The Race to Discover DNA
|
|
|
- Kory Cook
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Race to Discover DNA
2 Scientists call this the: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology! DNA RNA Protein
3 How do we know that all of our genetic information comes from DNA? What type of experiment would you design to determine that DNA is the source of all genetic information?
4 Griffith s Experiment with Pneumonia and the accidental discovery of Transformation Frederick CONCLUSION: Griffiths was a bacteriologist studying pneumonia The smooth colonies He must discovered carry the two disease! types of bacteria: Smooth colonies Rough colonies
5 Griffith s Experiment with Pneumonia and the accidental discovery of Transformation When heat was applied to the deadly smooth type And injected into a mouse The mouse lived!
6 Griffith s Experiment with Pneumonia and the accidental discovery of Transformation Griffith injected the heat-killed type and the non-deadly rough type of bacteria. The bacteria transformed itself from the heated non-deadly type to the deadly type.
7 Griffith s Experiment did not prove that DNA was responsible for transformation How would you design an experiment to prove that DNA was responsible for transformation?
8 Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod Repeated Griffith s Experiment Oswald Avery Maclyn McCarty Colin MacLeod
9 Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins RNA DNA Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod Added the non-deadly Rough Type of Bacteria to the Heat-Killed Smooth Type To the Heat-Killed Smooth Type, added enzymes that destroyed
10 S-Type Carbohydrates Destroyed S-Type Lipids Destroyed S-Type Proteins Destroyed S-Type RNA S-Type DNA Destroyed Destroyed Conclusion: DNA was the transforming factor!
11 The Hershey-Chase Experiment Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase worked with a bacteriophage: A virus that invades bacteria. It consists of a DNA core and a protein coat Protein coat DNA
12 Protein coats of bacteriophages labeled with Sulfur-35 Bacterium Phage 1. Hershey and Chase mixed the radioactively-labeled viruses with the bacteria Bacterium Phage The viruses infect the bacterial cells. DNA of bacteriophages labeled with Phosphorus-32
13 Protein coats of bacteriophages labeled with Sulfur Separated the viruses from the bacteria by agitating the virusbacteria mixture in a blender DNA of bacteriophages labeled with Phosphorus-32
14 Protein coats of bacteriophages labeled with Sulfur Centrifuged the mixture so that the bacteria would form a pellet at the bottom of the test tube 4. Measured the radioactivity in the pellet and in the liquid DNA of bacteriophages labeled with Phosphorus-32
15 The Hershey-Chase results reinforced the Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod conclusion: DNA carries the genetic code! However, there were still important details to uncover
16 How did DNA: 1. Store information? 2. Duplicate itself easily? These questions would be answered by discovering DNA s structure
17 The Race to Discover DNA s Structure
18 The Race to Discover DNA s Structure Linus Pauling 1940s Discovered the alphahelical structure of proteins.
19 The Race to Discover DNA s Structure Erwin Chargaff 1950 Why do you think Chargaff s the bases Rule: match up Equal amounts this way? of Adenine and Thymine, Purine + Purine = Too wide Pyrimidine + Pyrimidine = Too Narrow and equal amounts of Guanine and Cytosine Purine + Pyrimidine = Perfect Fit from X-ray data
20 The Race to Discover DNA s Structure Maurice Wilkins X-Ray diffraction image of DNA taken by Franklin in 1951 Rosalind Franklin
21 The Race to Discover DNA s Structure 1953 Compiled data from previous scientists to build a double-helical model of DNA James Watson Francis Crick
22 The Race to Discover DNA s Structure was Over DNA is made up of: Four nucleotides: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine These follow the rules of base-pairing: Adenine bonds with Thymine Guanine bonds with Cytosine A sugar-phosphate backbone DNA is arranged in an double-helix
23 DNA Replication The double helix did explain how DNA copies itself We will study this process, DNA replication, in more detail
24 How does DNA replicate? Hypotheses: Conservative Semi-Conservative Dispersive
25 Meselson-Stahl Experiment 1. Bacteria cultured in medium containing a heavy isotope of Nitrogen ( 15 N)
26 Meselson-Stahl Experiment 2. Bacteria transferred to a medium containing elemental Nitrogen ( 14 N)
27 Meselson-Stahl Experiment 3. DNA sample centrifuged after First replication
28 Meselson-Stahl Experiment 4. DNA sample centrifuged after Second replication
29 DNA Replication The parent molecule has two complementary strands of DNA. Each is base paired by hydrogen bonding with its specific partner: A with T G with C
30 DNA Replication The first step in replication is the separation of the two strands.
31 DNA Replication Each parental strand now serves as a template that determines the order of the bases along a new complementary strand.
32 DNA Replication The nucleotides are connected to form the sugarphosphate backbones of the new strands. Each daughter DNA molecule consists of one parental strand and one new strand.
33 The Race to Replicate DNA Two teams: A and B Individually, each team member will run to the board to add a nucleotide to the unzipped strand of DNA. The first team to finish base-pairing their DNA correctly will win the game.
Chapter 11: Molecular Structure of DNA and RNA
Chapter 11: Molecular Structure of DNA and RNA Student Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter you should be able to: 1. Understand the major experiments that led to the discovery of DNA as
DNA. Discovery of the DNA double helix
DNA Replication DNA Discovery of the DNA double helix A. 1950 s B. Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of DNA. C. Watson and Crick - described the DNA molecule from Franklin s X-ray. What is DNA? Question:
CCR Biology - Chapter 8 Practice Test - Summer 2012
Name: Class: Date: CCR Biology - Chapter 8 Practice Test - Summer 2012 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What did Hershey and Chase know
Answer: 2. Uracil. Answer: 2. hydrogen bonds. Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine are found in both RNA and DNA.
Answer: 2. Uracil Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine are found in both RNA and DNA. Thymine is found only in DNA; Uracil takes its (Thymine) place in RNA molecules. Answer: 2. hydrogen bonds The complementary
Name: Date: Period: DNA Unit: DNA Webquest
Name: Date: Period: DNA Unit: DNA Webquest Part 1 History, DNA Structure, DNA Replication DNA History http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/1/concept/index.html Read the text and answer the following questions.
CHAPTER 6 GRIFFITH/HERSHEY/CHASE: DNA IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION OF DNA DNA AND HEREDITY DNA CAN GENETICALLY TRANSFORM CELLS
CHAPTER 6 GRIFFITH/HERSHEY/CHASE: DNA IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL In 1928, Frederick Griffith was able to transform harmless bacteria into virulent pathogens with an extract that Oswald Avery proved, in 1944,
Structure and Function of DNA
Structure and Function of DNA DNA and RNA Structure DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. They consist of chemical units called nucleotides. The nucleotides are joined by a sugar-phosphate backbone. The four
A Genomic Timeline Tim Shank 2003
A Genomic Timeline Tim Shank 2003 1800s 1865 Gregor Mendel reports the results of his pea plant expts, from which he discerned several fundamental laws of heredity. His results appeared in an obscure journal
The Structure, Replication, and Chromosomal Organization of DNA
Michael Cummings Chapter 8 The Structure, Replication, and Chromosomal Organization of DNA David Reisman University of South Carolina History of DNA Discoveries Friedrich Miescher Isolated nuclein from
1.5 page 3 DNA Replication S. Preston 1
AS Unit 1: Basic Biochemistry and Cell Organisation Name: Date: Topic 1.5 Nucleic Acids and their functions Page 3 l. DNA Replication 1. Go through PowerPoint 2. Read notes p2 and then watch the animation
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Brief History 1 1869 - Miescher Isolated nuclein from soiled bandages 1902 - Garrod Studied rare genetic disorder: Alkaptonuria; concluded that specific gene is associated
Basic Concepts of DNA, Proteins, Genes and Genomes
Basic Concepts of DNA, Proteins, Genes and Genomes Kun-Mao Chao 1,2,3 1 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics 2 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering 3 Graduate
DNA Worksheet BIOL 1107L DNA
Worksheet BIOL 1107L Name Day/Time Refer to Chapter 5 and Chapter 16 (Figs. 16.5, 16.7, 16.8 and figure embedded in text on p. 310) in your textbook, Biology, 9th Ed, for information on and its structure
The DNA Discovery Kit The Discovery Approach & Teacher Notes
...where molecules become real TM The DNA Discovery Kit & Teacher Notes www.3dmoleculardesigns.com All rights reserved on DNA Discovery Kit. US Patent 6,471,520 B1 Photos by Sean Ryan The DNA Discovery
F1 Generation. F2 Generation. AaBb
How was DNA shown to be the genetic material? We need to discuss this in an historical context. During the 19th century most scientists thought that a bit of the essence of each and every body part was
Every time a cell divides the genome must be duplicated and passed on to the offspring. That is:
DNA Every time a cell divides the genome must be duplicated and passed on to the offspring. That is: Original molecule yields 2 molecules following DNA replication. Our topic in this section is how is
DNA is found in all organisms from the smallest bacteria to humans. DNA has the same composition and structure in all organisms!
Biological Sciences Initiative HHMI DNA omponents and Structure Introduction Nucleic acids are molecules that are essential to, and characteristic of, life on Earth. There are two basic types of nucleic
DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis. This isn t a baaaaaaaddd chapter!!!
DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis This isn t a baaaaaaaddd chapter!!! The Discovery of DNA s Structure Watson and Crick s discovery of DNA s structure was based on almost fifty years of research by other
Polar Covalent Bonds and Hydrogen Bonds
Lesson 6.1: Polar Covalent Bonds and Hydrogen Bonds The last section of code will add hydrogen bonding functionality between molecules. To do so, we have to understand the chemistry of polar covalent bonds
DNA, RNA, Protein synthesis, and Mutations. Chapters 12-13.3
DNA, RNA, Protein synthesis, and Mutations Chapters 12-13.3 1A)Identify the components of DNA and explain its role in heredity. DNA s Role in heredity: Contains the genetic information of a cell that can
The Molecules of Cells
The Molecules of Cells I. Introduction A. Most of the world s population cannot digest milk-based foods. 1. These people are lactose intolerant because they lack the enzyme lactase. 2. This illustrates
Today you will extract DNA from some of your cells and learn more about DNA. Extracting DNA from Your Cells
DNA Based on and adapted from the Genetic Science Learning Center s How to Extract DNA from Any Living Thing (http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/activities/extraction/) and BioRad s Genes in a bottle
Bio 102 Practice Problems Chromosomes and DNA Replication
Bio 102 Practice Problems Chromosomes and DNA Replication Multiple choice: Unless otherwise directed, circle the one best answer: 1. Which one of the following enzymes is NT a key player in the process
DNA: Structure and Replication
7 DNA: Structure and Replication WORKING WITH THE FIGURES 1. In Table 7-1, why are there no entries for the first four tissue sources? For the last three entries, what is the most likely explanation for
Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Proteins and Nucleic Acids Chapter 5 Macromolecules: Proteins Proteins Most structurally & functionally diverse group of biomolecules. : o Involved in almost everything o Enzymes o Structure (keratin,
2. The number of different kinds of nucleotides present in any DNA molecule is A) four B) six C) two D) three
Chem 121 Chapter 22. Nucleic Acids 1. Any given nucleotide in a nucleic acid contains A) two bases and a sugar. B) one sugar, two bases and one phosphate. C) two sugars and one phosphate. D) one sugar,
3120-1 - Page 1. Name:
Name: 1) Which series is arranged in correct order according to decreasing size of structures? A) DNA, nucleus, chromosome, nucleotide, nitrogenous base B) chromosome, nucleus, nitrogenous base, nucleotide,
Name Date Period. 2. When a molecule of double-stranded DNA undergoes replication, it results in
DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis Keystone 1. During the process shown above, the two strands of one DNA molecule are unwound. Then, DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each strand which results
Lecture 26: Overview of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) structure
Lecture 26: Overview of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) structure Nucleic acids play an important role in the storage and expression of genetic information. They are divided into
The DNA Discovery Kit The Guided Discovery Approach & Teacher Notes
...where molecules become real TM The DNA Discovery Kit & Teacher Notes www.3dmoleculardesigns.com All rights reserved on DNA Discovery Kit. US Patent 6,471,520 B1 Photos by Sean Ryan Teacher Notes Contents
Name Class Date. Summarize the events of DNA replication. Compare DNA replication in prokaryotes with that of eukaryotes.
12.3 DNA Replication Lesson Objectives Summarize the events of DNA replication. Compare DNA replication in prokaryotes with that of eukaryotes. Lesson Summary Copying the Code Each strand of the double
12.1 The Role of DNA in Heredity
12.1 The Role of DNA in Heredity Only in the last 50 years have scientists understood the role of DNA in heredity. That understanding began with the discovery of DNA s structure. In 1952, Rosalind Franklin
Lecture Overview. Hydrogen Bonds. Special Properties of Water Molecules. Universal Solvent. ph Scale Illustrated. special properties of water
Lecture Overview special properties of water > water as a solvent > ph molecules of the cell > properties of carbon > carbohydrates > lipids > proteins > nucleic acids Hydrogen Bonds polarity of water
Appendix C DNA Replication & Mitosis
K.Muma Bio 6 Appendix C DNA Replication & Mitosis Study Objectives: Appendix C: DNA replication and Mitosis 1. Describe the structure of DNA and where it is found. 2. Explain complimentary base pairing:
PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS
PART A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS B 1. One of the functions of DNA is to A. secrete vacuoles. B. make copies of itself. C. join amino acids to each other.
Name Class Date. Figure 13 1. 2. Which nucleotide in Figure 13 1 indicates the nucleic acid above is RNA? a. uracil c. cytosine b. guanine d.
13 Multiple Choice RNA and Protein Synthesis Chapter Test A Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. 1. Which of the following are found in both
Genetics Test Biology I
Genetics Test Biology I Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Avery s experiments showed that bacteria are transformed by a. RNA. c. proteins.
Genetics Module B, Anchor 3
Genetics Module B, Anchor 3 Key Concepts: - An individual s characteristics are determines by factors that are passed from one parental generation to the next. - During gamete formation, the alleles for
Chapter 6 DNA Replication
Chapter 6 DNA Replication Each strand of the DNA double helix contains a sequence of nucleotides that is exactly complementary to the nucleotide sequence of its partner strand. Each strand can therefore
Biology Final Exam Study Guide: Semester 2
Biology Final Exam Study Guide: Semester 2 Questions 1. Scientific method: What does each of these entail? Investigation and Experimentation Problem Hypothesis Methods Results/Data Discussion/Conclusion
To be able to describe polypeptide synthesis including transcription and splicing
Thursday 8th March COPY LO: To be able to describe polypeptide synthesis including transcription and splicing Starter Explain the difference between transcription and translation BATS Describe and explain
CHAPTER 6: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY YEAR III PHARM.D DR. V. CHITRA
CHAPTER 6: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY YEAR III PHARM.D DR. V. CHITRA INTRODUCTION DNA : DNA is deoxyribose nucleic acid. It is made up of a base consisting of sugar, phosphate and one nitrogen base.the
Replication Study Guide
Replication Study Guide This study guide is a written version of the material you have seen presented in the replication unit. Self-reproduction is a function of life that human-engineered systems have
AS and A LEVEL. Delivery Guide H020/H420 BIOLOGY A. Theme: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 2.1.3. March 2015
AS and A LEVEL Delivery Guide H020/H420 BIOLOGY A Theme: ucleotides and ucleic Acids 2.1.3 March 2015 We will inform centres about any changes to the specification. We will also publish changes on our
A Brief History of DNA
A Brief History of DNA Contents Introduction... 1 The Structure of DNA... 2 References... 6 Videos... 6 Introduction On April 2, 1953 JD Watson and FHC Crick published their now famous paper on the structure
K'NEX DNA Models. Developed by Dr. Gary Benson Department of Biomathematical Sciences Mount Sinai School of Medicine
KNEX DNA Models Introduction Page 1 of 11 All photos by Kevin Kelliher. To download an Acrobat pdf version of this website Click here. K'NEX DNA Models Developed by Dr. Gary Benson Department of Biomathematical
2. True or False? The sequence of nucleotides in the human genome is 90.9% identical from one person to the next. False (it s 99.
1. True or False? A typical chromosome can contain several hundred to several thousand genes, arranged in linear order along the DNA molecule present in the chromosome. True 2. True or False? The sequence
1865 Discovery: Heredity Transmitted in Units
1859 Discovery: Natural Selection Genetic Timeline Charles Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life. 1865 Discovery:
DNA Paper Model Activity Level: Grade 6-8
Karen Mayes DNA Paper Model Activity Level: Grade 6-8 Students will be able to: 1. Identify the component molecules of DNA. 2. Construct a model of the DNA double-helix. 3. Identify which bases are found
Sample Questions for Exam 3
Sample Questions for Exam 3 1. All of the following occur during prometaphase of mitosis in animal cells except a. the centrioles move toward opposite poles. b. the nucleolus can no longer be seen. c.
DNA. chapter 2. 2.1 The structure of DNA. Nucleotides are the basic units of a DNA molecule O O CH 2 C C OH H
DA chapter 2 We begin our study of genetics with DA. We start with DA because genes are made of DA, or, to be more precise, DA is the genetic material. By studying the structure of DA we can immediately
A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides. This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage.
CH 5 Structure & Function of Large Molecules: Macromolecules Molecules of Life All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
How Cancer Begins???????? Chithra Manikandan Nov 2009
Cancer Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the developed world: 1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer 1 in 17 deaths are due to lung cancer Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men Breast cancer
Academic Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Test
Academic Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Test Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Each organism has a unique combination
What is the Structure of DNA?
ER 1 D: he ereditary Molecule uanine ytosine denine hymine EI What is the tructure of D? hapter 1 Modern enetics for ll tudents 19 hapter 1: ection Background E BILIY F D to act as a reservoir of hereditary
Elements in Biological Molecules
Chapter 3: Biological Molecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids Elements in Biological Molecules Biological macromolecules are made almost entirely of just 6 elements: Carbon (C)
DNA Scissors: Introduction to Restriction Enzymes
DNA Scissors: Introduction to Restriction Enzymes Objectives At the end of this activity, students should be able to 1. Describe a typical restriction site as a 4- or 6-base- pair palindrome; 2. Describe
AP Biology TEST #5 - Chapters 11-14, 16 - REVIEW SHEET
NAME: AP Biology TEST #5 - Chapters 11-14, 16 - REVIEW SHEET 1. Griffith's experiments showing the transformation of R strain pneumococcus bacteria to S strain pneumococcus bacteria in the presence of
Lab # 12: DNA and RNA
115 116 Concepts to be explored: Structure of DNA Nucleotides Amino Acids Proteins Genetic Code Mutation RNA Transcription to RNA Translation to a Protein Figure 12. 1: DNA double helix Introduction Long
Genetic information (DNA) determines structure of proteins DNA RNA proteins cell structure 3.11 3.15 enzymes control cell chemistry ( metabolism )
Biology 1406 Exam 3 Notes Structure of DNA Ch. 10 Genetic information (DNA) determines structure of proteins DNA RNA proteins cell structure 3.11 3.15 enzymes control cell chemistry ( metabolism ) Proteins
BIOMOLECULES. reflect
reflect A child s building blocks are relatively simple structures. When they come together, however, they can form magnifi cent structures. The elaborate city scene to the right is made of small, simple
Forensic DNA Testing Terminology
Forensic DNA Testing Terminology ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer a capillary electrophoresis instrument used by forensic DNA laboratories to separate short tandem repeat (STR) loci on the basis of their size.
DNA, REPLICATION AND TRANSCRIPTION
D N A, R E P L I C AT I O N A N D T R A N S C R I P T I O N Teacher s Guide KNX 96080-V2 2007 K'NEX Limited Partnership Group and its licensors. DNA, REPLICATION AND TRANSCRIPTION K NEX Limited Partnership
4. DNA replication Pages: 979-984 Difficulty: 2 Ans: C Which one of the following statements about enzymes that interact with DNA is true?
Chapter 25 DNA Metabolism Multiple Choice Questions 1. DNA replication Page: 977 Difficulty: 2 Ans: C The Meselson-Stahl experiment established that: A) DNA polymerase has a crucial role in DNA synthesis.
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES OF LIFE
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES OF LIFE C A R B O H Y D R A T E S, L I P I D S, P R O T E I N S, A N D N U C L E I C A C I D S The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 115, Page 1 of 29) Carbon
What are the particular activities designed to do?
Notes to Instructors Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance What is the focus of these activities? Almost all introductory biology students know that DNA is the hereditary material in living cells.
STRUCTURES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
CHAPTER 2 STRUCTURES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS What is the chemical structure of a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule? DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides. All nucleic acids consist of nucleotides as building
Protein Synthesis. Page 41 Page 44 Page 47 Page 42 Page 45 Page 48 Page 43 Page 46 Page 49. Page 41. DNA RNA Protein. Vocabulary
Protein Synthesis Vocabulary Transcription Translation Translocation Chromosomal mutation Deoxyribonucleic acid Frame shift mutation Gene expression Mutation Point mutation Page 41 Page 41 Page 44 Page
Cellular Respiration Worksheet 1. 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.
Cellular Respiration Worksheet 1 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain. 2. Where in the cell does the glycolysis part of cellular
From DNA to Protein. Proteins. Chapter 13. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. The Path From Genes to Proteins. All proteins consist of polypeptide chains
Proteins From DNA to Protein Chapter 13 All proteins consist of polypeptide chains A linear sequence of amino acids Each chain corresponds to the nucleotide base sequence of a gene The Path From Genes
Gene Cloning. Reference. T.A. Brown, Gene Cloning, Chapman and Hall. S.B. Primrose, Molecular Biotechnology, Blackwell
Gene Cloning 2004 Seungwook Kim Chem. & Bio. Eng. Reference T.A. Brown, Gene Cloning, Chapman and Hall S.B. Primrose, Molecular Biotechnology, Blackwell Why Gene Cloning is Important? A century ago, Gregor
Chapter 3: Biological Molecules. 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
Chapter 3: Biological Molecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids Elements in Biological Molecules Biological macromolecules are made almost entirely of just 6 elements: Carbon (C)
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
CHAPTER 6 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE 6.1 The DNA 6.2 The Search for Genetic Material 6.3 RNA World 6.4 Replication 6.5 Transcription 6.6 Genetic Code 6.7 Translation 6.8 Regulation of Gene Expression
How To Understand The Chemistry Of Organic Molecules
CHAPTER 3 THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC MOLECULES 3.1 Organic Molecules The chemistry of carbon accounts for the diversity of organic molecules found in living things. Carbon has six electrons, four of which
Provincial Exam Questions. 9. Give one role of each of the following nucleic acids in the production of an enzyme.
Provincial Exam Questions Unit: Cell Biology: Protein Synthesis (B7 & B8) 2010 Jan 3. Describe the process of translation. (4 marks) 2009 Sample 8. What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis? A.
Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Name Period Concept 5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers 1. The large molecules of all living things fall into just four main classes. Name them. 2. Circle the three classes that are called
Chapter 2 Phosphorus in the Organic Life: Cells, Tissues, Organisms
Chapter 2 Phosphorus in the Organic Life: Cells, Tissues, Organisms As already mentioned (see Chap. 1 ), in the living cell phosphorus plays a decisive role in three different essential structures: In
Thymine = orange Adenine = dark green Guanine = purple Cytosine = yellow Uracil = brown
1 DNA Coloring - Transcription & Translation Transcription RNA, Ribonucleic Acid is very similar to DNA. RNA normally exists as a single strand (and not the double stranded double helix of DNA). It contains
The structure of DNA: Cooperation and competition
The structure of DNA: Cooperation and competition 1 During the early 1950s, the intellectual journeys of a bird biologist, an expert on the structure of coal, a designer of underwater mines, and a nuclear
Teacher Guide: Have Your DNA and Eat It Too ACTIVITY OVERVIEW. http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu
ACTIVITY OVERVIEW Abstract: Students build an edible model of DNA while learning basic DNA structure and the rules of base pairing. Module: The Basics and Beyond Prior Knowledge Needed: DNA contains heritable
Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide monomers covalently linked by a glycosidic bond. They function in sugar transport.
1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism s cells. As a basis for understanding this concept: 1.
HUMAN PROTEINS FROM GENETIC ENGINEERING OF ORGANISMS
HUMAN PROTEINS FROM GM BACTERIA Injecting insulin is an everyday event for many people with diabetes. GENETIC ENGINEERING OF ORGANISMS involves transferring genes from one species into another. Genetic
Chapter 2. The Chemistry of Life Worksheets
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Worksheets (Opening image courtesy of David Iberri, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:camkii.png, and under the Creative Commons license CC-BY-SA 3.0.) Lesson 2.1: Matter
Molecular Genetics. RNA, Transcription, & Protein Synthesis
Molecular Genetics RNA, Transcription, & Protein Synthesis Section 1 RNA AND TRANSCRIPTION Objectives Describe the primary functions of RNA Identify how RNA differs from DNA Describe the structure and
Why Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis are Important
Chapter 1 Why Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis are Important 3 What is per'i, 6 Why gene cloning and per are so chain reaction, 4 important, 8 What is gene.5 How to find your way through this book, 12 In
agucacaaacgcu agugcuaguuua uaugcagucuua
RNA Secondary Structure Prediction: The Co-transcriptional effect on RNA folding agucacaaacgcu agugcuaguuua uaugcagucuua By Conrad Godfrey Abstract RNA secondary structure prediction is an area of bioinformatics
I. Chapter 5 Summary. II. Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids. III. Lipids
I. Chapter 5 Summary A. Simple Sugars (CH 2 O) n : 1. One C contains a carbonyl (C=O) rest contain - 2. Classification by functional group: aldoses & ketoses 3. Classification by number of C's: trioses,
Modeling DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis
Skills Practice Lab Modeling DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis OBJECTIVES Construct and analyze a model of DNA. Use a model to simulate the process of replication. Use a model to simulate the process
Biochemistry of Cells
Biochemistry of Cells 1 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Carbon
Proteins. Proteins. Amino Acids. Most diverse and most important molecule in. Functions: Functions (cont d)
Proteins Proteins Most diverse and most important molecule in living i organisms Functions: 1. Structural (keratin in hair, collagen in ligaments) 2. Storage (casein in mother s milk) 3. Transport (HAEMOGLOBIN!)
Algorithms in Computational Biology (236522) spring 2007 Lecture #1
Algorithms in Computational Biology (236522) spring 2007 Lecture #1 Lecturer: Shlomo Moran, Taub 639, tel 4363 Office hours: Tuesday 11:00-12:00/by appointment TA: Ilan Gronau, Taub 700, tel 4894 Office
DNA (genetic information in genes) RNA (copies of genes) proteins (functional molecules) directionality along the backbone 5 (phosphate) to 3 (OH)
DNA, RNA, replication, translation, and transcription Overview Recall the central dogma of biology: DNA (genetic information in genes) RNA (copies of genes) proteins (functional molecules) DNA structure
13.2 Ribosomes & Protein Synthesis
13.2 Ribosomes & Protein Synthesis Introduction: *A specific sequence of bases in DNA carries the directions for forming a polypeptide, a chain of amino acids (there are 20 different types of amino acid).
Ms. Campbell Protein Synthesis Practice Questions Regents L.E.
Name Student # Ms. Campbell Protein Synthesis Practice Questions Regents L.E. 1. A sequence of three nitrogenous bases in a messenger-rna molecule is known as a 1) codon 2) gene 3) polypeptide 4) nucleotide
DNA and Forensic Science
DNA and Forensic Science Micah A. Luftig * Stephen Richey ** I. INTRODUCTION This paper represents a discussion of the fundamental principles of DNA technology as it applies to forensic testing. A brief
DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
OpenStax-CNX module: m44488 1 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,
7. 3. replication. Unit 7: Molecular biology and genetics
7. 3 DN replication he fact that DN is a self-replicating molecule and can make copies of itself is the basis of all life forms. It is the essence of what life is. Indeed, according to Richard Dawkins
DNA and the Cell. Version 2.3. English version. ELLS European Learning Laboratory for the Life Sciences
DNA and the Cell Anastasios Koutsos Alexandra Manaia Julia Willingale-Theune Version 2.3 English version ELLS European Learning Laboratory for the Life Sciences Anastasios Koutsos, Alexandra Manaia and
Genetics Lecture Notes 7.03 2005. Lectures 1 2
Genetics Lecture Notes 7.03 2005 Lectures 1 2 Lecture 1 We will begin this course with the question: What is a gene? This question will take us four lectures to answer because there are actually several