Small Hydropower in Germany. Jochen Bard Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technologies (ISET) Kassel University,

Transcription

1 Small Hydropower in Germany Jochen Bard Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technologies (ISET) Kassel University,

2 Overview of the presentation Renewables in Germany SHP market (history, recent developments) relevant legislation financing of projects river continuity and protection of fish

3 Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik e.v. Systems Technology for the Use of Renewable Energies and Efficient Energy Conversion Applied Research and Development Renewable Energies Energy Conversion and Storages Hybrid Systems Energy Economy Information and Training Foundation: Staff: Budget: Financing: 1988, associated with the University of Kassel approx. 75 Employees approx. 8 Million EURO approx. 1.5 Million EURO basic grant. project funds from German Government, EU and industry

4 Development of Electricity from Renewable Energies hydropower electricity production GWh windenergy biomass photovoltaic year 2003 production contribution intalled capacity GWh % MW hydropower wind energy biomass photovoltaic

5 status of total hydropower utilisation in Germany in 2000 eb = electricity boards owned by eb installed capacity: 4900 MW 82 % production: 20 bill. kwh 90 % number of plants: ca % sites below 5 MW (proportion of total) owned by eb installed capacity : 1200 MW 24 % 50 % production : 5,3 bill. kwh 25 % 57 % number of plants : ca % 7 %

6 distribution of private hydropower plants in 1996 (without ebs) number production power number, production [GWh] capacity [MW] bis classified power [kw] source VDEW 0

7 historical development 19. cent to water wheels as power source for small enterprises, mills, etc Francis turbine 1890 Pelton turbine 1913 Kaplan turbine water wheels and turbines in operation more than 50% of the total capacity of the installed turbines of MW is used for electricity production. mean power of turbines 65 (kw), mean power of water wheels 6 kw only mills left (after Mühlensterben ) 1985 about existing water rights, 2/3 of sites below 25 kw after this trend reversal for private sites (not electricity boards)

8 Low head in Hessen (2127 sites) rel. frequency Häufigkeit [%] [%] >20 Head [m] Fallhöhenstufe [m]

9 Example site: Katlenburg 105 kw vertical Francis el. power: 105 kw gross head: 3,7 m design flow: 4,5 m³/s production: 650 MWh

10 development of installed capacity (< 5MW) between 1986 and 2000 (without ebs) average capacity increase 21 MW/a average production increase 14%/a y p p number, production[gwh] number estimation production capacity estimation installed capacity [MW] Stromeinspeisegesetz 0 source VDEW year 0

11 estimated business volume and employment assumption: 20 MW/a of new capacity at cost of 5000 /kw total turnover about 100 Mil. /a, thereof 30 Mil. /a manufacturers ca. 240 employees 50 Mil. /a civil engineering ca. 530 employees 15 Mil. /a planning &others ca. 120 employees total ca. 890 employees operation and maintenance for all plants (< 5MW) estimated total volume ca. 120 Mil. /a, ca employees total annual business volume in Germany equivalent employment approximately 220 Mil. /a 2000 employees

12 price for sales to the grid (StreG, EEG) 10 9 power < 500 kw 500 kw to 5 MW ct /kwh year StreG EEG EEG 04

13 specific investment cost for hydropower plants Leistungsspezif. Kosten [ /kw] new 2000 refurbished 0 modernised Ausbauleistung [kw] source: VDI

14 typical eletricity cost for new installations 0,30 production cost [ /kwh] spezifische Kosten [ /kwh] 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 1 MW 5 MW 250 kw 50 kw 0,05 0, full load Vollast hours [h]

15 subsidies and grants for SHP in Germany European level: ALTENER II ( ), THERMIE, EESD 5th framework National level 'Measures to improve the use of renewable energies' ( ) 750 /kw for new, 300 /kw for refurbished sites, total 100 M in 1999 combined with a loan from KfW (reconstruction loan corp.) Federal Ministry of Economics (BMWi, today BMWA) '50 M Programme' to increase the demand for renewables about 33 M in total, 2.1 M for 98 SHP projects German ERP -energy conservation programme loan with reduced interest: 112 M between similar: DtA programme 42 M Federal States (Laender) subsidies between 25 and 70% for sites up to 300, 500 or 1000 kw 36 M between 1991 and M between 1990 and 2000

16 European legal framework Environmental Impact Assessment Council Directive 97/11/EC of 3 March 1997 amending Directive 85/337/EEC assessment of the effects projects on the environment before consent is given, projects are made subject to a requirement for development consent and an assessment with regard to their effects Habitat Directive on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 ensuring biodiversity through the conservation of natural habitats Natura 2000 (map of protected areas) Water Framework Directive Directive 2000/60/EC framework for the Community action in the field of water policy secure the ecological, quantitative and qualitative functions of water all impacts on water will have to be analysed and actions will have to be taken

17 German legislation Law on Environmental Impact Assessment missing national implementation, European legislation applies Water conservation law development of a river (new weir or channel etc.) -> planning permission reuse of an old site, use of water at existing weir/dam -> license Emission control law air pollution, noise, vibration National Nature Conservation Act construction of a SHP Renewable energy act 2004 higher tariff from 2007 on only for sites with good ecological condition Individual legislations of the Federal States (Laender) example Baden Württemberg simplified permission procedure for SHP < 1MW from 1993 to 1998: 99 projects approved, 20 projects rejected

18 Minimum Reserved Flow typical historic regulation: 30 % of mean minimum flow 'MNQ' (e.g. minimum flow of 7 days within 5 years) today: determination of required reserved flow based on biotope-discharge method at a representative flat section (reference fish species) : minimum speed 0.3 m/s, minimum depth 0.2 to 0.4 m (0.3 to 0.6 in deeper sections) compare with mean minimum flow (if too high use eco-hydrological method) eco-hydrological method orientation at MNQ specific values for summer and winter dynamic value (up to 3 steps, spawning seasons etc.) variation between 0.33 and 1.36 of MNQ JFMAMJJASOND

19 River continuity and protection of fish: fish passages power plant in diversion channel

20 River continuity and protection of fish: fish passages power plant in weir

21 River continuity and protection of fish: trash rack standard design 20 mm clearance (compromise) max. speed 0.3 to 0.5 m/s designs without extraction of trash preferred other fish guiding technologies are rare exception: water wheels and Archimedic screws

22 VASOCOMPACT: a new integrated approach

23 VASOCOMPACT: a new integrated approach