an amino acid joins with mrna according to complementary base pairing (codons to anticodons) -The amino acid joins the peptide chain by forming a peptide bond. Elongation (cont.)- The trna is released into the cytoplasm -The next trna is positioned, the polypeptide chain grows. 3. Termination- the process ends when a stop codon is reached (4). Disassembly- the ribosome falls apart and the protein is released.
79 2. Elongation-A trna with an amino acid joins with mrna according to complementary base pairing (codons to anticodons) -The amino acid joins the peptide chain by forming a peptide bond. Elongation (cont.)- The trna is released into the cytoplasm -The next trna is positioned, the polypeptide chain grows. Figure 14.12
80 Figure Termination- the process ends when a stop codon is reached (4). Disassemblythe ribosome falls apart and the protein is released.
81 The Big Picture (aka The Central Dogma) DNA è RNA è Protein
82
83 Figure 14.4
84 Animations of Translation Translation: Stolaf.edu Translation: University of Nebraska Translation: Concord.org
85 Introns: noncoding lie between exons, are cut out before the gene is translated Complete mrna contains: Exons: coding mrna the parts of the gene that will represent the codons for creating the protein exit the nucleus poly(a) tail: protects the mrna molecule from enzymatic degradation in the cytoplasm and aids in transcription termination Start and stop codons
86 RNA Transcript: In between step of RNA that include introns and exons Aka pre-mrna Exon - RNA sequences in the primary transcript that are found in the mrna Intron - RNA sequences between exons that are removed by splicing, not in final mrna
87 AUG CAG GGC
88 Translation in Prokaryotes Transcription & translation are simultaneous in bacteria DNA is in cytoplasm no mrna editing ribosomes read mrna as it is being transcribed
89 Translation: prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes Differences between prokaryotes & eukaryotes time & physical separation between processes takes eukaryote ~1 hour from DNA to protein no RNA processing
90 Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote genes Prokaryotes DNA in cytoplasm circular chromosome naked DNA no introns Eukaryotes DNA in nucleus linear chromosomes DNA wound on histone proteins introns vs. exons intron = noncoding (inbetween) sequence eukaryotic DNA exon = coding (expressed) sequence
91 QOD 6. What process does this picture show? 7. Is this a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell?
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