9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Slide 1 of 37
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In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis passes to the second stage of cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle. Oxygen is required for the final steps of Cellular respiration.
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2 9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Oxygen is required for the final steps of cellular respiration. Because the pathways of cellular respiration require oxygen, they are aerobic. 2 of 37
3 The Krebs Cycle The Krebs Cycle In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis passes to the second stage of cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle. 3 of 37
4 The Krebs Cycle During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. 4 of 37
5 The Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondrion. 5 of 37
6 The Krebs Cycle One carbon molecule is removed, forming CO 2, and electrons are removed, changing NAD + to NADH. The enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase joins in to move the process along. 6 of 37
7 The Krebs Cycle Coenzyme A joins the 2-carbon molecule, forming acetyl-coa. 7 of 37
8 The Krebs Cycle Acetyl-CoA then adds the 2-carbon acetyl group to oxaloacetic acid and uses the enzyme citrate synthase to form citric acid. Citric acid 8 of 37
9 The Krebs Cycle Citric acid is broken down using aconitase into isocitric acid. isocitric acid 9 of 37
10 The Krebs Cycle Another molecule of CO 2 is released using isocitrate dehydrogenase and electrons join NAD + forming α-ketoglutaric acid. Isocitric acid α-ketoglutaric acid 10 of 37
11 The Krebs Cycle Two enzymes, α-kg dehydrogenase and succinyl-coa synthase, are used to produce one molecule of ATP and NADH in the production of succinic acid. This releases another molecule of CO 2 and one molecule of H 2 O moves into the system. Isocitric acid α-ketoglutaric acid Succinic acid H 2 O 11 of 37
12 The Krebs Cycle Then succinyl dehydrogenase is going to add two electrons back in to change FAD to FADH2 and produce fumaric acid. Isocitric acid α-ketoglutaric acid Fumaric acid Succinic acid H 2 O 12 of 37
13 The Krebs Cycle Another molecule of water is going to be brought back into the system and fumarase is going to produce malic acid. Isocitric acid α-ketoglutaric acid Malic acid Fumaric acid H 2 O Succinic acid H 2 O 13 of 37
14 The Krebs Cycle Electrons are removed one more time from NAD+ to NADH in combination with malic dehydrogenase to form oxaloacetic acid. This is the acid that will combine with Acetyl-CoA to start the process all over again. Oxaloacetic acid Isocitric acid Malic acid α-ketoglutaric acid H 2 O Fumaric acid Succinic acid H 2 O 14 of 37
15 The Krebs Cycle The energy tally from 1 molecule of pyruvic acid is 4 NADH 1 FADH 2 1 ATP 15 of 37
16 The Krebs Cycle What does the cell do with all those high-energy electrons in carriers like NADH? In the presence of oxygen, those high-energy electrons can be used to generate huge amounts of ATP in the Chain. 16 of 37
17 The electron transport chain uses the highenergy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. 17 of 37
18 High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH 2 are passed along the electron transport chain from one carrier protein to the next. 18 of 37
19 At the end of the chain, an enzyme combines these electrons with hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water. 19 of 37
20 As the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain, oxygen gets rid of the low-energy electrons and hydrogen ions. 20 of 37
21 When 2 high-energy electrons move down the electron transport chain, their energy is used to move hydrogen ions (H + ) across the membrane. 21 of 37
22 During electron transport, H + ions build up in the intermembrane space, so it is positively charged. 22 of 37
23 The other side of the membrane, from which those H + ions are taken, is now negatively charged. 23 of 37
24 The inner membranes of the mitochondria contain protein spheres called ATP synthases. ATP synthase 24 of 37
25 As H + ions escape through channels into these proteins, the ATP synthase spins. Channel ATP synthase 25 of 37
26 As it rotates, the enzyme grabs a low-energy ADP, attaching a phosphate, forming high-energy ATP. Channel ATP synthase ATP 26 of 37
27 On average, each pair of high-energy electrons that moves down the electron transport chain provides enough energy to produce three molecules of ATP from ADP. 27 of 37
28 The Totals The Totals Glycolysis produces just 2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. The complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration, including glycolysis, results in the production of 36 molecules of ATP. 28 of 37
29 The Totals 29 of 37
30 Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration The energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in opposite directions. 30 of 37
31 Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration On a global level, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are also opposites. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food. 31 of 37
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