Instrumentation Engineering. Analog Electronics. Comprehensive Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

Transcription

1 Instrumentation Engineering Analog Electronics Comprehensive Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

2 MADE EASY Publications Corporate Office: 44-A/4, Kalu Sarai (Near Hauz Khas Metro Station), New Delhi Contact: , Visit us at: Analog Electronics Copyright, by MADE EASY Publications. All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the above mentioned publisher of this book. First Edition: 2014 Reprint: 2015 Second Edition: 2016 (Revised and Updated) All rights reserved by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the written permission from the publisher.

3 Preface This book was motivated by the desire to further the evolution of a concise book on Analog Electronics. Keeping in focus the importance of this subject in GATE and ESE, we have done a proper study and thereafter developed the content of the book accordingly. This edition has an expanded discussion of all relevant topics in the subject. Initially, we compiled the perceptions of our students on their problems in GATE and ESE while dealing with the questions from this subject. We identified their various problems like- lack of fundamentals of the subject, difficulty in solving simple questions, shortage of a complete study package, etc. These strengthened our determination to present a complete edition of Analog Electronics textbook. The book addresses all the requirements of the students, i.e. comprehensive coverage of theory, fundamental concepts, objective type problems and conventional problems, articulated in a lucid language. The concise presentation will help the readers grasp the concepts with clarity and apply them with ease to solve problems quickly. The book not only covers the entire syllabus of GATE and ESE, but also addresses the need of many other competitive examinations. Topics like clipper, clamper, regulator, rectifier filters, BJT & FET amplifiers, differential amplifier, constant-current source, power amplifiers, oscillators, multi-vibrators and complex op-amp circuits, are given full coverage in line with our research on their importance in competitive examinations. We have put in our sincere efforts to present elaborate solutions for various problems, different problem solving methodology, some useful quick techniques to save time while attempting MCQs without compromising the accuracy of answers. A summary of important points to remember is added at the end of each topic. For the convenience of the readers, points to remember are specifically highlighted in the form of a note- both in theory as well as solved examples. At the end of each chapter, sets of practice question are given with their keys, that will allow the readers to evaluate their understanding of the topics and sharpen their problem solving skills. Our team has made their best efforts to remove all possible errors of any kind. Nonetheless, we would highly appreciate and acknowledge if you find and share with us any printing, calculation and conceptual error. It is impossible to thank all the individuals who helped us, but we would like to sincerely thank all the authors, editors and reviewers for putting in their efforts to publish this book. With Best Wishes B. Singh CMD, MADE EASY

4 Contents Analog Electronics Chapter 1 Diode Circuits Introduction Diode Circuits : DC Analysis and Models Diode Logic Gates Diode : The Small Signal Model DC Power Supply Rectifier Half-wave Rectifier Centre-Tapped Full-wave Rectifier Bridge Rectifier Comparison of Rectifier Circuits with Resistive Load Filter Inductor Filter Capacitor Filter LC Filter (L-Section Filter) CLC Filter (P-Section Filter) Voltage Regulators Zener Diode Shunt Regulator Op-amp Controlled Series Regulator Transistorized Series Regulator Fixed Voltage IC Regulators Wave Shaping Clipper Linear Wave Shaping Clamper Voltage Multiplier...74 Student Assignments Student Assignments Chapter 2 BJT-Characteristics and Biasing Introduction Transistors Current Components Early Effect BJT Configuration The Common Base Configuration The Common-Emitter Configuration The Common-Collector Configuration...92 Chapter 3 Student Assignments Student Assignments Transistor Biasing and Thermal Stabilization Introduction The Operating Point Instability in Collector Current BJT Biasing Fixed Bias Circuit Collector to Base Bias Circuit Self-Bias, Emitter Bias, or Voltage-Divider Bias Bias Compensation Thermal Runaway BJT Biasing in Integrated Circuits (ICs) Constant Current Source (Current Mirror) Widlar Current Source Current Repeaters Wilson Current Source Student Assignments Student Assignments (iv)

5 Chapter 4 BJT as an Amplifier Introduction Graphical Analysis of BJT Amplifier Transistor Hybrid Model Analysis of Transistor Amplifier Circuit Using h-parameters Small Signal Hybrid-P model of BJT Hybrid-P-Equivalent Circuit, by Considering Early Effect Basic Transistor Amplifier Configurations Common-Emitter Amplifiers Common-Collector Amplifier Common-Base Amplifier Multistage Amplifiers Student Assignments Student Assignments Chapter 5 Basic FET Amplifiers Introduction The Common-Source Amplifier Common-Drain (Source Follower) Amplifier The Common-Gate Configuration Student Assignments Student Assignments Chapter 6 Frequency Response Introduction Amplifier Frequency Response Miller s Theorem Frequency Response : BJT High Frequency Response of Common-Emitter and Common-Source Circuits High Frequency Response of Common-Base & Common-Gate Circuits High Frequency Response of Emitter and Source Follower Circuits Student Assignments Student Assignments Chapter 7 Differential Amplifiers Introduction The Differential Amplifier Basic BJT Differential Amplifier FET Differential Amplifiers Constant Current-Bias Level Translator Student Assignments Chapter 8 Feedback Amplifiers Introduction Basic Feedback Concepts General Block Diagram of Feedback Amplifier Four Basic Feedback Topologies Series-Shunt Configuration Shunt-Series Configuration Series-Series Configuration Shunt-Shunt Configuration Summary of Results Student Assignments Student Assignments Chapter 9 Large Signal Amplifier Introduction Power Amplifier Classification of Power Amplifiers Direct Coupled Class-A Amplifier Class-A Transformer Coupled Amplifier Transformer Coupled Class-B Push Pull Amplifier Cross-Over Distortion Class-AB Push-Pull Amplifier Class-A Push-Pull Amplifier Transformerless Class-B Push-Pull Amplifier Class-C Power Amplifier Class-D Amplifiers Class-S Power Amplifier Student Assignments (v)

6 Chapter 10 Operational Amplifier Introduction Block Diagram Representation of A Typical Op-Amp Schematic Symbol Operational Amplifier Characteristics DC Characteristics AC Characteristics Characteristics of Ideal Op-Amp Equivalent Circuit of an Op-Amp Ideal Voltage Transfer Curve Inverting Amplifier Summing Amplifier Non-inverting Amplifier Voltage Follower Current-to-Voltage Converter Voltage-to-Current Converter Differential Amplifier Integrator and Differentiator Instrumentation Amplifier Log Amplifier Antilog or Exponential Amplifier Precision Diode Half-Wave Rectifier Full-Wave Rectifier Student Assignments Student Assignments Chapter 11 Signal Generators and Waveform Shaping Circuits Introduction Oscillators The Phase-Shift Oscillator Wien Bridge Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator Hartley Oscillator Crystal Oscillators Comparator Zero-Crossing Detector Sample-And-Hold Circuits Basic Inverting Schmitt Trigger Schmitt Trigger Oscillator Monostable Multivibrator The 555 Circuit Student Assignments (vi)

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