Chemical Nomenclature 3: Binary Gases and Binary Acids, Peroxides, Hydroxides and Ammonium Compounds
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1 Chemical Nomenclature 3: Binary Gases and Binary Acids, Peroxides, Hydroxides and Ammonium Compounds A: The Five Binary Gases and Acids Five common binary compounds containing hydrogen and five non-metallic elements exist as gases at room temperatures. Hence, they are referred to as binary gases. Dissolving these binary gases in water creates acid solutions. The resulting aqueous solutions (i.e. dissolved in water) are called binary acids. Table 1: The Chemical Formulas and Names of Five Common Binary Gases and Binary Acids. Formula of Gas Name of Gas Formula of Acid Name of Acid HF(g) hydrogen fluoride gas HF (aq) hydrofluoric acid HCl(g) hydrogen chloride gas HCl (aq) hydrochloric acid HBr(g) hydrogen bromide gas HBr(aq) hydrobromic acid HI(g) hydrogen iodide gas HI(aq) hydroiodic acid H 2 S(g) hydrogen sulphide gas H 2 S(aq) hydrosulphuric acid 1 The Symbols (g) and (aq) a) The symbol (g) written after the chemical formula indicates the substance is in the gaseous state. b) The symbol (aq) written after the chemical formula indicates the substance is dissolved in water. The symbol (aq) is an abbreviation of aqueous which means made with water. 2 Naming Binary Gases and Binary Acids a) A binary gas is named the same way as other binary compound but with the addition of the word "gas". b) Naming a binary acid involves the following three steps: i the prefix "hydro-" is used to represent the element hydrogen. ii the name of the second element is modified to end with the suffix "-ic". iii the word "acid" is used to complete the name of the binary acid. 3 Writing the Formulae of Binary Gases and Binary Acids a) To write the formula of a binary gas use the usual rules for writing the formula of a binary compound and add the symbol (g) to indicate that the compound is in the gaseous state. b) To write the formula of a binary acid use the usual rules for writing the formula of a binary compound and add the symbol (aq) to indicate that the compound is dissolved in water and forms an acid. 1
2 B: Peroxides Peroxides are a class of chemical compounds that contain additional oxygen atoms. Generally a peroxide has one more oxygen atom than the regular oxide. Peroxides are easily recognized by the "per" prefix in the name "peroxide". 1 Writing the Formula of a Peroxide Given the Name a) Write the formula of the normal oxide. b) Add one more oxygen atom to the formula. c) Do not alter or reduce the subscripts. Example: Write the formula for sodium peroxide. The normal oxide of sodium has the formula Na 2 O. Since the second rule requires that one more oxygen atom be added to the formula of the normal oxide, then the formula for sodium peroxide becomes Na 2 O 2. The subscripts of peroxides are not reduced. 2 Naming Peroxides Given the Formula A peroxide is often recognized as an oxide with subscripts that are not reduced. a) Write the name of the first element. b) Add the prefix "per" to the word "oxide" to indicate that the substance has one more oxygen atom than the regular oxide. Complete Table 2 below by writing the formula of the oxide and the peroxide.peroxide if the name is given, or by writing the name of the peroxide if the formula is given. Table 2: The formulas of and names of peroxides NAME FORMULA OF THE PEROXIDE lithium peroxide barium peroxide calcium peroxide potassium peroxide hydrogen peroxide K 2 O 2 H 2 O 2 Na 2 O 2 MgO 2 H 2 O 2 2
3 C: Hydroxides The hydroxide ion has the formula OH. The hydroxide ion has a charge of negative one ( 1) and a valence of one (1). The hydroxide ion combines with positively charged cations to form compounds called hydroxides. Hydroxides are the chemical opposites of acids and are equally corrosive and hazardous. Hydroxides are recognizable by the occurrence of the OH group in the formula. Sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide have the chemical formulas NaOH and Ca(OH) 2 respectively. 1 Naming Hydroxide Compounds Recognize a hydroxide by the presence of at least one OH group as the second part of the formula and the presence of a metallic element or the ammonium ion in the first part of the formula. a) The name of the cation is written first. b) Add the word "hydroxide" to the name of cation. Example: The chemical formulas NaOH and Al(OH) 3 represent the compounds sodium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide respectively. 2 Writing the Formulas of Hydroxides a) Write the symbol of the cation. b) Write "OH" for the hydroxide after the symbol of the cation. i Match the total valence of the hydroxide(s) with the total valence of the cation(s). ii If the formula contains only one OH group do not use brackets. iii If the formula contains more than one OH group, enclose the OH in brackets and write the appropriate subscript outside the bracket. 3 Complete Table 4 by writing the formula of the hydroxide if the name is given, or by writing the name of the hydroxide if the formula is given Table 4: The names and formulas of hydroxide compounds NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA potassium hydroxide zinc hydroxide aluminum hydroxide lithium hydroxide calcium hydroxide Mg(OH) 2 AgOH Ba(OH) 2 NH 4 OH NaOH 3
4 D: Ammonium Compounds The ammonium ion has the formula NH 4 +. The ammonium ion has a charge of positive one (+1) and a valence of one (1). Since the ammonium ion consists of several atoms it is also referred to as a polyatomic ion. Despite the fact that the ammonium ion consists of several atoms, it behaves chemically as a single ion. The ammonium ion (NH 4 + ) ought not to be confused with the ammonia molecule NH 3. 1 Naming Ammonium Compounds a) Recognize an ammonium compound by the presence of at least one ammonium group (NH 4 ) at the beginning of the formula. b) "Ammonium" is written first. c) Write the name of the anion. Example: The formulas NH 4 Cl and (NH 4 ) 2 S represent ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphide respectively. 2 Writing the Formulas of Ammonium Compounds a) Write "NH 4 " for ammonium. b) Write the symbol(s) for the anion. c) If there are more than one NH 4 groups, enclose it in brackets and write the appropriate subscript outside the brackets. Example: Ammonium hydroxide and ammonium sulphide have the formulas NH 4 OH and (NH 4 ) 2 S respectively. Complete the Table 3 by writing the formula of the compound if the name is given, or by writing the name of the compound if the formula is given. Table 3: The Names and Formulas of Ammonium Compounds NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA ammonium bromide ammonium fluoride ammonium sulphide ammonium chloride NH 4 Cl NH 4 F (NH 4 ) 2 Se NH 4 I 4
5 Practice Sheet: Binary Gases, Binary Acids, Peroxides, Hydroxides and Ammonium Compounds 1 Write the name of each of the following compounds. FORMULA NAME FORMULA NAME CaO 2 Na 2 O 2 CaO Na 2 O H 2 O 2 BaO 2 H 2 O BaO Al 2 O 4 K 2 O 2 Al 2 O 3 (NH 4 ) 2 S NH 4 I K 2 O NH 4 Cl (NH 4 ) 3 N NH 4 Br Zn(OH) 2 NH 4 OH Sr(OH) 2 Ca(OH) 2 Al(OH) 3 LiOH Ba(OH) 2 Mg(OH) 2 HF(g) HCl(g) HBr(g) HI(g) H 2 S(g) KOH AgOH NaOH HOH Rb 2 O HF(aq) HCl(aq) HBr(aq) HI(aq) H 2 S(aq) 5
6 2 Write the formula for each of the following formulas. FORMULA NAME FORMULA NAME calcium peroxide calcium oxide hydrogen peroxide hydrogen oxide (water) aluminum peroxide aluminum oxide ammonium sulphide ammonium iodide ammonium bromide ammonium hydroxide calcium hydroxide aluminum hydroxide lithium hydroxide barium hydroxide magnesium hydroxide hydrogen fluoride gas hydrogen chloride gas hydrogen bromide gas hydrogen iodide gas hydrogen sulphide gas sodium peroxide sodium oxide barium peroxide barium oxide potassium peroxide potassium oxide ammonium chloride ammonium nitride zinc hydroxide strontium hydroxide potassium hydroxide silver hydroxide sodium hydroxide water rubidium oxide hydrofluoric acid hydrochloric acid hydrobromic acid hydroiodic acid hydrosulphuric acid 6
7 Quiz: Binary Gases, Binary Acids, Peroxides, Hydroxides and Ammonium Compounds 1 Write the name of each of the following compounds. FORMUL A NAME FORMULA NAME CaO 2 Na 2 O 2 CaO Na 2 O H 2 O 2 BaO 2 H 2 O BaO Al 2 O 4 K 2 O 2 Al 2 O 3 (NH 4 ) 2 S NH 4 I K 2 O NH 4 Cl (NH 4 ) 3 N NH 4 Br Zn(OH) 2 NH 4 OH Sr(OH) 2 Ca(OH) 2 Al(OH) 3 LiOH Ba(OH) 2 Mg(OH) 2 HF(g) HCl(g) HBr(g) HI(g) H 2 S(g) KOH AgOH NaOH HOH Rb 2 O HF(aq) HCl(aq) HBr(aq) HI(aq) H 2 S(aq) 7
8 2 Write the formula for each of the following formulas. FORMULA NAME FORMULA NAME calcium peroxide calcium oxide hydrogen peroxide hydrogen oxide (water) aluminum peroxide aluminum oxide ammonium sulphide ammonium iodide ammonium bromide ammonium hydroxide calcium hydroxide aluminum hydroxide lithium hydroxide barium hydroxide magnesium hydroxide hydrogen fluoride gas hydrogen chloride gas hydrogen bromide gas hydrogen iodide gas hydrogen sulphide gas sodium peroxide sodium oxide barium peroxide barium oxide potassium peroxide potassium oxide ammonium chloride ammonium nitride zinc hydroxide strontium hydroxide potassium hydroxide silver hydroxide sodium hydroxide water rubidium oxide hydrofluoric acid hydrochloric acid hydrobromic acid hydroiodic acid hydrosulphuric acid 8
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