Spectroscopy. Jae-Ung Lee, Duhee Yoon, and Hyeonsik Cheong* Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul , Korea.
|
|
- Emery O’Neal’
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Estimation of Young s Modulus of Graphene by Raman Spectroscopy Jae-Ung Lee, Duhee Yoon, and Hyeonsik Cheong* Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul , Korea. AUTHOR ADDRESS: jaeunglee@sogang.ac.kr; dhyoon@sogang.ac.kr; and hcheong@sogang.ac.kr CORRESPONDING AUTHOR FOOTNOTE: hcheong@sogang.ac.kr; TEL: ; Fax: ABSTRACT: The Young s modulus of graphene is estimated by measuring the strain applied by a pressure difference across graphene membranes using Raman spectroscopy. The strain induced on pressurized graphene balloons can be estimated directly from the peak shift of the Raman G band. By comparing the measured strain with numerical simulation, we obtained the Young s modulus of graphene. The estimated Young s modulus values of single- and bi-layer graphene are 2.4±0.4 TPa and 2.0±0.5 TPa, respectively. KEYWORDS: Graphene, Raman spectroscopy, Young s modulus, strain, graphene balloon The mechanical properties of graphene are interesting research subjects because its Young's modulus and strength are known to be extremely high. Owing to these properties, graphene is a promising 1
2 candidate for applications in nanomechanical systems. 1 3 Determination of such mechanical properties of graphene in nanometer scale is an important issue not only for applications in nanomechanics but also in studying fundamental physical properties. Values of ~1 TPa for the Young's modulus have been reported in mechanically exfoliated graphene samples by the nanoindentation technique using an atomic force microscopy and by the constant-n blister test. 4,5 In this work, we take a different approach and estimate the Young s modulus of graphene by measuring directly the strain applied to a graphene membrane under a differential pressure using Raman spectroscopy. Since graphene is impermeable to any gas, 6 it can sustain a differential pressure of several bars. 5 7 By applying such a differential pressure on a graphene membrane held over a circular aperture, a graphene balloon is formed with a biaxial strain applied at the center of the circular membrane. Raman spectroscopy is a very powerful tool for investigating the intrinsic properties of graphene Especially, the Raman spectrum of graphene is very sensitive to mechanical deformations. Recent experiments demonstrated that both the Raman G and 2D bands red-shift and split into two peaks each under uniaxial strain Therefore, strain on a graphene membrane can be measured by Raman spectroscopy very accurately. By measuring the strain induced on pressurized graphene balloons by Raman spectroscopy and comparing the strain with a numerical calculation based on the finite element method, we could deduce the Young s modulus of graphene layers. This method can provide valuable information on the intrinsic properties of graphene and can be applied to other 2-dimensional materials for investigating their mechanical properties. Graphene samples were prepared on pre-patterned silicon substrates covered with a 300-nm thick SiO 2 layer. The substrates were patterned with round holes by photolithography and dry etching. The depth of a hole is ~5 µm, and the diameters are 2.0, 3.1, 4.2, 5.3, 6.4, and 7.3 µm. The samples were prepared directly on cleaned substrates by mechanical exfoliation from natural macrocrystalline graphite flakes (NGS Naturgraphit GmbH, Germany). The samples were placed into a vacuum chamber to make pressure difference across the graphene membrane. The Raman measurements were performed with the nm (2.41 ev) line of an Ar ion laser. The laser beam was focused onto the graphene sample by a 40 microscope objective lens (N.A. 0.65) 2
3 through a quartz window. The scattered light was collected and collimated by the same objective, dispersed with a Jobin-Yvon Triax 550 spectrometer (1800 grooves/mm), and detected with a liquidnitrogen-cooled charge-coupled-device detector. The spectral resolution was about 0.7 cm 1. The focused beam size was measured with the razor-edge method and the spatial resolution was ~1 μm. The laser intensity was kept below 0.5 mw to avoid local heating induced by the laser. For the Raman scanning image, a spectrum was measured at each position of the sample, raster-scanned in a rectangle with points in 0.3-μm steps. Figure 1(a) shows the schematic diagram of the experimental setup. In the vacuum chamber, a pressure difference across the graphene membrane is applied by pumping out the vacuum chamber. This pressure difference makes the graphene membrane bulge upward like a balloon. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a sample measured in vacuum is shown in Figure 1(b). Because samples tend to be damaged by the electron beam, the samples used for the SEM measurements were from a different batch than those for Raman measurements. This image clearly shows that the graphene membrane bulges upward. The deflection of the graphene on a 6.6 μm diameter hole estimated from the SEM image is about ~200 nm, which is consistent with a numerical simulation using the finite element method. Raman spectroscopic measurements were performed on the single-layer graphene sheet shown in Fig. 2(a). The single Lorentzian shape of the 2D band in Fig.2(c) in the supported region indicated that the sample is clearly a single layer. 22,23 But in the suspended region, some asymmetry of the 2D band is observed. It is consistent with the previously reported data for the suspended single layer graphene sample. 24 At atmospheric pressure, the G peak position in the supported region outside the hole is substantially blue-shifted with respect to the suspended region (Fig. S1), and the integrated intensity ratio of the Raman 2D to G band is about 4. These and the narrow linewidth of the G peak indicate that the supported graphene is highly doped. 10,11 It is well known that graphene on SiO 2 /Si substrates can be strongly doped. 12 At the center of the hole, the peak position of the G band is about 1581 cm 1 and the intensity of Raman G band is very small relative to that of the 2D band, with the intensity ratio of 3
4 Raman 2D to G band ~11, which indicates that the suspended part of the graphene sample is minimally doped. 24,25 Furthermore, the peak position indicates that the initial residual tension induced by Van der Waals force between graphene and edges of the hole is very small. 6 This implies that our sample is suitable for investigating the intrinsic properties of undoped graphene. When the chamber is evacuated, there are no distinctive changes in the supported region. On the other hand, the Raman spectrum from the center of the suspended graphene is red-shifted in vacuum [Fig. 2(c)]. The G peak position at the center of the hole is shifted to ~1568 cm 1. Figure 2(b) is an image of the G peak position of the graphene sample over a 6.4-μm hole in vacuum. In the supported region the frequency of the G peak is near 1591 cm 1. The G peak position gradually red-shifts as the probing position moves to the center of the hole with the minimum value of ~1568 cm 1. This red-shift is caused by the tension due to bulging of the graphene membrane. Once the evacuation is complete, the Raman spectrum did not change after more than 2 hours in vacuum, and when the pressure is returned to 1 bar by letting air into the vacuum chamber, the G peak position at the center went back to 1581 cm 1 (Fig. S2). The G peak position was reproducible after many cycles of evacuation and vacuum release. This is evidence that there is no appreciable leakage of the gas confined in the hole. This result is consistent with previous reports. 5,6 By measuring the shifts of the Raman G and 2D bands, we can estimate the magnitude of the strain on a graphene membrane To estimate the strain from the Raman spectrum, we use the reported value of the Grüneisen parameter ( ) and the shear deformation potential ( ). The used values are 0 h (1 / )( / ) and (1 / 0 )( / s ) where 0 is the phonon frequency of unstrained graphene, and h and s are the hydrostatic and shear components of the strain, respectively. Using these values, one obtains the G phonon shift due to biaxial strain b, 2, to be 70 cm 1 per biaxial strain of 1%. 16 The G peak shift of ~13 cm 1 for the 6.4-μm b 0 b hole corresponds to a biaxial strain of ~0.19% at the center of the graphene membrane. We measured the changes of the Raman spectrum at the center of the hole with various diameters. Figure 3 shows that 4
5 both the Raman G and 2D bands are red-shifted and the shifts are dependent on the diameter of the hole. The G peak shifts are 5.0±3.6, 8.0±2.8, 10.0±1.3 and 13.0±1.0 cm 1 for the diameters of 3.1, 4.2, 5.3 and 6.4 μm, respectively. These values in turn correspond to biaxial strain values of 0.07±0.05, 0.11±0.04, 0.14±0.03 and 0.19±0.02%, respectively. The biaxial strain on a graphene balloon increases as a function of the size of the hole. Some asymmetry is observed in the line shape of the G band from the smallest 3.1-μm hole. Since the laser spot size, ~1 μm, is a significant fraction of the total hole size, the strain variation within the laser spot is large relative to the maximum strain at the center. This strain variation causes asymmetric line shapes for smaller holes, which contributes to larger error bars. We compared the obtained strain values with a numerical simulation based on the finite element method. The graphene membrane was modeled by a clamped circular membrane with a linear elasticity. It is well known that graphene has a non-linear elasticity with a form of E D, where E is the Young s modulus, D the third-order elastic modulus, the stress, and the uniaxial strain. 4 Since typical values of E and D are 1.0 TPa and 2.0 TPa, 4 respectively, and the maximum strain applied in our experiments was ~0.2%, the first term is much larger than the second term, and so the elastic behavior of graphene may be assumed to be linear in our experimental conditions. The confined air inside the hole under the graphene membrane is initially at atmospheric pressure. When the vacuum chamber is evacuated to a pressure below 10 5 torr, the graphene membrane bulges upward and as a result, the volume of the confined gas increases. Because of this effect the pressure difference across the membrane drops slightly. If one uses the deflection of ~200 nm estimated from the SEM image [Fig 1(b)], the pressure difference is ~0.96 atm. This value was used as the initial estimate of the pressure difference in the iterative procedure to find the Young s modulus. With the iterative fitting procedure, the deflection converges to ~160 nm and the pressure difference to 0.97 atm. We assumed that the Poisson s ratio of graphene is the same as that of graphite, For the thickness of the graphene membrane, we used the interlayer spacing of graphite, nm, 30 and ignored the small thickness change by the deflection. 5
6 Numerical simulations were performed using a commercial finite element program, ABAQUS. The diameter of the circular membrane is taken to be the same as the diameter of the hole. A uniform pressure was applied perpendicular to the membrane. As a boundary condition, the edges of the membrane were clamped to the circular edge of the hole. This is reasonable since Koenig et al. recently reported that the graphene membranes firmly adhere to the substrate up to a pressure difference of >2.5 MPa (25 atm). 5 If we use the previously reported Young s modulus value 4,5 of 1 TPa in our simulation, the deflection is ~220 nm and the strain at the center of the circular membrane is ~ 0.32% for the 6.4 m hole. This is much larger than the measured value of 0.19%. If we instead use the Young s modulus as a fitting parameter to reproduce the measured strain at the center, we obtain a Young s modulus value of 2.4 TPa. To further confirm the consistency of our analysis, we repeated for the different hole diameters. We obtained Young s modulus values of 2.7±1.2, 2.7±0.8, 2.5±0.4 and 2.4±0.3 TPa for diameters of 3.1, 4.2, 5.3 and 6.4 μm, respectively. Our estimation of the Young s modulus of single-layer graphene is 2.4±0.4 TPa. Figure 4 shows the calculated strain distribution on the circular membrane using the Young s modulus value of 2.4 TPa. The strain in the transverse direction does not vary much whereas the radial strain varies a lot. At the center, a biaxial strain of 0.19% is reproduced. Near the edge of the membrane, the transverse and radial strains are significantly different, resulting in a shear component. We attempted to detect this shear component using polarized Raman spectroscopy. Figure 5(a) shows the change of the G peak position along the diameter of the graphene membrane, measured in two orthogonal polarizations. The incident laser is polarized in the vertical direction and the laser spot position is moved horizontally. The analyzer for the scattered signal was set either vertically (0 ) or horizontally (90 ). The G peak position is independent of the polarization near the center whereas a small shift is seen near the edges. Figure 5(b) compares the Raman spectra for the two polarizations at different positions. At the center or at 1 μm from the center, the two spectra are almost 6
7 identical. If we use the known splitting of the G peak due to uniaxial strain, the splitting would be 0.2 cm 1 corresponding to a uniaxial strain of 0.01% at 1 μm from the center, which is much smaller than the width of the G peak. At the position of 2 μm away from the center, a small relative shift of the G peak for the two polarizations is observed. The uniaxial component of the strain at this position is 0.05% from our simulation. This would give a G peak splitting of 1.0 cm 1, which is consistent with what is seen in Fig. 5(b). At 3 μm away from the center, the laser spot (~1 μm) covers both the suspended and the supported regions, resulting in larger linewidths and asymmetric line shapes. We also performed the same experiment on a bilayer graphene sample. The bilayer graphene sample fully covered a 7.3-μm diameter hole. When the vacuum chamber is evacuated, the G peak position is shifted from 1581 cm 1 to 1570 cm 1, which corresponds to a biaxial strain of 0.14% (Fig. 6). Using the same procedure as for the single layer sample, we found that the Young s modulus value for bilayer graphene is 2.0±0.5. The Young s modulus values for single- and bi-layer graphene, 2.4±0.4 TPa and 2.0±0.5 TPa, respectively, can be compared with that of graphite 1.02 TPa. 29 (The data for a 4-layer graphene sample is also included in Supporting Information.) This seems reasonable if one considers the fact that the Grüneisen parameters for graphene and graphite are and 1.06, respectively. 20,31 Since the Grüneisen parameter is closely related to elastic properties, a correlation between the Grüneisen parameter and the Young s modulus is expected. Our estimations for the Young s modulus are significantly larger than the reported values in the literature, ~1 TPa. 4,5 A probable explanation is that the Young s modulus may not be constant in different strain ranges. For example, Lee et al. fitted their data mostly in the range of 0 to 5% of strain with a model assuming a linear behavior to obtain the Young s modulus value of 1.0 TPa for single layer graphene. Koenig et al. on the other hand, fitted their data in the range of 0.25 to 0.5 MPa (2.5 to 5 atm) with a linear model to obtain the Young s modulus for 1-5 layer graphene. In both cases, if graphene has a significant softening at higher strain ranges, the estimated Young s modulus could be smaller than the value estimated in the small strain range. In our work, the maximum strain was only 7
8 0.19%, at least an order of magnitude smaller than the maximum strain in previous work. The behavior at even lower strain was inspected by repeating the measurements as a function of the pressure in the vacuum chamber between 0 and 1 atm. (See Figures S4 and S5 in Supporting Information.) Although accurate quantitative analysis is not possible due to the large uncertainty caused by small Raman peak shifts, the estimated Young s modulus value is consistently larger than the previous reports. In conclusion, we found that the Young s modulus values of single- and bi-layer graphene are 2.4±0.4 TPa and 2.0±0.5 TPa, respectively. Comparison with previous estimates suggests that the linear Young s modulus value may depend on the strain range and is larger in small strain ranges. ACKNOWLEDGMENT: We thank H. Kim and S. W. Lee for the SEM measurements. This work was supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) grants funded by the Korean government (MEST) (No and No ). This work was also supported by a grant (No ) from the center for Advanced Soft Electronics under the Global Frontier Research Program of MEST. Supporting Information Available: Raman G peak position as a function of the position along the center line of the hole, the repeatability data, Raman spectra using different excitation energies, Raman spectra measured at different pressures (0~1 bar), Young s modulus estimated at different pressures, Raman spectra for a 4-layer sample, and Young s modulus as a function of the number of layers. This material is available free of charge via the internet at 8
9 FIGURE CAPTIONS Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. (b) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a graphene membrane in vacuum, taken at an oblique angle. Two bubbles with different diameters (3.6 and 6.6 μm), formed by the pressure difference between inside and outside of the hole, are shown. Figure 2. (a) Optical microscope image of a graphene sample on a pre-patterned SiO 2 /Si substrate. The bright region corresponds to a thick part of the sample, and the faintly darker area next to it corresponds to the single layer region. (b) Raman map of the G peak position of a single-layer graphene balloon on the 6.4 μm hole. (c) Raman spectra measured at the center of the 6.4 μm hole and at a supported region of a single-layer sample. Figure 3. Comparison of the Raman (a) G band and (b) 2D band spectra, measured from a single-layer sample in vacuum and in ambient pressure at the center of the holes with 3.1, 4.2, 5.3 and 6.4 μm diameters. Figure 4. Simulated strain distribution over the single-layer graphene membrane obtained by numerical calculations. (Inset) Comparison of the radial and transverse components of the strain distribution Figure 5. (a) Shift of the G peak position due to the pressure difference as a function of the position along the center of the hole, measured in two orthogonal polarizations. (b) Raman G band spectra for two orthogonal polarizations, measured at different distances from the center. Figure 6. Comparison of the Raman spectra, measured from a bilayer sample in vacuum and in ambient pressure at the center of a 7.3-μm hole and at a supported region. 9
10 REFERENCES 1. Bunch, J. S.; van der Zande, A. M.; Verbridge, S. S.; Frank, I. W.; Tanenbaum, D. M.; Parpia, J. M.; Craighead, H. G.; McEuen, P. L. Science 2007, 315, Garcia-Sanchez, D.; van der Zande, A. M.; Paulo, A. S.;Lassagne, B.; McEuen, P. L.; Bachtold, A. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, Chen, C.; Rosenblatt S.; Bolotin K. I.; Kalb, W.; Kim, P.; Kymissis, I.; Stormer, H. L.; Heinz, T. F.; Hone, J. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009, 4, Lee, C.; Wei, X.; Kysar, J. W.; Hone, J. Science 2008, 321, Koenig, S. P.; Boddeti, N. G.; Dunn, M. L.; Bunch, J. S. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 6, Bunch, J. S.; Verbridge, S. S.; Alden, J. S.; van der Zande, A. M.; Parpia, J. M.; Craighead, H. G.; McEuen, P. L. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, Zabel, J.; Nair, R. R.; Ott, A.; Georgiou, T.; Geim, A. K.; Novoselov, K. S.; Casiraghi, C. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, Ferrari, A. C.; Meyer, J. C.; Scardaci, V.; Casiraghi, C.; Lazzeri, M.; Mauri, F.; Piscanec, S.; Jiang, D.; Novoselov, K. S.; Roth, S.; Geim, A. K. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 97, Malard, L. M.; Pimenta, M. A.; Dresselhaus, G.; Dresselhaus, M. S. Phys. Rep. 2009, 473, Pisana, S.; Lazzeri, M.; Casiraghi, C.; Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Ferrari, A. C.; Mauri, F. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, Yan, J.; Zhang, Y.; Kim, P.; Pinczuk, A. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 98, Casiraghi, C.; Pisana, S.; Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Ferrari, A. C. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91,
11 13. Das, A.; Pisana, S.; Chakraborty, B.; Piscanec, S.; Saha, S. K.; Waghmare, U. V.; Novoselov, K. S.; Krishnamurthy, H. R.; Geim, A. K.; Ferrari, A. C.; Sood, A. K. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, Balandin, A. A.; Ghosh, S.; Bao, W. Z.; Calizo, I.; Teweldebrhan, D.; Miao, F.; Lau, C. N. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, Lee, J.-U.; Yoon, D.; Kim, H.; Lee, S. W.; Cheong, H. Phys. Rev. B 2011, 83, (R). 16. Yoon, D.; Son, Y.-W.; Cheong, H. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, Calizo, I.; Balandin, A. A.; Bao, W.; Miao, F.; Lau, C. N. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, Mohiuddin, T. M. G.; Lombardo, A.; Nair, R. R.; Bonetti, A.; Savini, G.; Jalil, A.; Bonini, N.; Basko, D. M.; Galiotis, C.; Marzari, N.; Novoselov, A. K.; Geim, A. K.; Ferrari, A. C. Phys. Rev. B 2009, 79, Huang, M. Y.; Yan, H. G.; Chen, C. Y.; Song, D. H.; Heinz, T. F.; Hone, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106, Yoon, D.; Son, Y.-W.; Cheong, H. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011, 106, Frank, O.; Mohr, M.; Maultzsch, J.; Thomsen, C.; Riaz, I.; Jalil, R.; Novoselov, K. S.; Tsoukleri, G.; Parthenios, J.; Papagelis, K.; Kavan, L.; Galiotis, C. ACS Nano 2011, 5, Gupta, A.; Chen, G.; Joshi, P.; Tadigadapa, S.; Eklund, P. C. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, Yoon, D.; Moon, H.; Cheong, H.; Choi, J. S.; Choi, J. A.; Park, B. H. J. Korean Phys. Soc. 2009, 55, Berciaud, S.; Ryu, S.; Brus, L. E.; Heinz, T. F. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, Casiraghi, C. Phys. Rev. B 2009, 80,
12 26. Liu, F.; Ming, P. B.; Li, J. Phys. Rev. B 2007, 76, Wei, X.; Fragneaud, B.; Marianetti, C. A.; Kysar, J. W. Phys. Rev. B 2009, 80, Jiang, J.; Wang, J.; Li, B. Phys. Rev. B 2010, 81, Blakslee, O. L.; Proctor, D. G.; Seldin, E. J.; Spence, G. B.; Weng, T. J. Appl. Phys. 1970, 41, Aljishi, R.; Dresselhaus, G. Phys. Rev. B 1982, 26, Hanfland, M.; Beister, H.; Syassen, K. Phys. Rev. B 1989, 39,
13 FIGURE 1 13
14 FIGURE 2 14
15 FIGURE 3 15
16 FIGURE 4 16
17 FIGURE 5 17
18 FIGURE 6 18
19 SYNOPSIS TOC 19
20 Supporting Information Estimation of Young s Modulus of Graphene by Raman Spectroscopy Jae-Ung Lee, Duhee Yoon, and Hyeonsik Cheong * Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul , Korea AUTHOR ADDRESS: jaeunglee@sogang.ac.kr, dhyoon@sogang.ac.kr; hcheong@sogang.ac.kr CORRESPONDING AUTHOR FOOTNOTE: hcheong@sogang.ac.kr; TEL: ; Fax:
21 Figure S1. Position of the Raman G band as a function of the distance from the center of the hole of a single-layer sample, measured in two orthogonal polarizations in atmospheric pressure (red) and vacuum (blue). Figure S2. Evolution of the Raman spectrum taken at the center of the hole of a single-layer sample: before the vacuum chamber is evacuated (Before), right after the chamber is evacuated (Vacuum), after the sample was held in vacuum for 2 hours (Vacuum 2h), and after the chamber pressure was raised to atmospheric pressure (After). This illustrates that the pressure difference is maintained for at least 2 hours in vacuum, and there is minimal escape of the gas from the graphene balloon during the cycle. 21
22 Figure S3. Raman spectra measured at the center of the 6.4 µm hole at 1 atm. (unstrained) and in vacuum (strained). Three different laser lines were used (441.6-nm line of a He-Cd laser, 488- and nm lines of an Ar ion laser). The peak shift is almost the same for all laser lines. Figure S4. Raman spectra measured at the center of the 6.4 µm hole at different pressures. 22
23 Figure S5. Young s modulus values estimated from Raman measurements at different pressure differences (Fig. S4). Figure S6. Comparison of the Raman spectra, measured from a 4-layer sample in vacuum and in ambient pressure at the center of a 7.3-µm hole and at a supported region. 23
24 Figure S7. Estimated Young s modulus as a function of the number of layers. Young s modulus decreases as the number of layers increases. 24
The Raman Fingerprint of Graphene
The Raman Fingerprint of Graphene A. C. Ferrari 1, J. C. Meyer 2, V. Scardaci 1, C. Casiraghi 1, M. Lazzeri 3, F. Mauri 3, S. Piscanec 1, D. Jiang 4, K. S. Novoselov 4, S. Roth 2, A. K. Geim 4 1 Department
More informationModification of Graphene Films by Laser-Generated High Energy Particles
Modification of Graphene Films by Laser-Generated High Energy Particles Elena Stolyarova (Polyakova), Ph.D. ATF Program Advisory and ATF Users Meeting April 2-3, 2009, Berkner Hall, Room B, BNL Department
More informationScanning Near Field Optical Microscopy: Principle, Instrumentation and Applications
Scanning Near Field Optical Microscopy: Principle, Instrumentation and Applications Saulius Marcinkevičius Optics, ICT, KTH 1 Outline Optical near field. Principle of scanning near field optical microscope
More informationPhysics 441/2: Transmission Electron Microscope
Physics 441/2: Transmission Electron Microscope Introduction In this experiment we will explore the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to take us into the world of ultrasmall structures. This
More informationEXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAR PRODUCTION ON THE PIERCED FLAT SHEET METAL USING LASER FORMING PROCESS
JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN SCIENCE (ISSN 2322-5009) CODEN (USA): JCRSDJ 2014, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp:277-284 Available at www.jcrs010.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAR
More informationFerromagnetic resonance imaging of Co films using magnetic resonance force microscopy
Ferromagnetic resonance imaging of Co films using magnetic resonance force microscopy B. J. Suh, P. C. Hammel, a) and Z. Zhang Condensed Matter and Thermal Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los
More informationFeasibility Study of Neutron Dose for Real Time Image Guided. Proton Therapy: A Monte Carlo Study
Feasibility Study of Neutron Dose for Real Time Image Guided Proton Therapy: A Monte Carlo Study Jin Sung Kim, Jung Suk Shin, Daehyun Kim, EunHyuk Shin, Kwangzoo Chung, Sungkoo Cho, Sung Hwan Ahn, Sanggyu
More informationExperiment 5. Lasers and laser mode structure
Northeastern University, PHYS5318 Spring 2014, 1 1. Introduction Experiment 5. Lasers and laser mode structure The laser is a very important optical tool that has found widespread use in science and industry,
More informationModule 13 : Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems
Module 13 : Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems Lecture : Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems Attenuation (Loss)
More information3D Raman Imaging Nearfield-Raman TERS. Solutions for High-Resolution Confocal Raman Microscopy. www.witec.de
3D Raman Imaging Nearfield-Raman TERS Solutions for High-Resolution Confocal Raman Microscopy www.witec.de 01 3D Confocal Raman Imaging Outstanding performance in speed, sensitivity, and resolution with
More informationView of ΣIGMA TM (Ref. 1)
Overview of the FESEM system 1. Electron optical column 2. Specimen chamber 3. EDS detector [Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy] 4. Monitors 5. BSD (Back scatter detector) 6. Personal Computer 7. ON/STANDBY/OFF
More informationSupporting information
Supporting information Ultrafast room-temperature NH 3 sensing with positively-gated reduced graphene oxide field-effect transistors Ganhua Lu 1, Kehan Yu 1, Leonidas E. Ocola 2, and Junhong Chen 1 * 1
More informationNear-field scanning optical microscopy (SNOM)
Adviser: dr. Maja Remškar Institut Jožef Stefan January 2010 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fluorescence Raman and surface enhanced Raman 7 Conventional optical microscopy-limited resolution Two broad classes of techniques
More informationNEAR FIELD OPTICAL MICROSCOPY AND SPECTROSCOPY WITH STM AND AFM PROBES
Vol. 93 (1997) A CTA PHYSICA POLONICA A No. 2 Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Scanning Probe Spectroscopy and Related Methods, Poznań 1997 NEAR FIELD OPTICAL MICROSCOPY AND SPECTROSCOPY
More informationNanometer-scale imaging and metrology, nano-fabrication with the Orion Helium Ion Microscope
andras@nist.gov Nanometer-scale imaging and metrology, nano-fabrication with the Orion Helium Ion Microscope Bin Ming, András E. Vladár and Michael T. Postek National Institute of Standards and Technology
More informationHolographically corrected microscope with a large working distance (as appears in Applied Optics, Vol. 37, No. 10, 1849-1853, 1 April 1998)
Holographically corrected microscope with a large working distance (as appears in Applied Optics, Vol. 37, No. 10, 1849-1853, 1 April 1998) Geoff Andersen and R. J. Knize Laser and Optics Research Center
More informationGRAPHENE: A NEW STAR IN MATERIAL SCIENCE
GRAPHENE: A NEW STAR IN MATERIAL SCIENCE S. Sahoo 1 & A. K. Dutta 2 Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur-713209, West Bengal, India. 1 E-mail: sukadevsahoo@yahoo.com 2 E-mail:
More informationAnharmonicity and Weak Mode Assignment in La 2 x Sr x CuO 4 with Oxygen Isotopic Substitution
Vol. 111 (2007) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A No. 1 Proceedings of the Symposium K: Complex Oxide Materials for New Technologies of E-MRS Fall Meeting 2006, Warsaw, September 4 8, 2006 Anharmonicity and Weak
More informationSingle Defect Center Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy on Graphene
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Single Defect Center Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy on Graphene J. Tisler, T. Oeckinghaus, R. Stöhr, R. Kolesov, F. Reinhard and J. Wrachtrup 3. Institute
More informationLenses and Apertures of A TEM
Instructor: Dr. C.Wang EMA 6518 Course Presentation Lenses and Apertures of A TEM Group Member: Anup Kr. Keshri Srikanth Korla Sushma Amruthaluri Venkata Pasumarthi Xudong Chen Outline Electron Optics
More informationPump-probe experiments with ultra-short temporal resolution
Pump-probe experiments with ultra-short temporal resolution PhD candidate: Ferrante Carino Advisor:Tullio Scopigno Università di Roma ƒla Sapienza 22 February 2012 1 Pump-probe experiments: generalities
More informationLecture 4 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)
Lecture 4 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) General components of SPM; Tip --- the probe; Cantilever --- the indicator of the tip; Tip-sample interaction --- the feedback system; Scanner --- piezoelectric
More informationCharacterisation of carbon nano-onions using Raman spectroscopy
Chemical Physics Letters 373 (2003) 52 56 www.elsevier.com/locate/cplett Characterisation of carbon nano-onions using Raman spectroscopy D. Roy a, Manish Chhowalla b, *, H. Wang c, N. Sano c, I. Alexandrou
More informationPhysical Properties and Functionalization of Low-Dimensional Materials
Physical Properties and Functionalization of Low-Dimensional Materials Physics Department, University of Trieste Graduate School of Physics, XXVI cycle Supervisor: Co-supervisor: Prof. Alessandro BARALDI
More informationStress and deformation of offshore piles under structural and wave loading
Stress and deformation of offshore piles under structural and wave loading J. A. Eicher, H. Guan, and D. S. Jeng # School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, PMB 50 Gold Coast Mail
More informationPIPELINE LEAKAGE DETECTION USING FIBER-OPTIC DISTRIBUTED STRAIN AND TEMPERATURE SENSORS WHITE PAPER
PIPELINE LEAKAGE DETECTION USING FIBER-OPTIC DISTRIBUTED STRAIN AND TEMPERATURE SENSORS WHITE PAPER Lufan Zou and Taha Landolsi OZ Optics Limited, 219 Westbrook Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K0A 1L0 E-mail:
More informationUV/VIS/IR SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF NANOPARTICLES
UV/VIS/IR SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF NANOPARTICLES SEPTEMBER 2012, V 1.1 4878 RONSON CT STE K SAN DIEGO, CA 92111 858-565 - 4227 NANOCOMPOSIX.COM Note to the Reader: We at nanocomposix have published this
More informationTOF FUNDAMENTALS TUTORIAL
TOF FUNDAMENTALS TUTORIAL Presented By: JORDAN TOF PRODUCTS, INC. 990 Golden Gate Terrace Grass Valley, CA 95945 530-272-4580 / 530-272-2955 [fax] www.rmjordan.com [web] info@rmjordan.com [e-mail] This
More informationHow To Calculate Tunnel Longitudinal Structure
Calculation and Analysis of Tunnel Longitudinal Structure under Effect of Uneven Settlement of Weak Layer 1,2 Li Zhong, 2Chen Si-yang, 3Yan Pei-wu, 1Zhu Yan-peng School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University
More informationh e l p s y o u C O N T R O L
contamination analysis for compound semiconductors ANALYTICAL SERVICES B u r i e d d e f e c t s, E v a n s A n a l y t i c a l g r o u p h e l p s y o u C O N T R O L C O N T A M I N A T I O N Contamination
More informationBurcu Saner, Firuze Okyay, Fatma Dinç, Neylan Görgülü, Selmiye Alkan Gürsel and Yuda Yürüm*
Burcu Saner, Firuze Okyay, Fatma Dinç, Neylan Görgülü, Selmiye Alkan Gürsel and Yuda Yürüm* Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabancı University, Istanbul Background about graphene and its separation
More informationApplication Note #503 Comparing 3D Optical Microscopy Techniques for Metrology Applications
Screw thread image generated by WLI Steep PSS angles WLI color imaging Application Note #503 Comparing 3D Optical Microscopy Techniques for Metrology Applications 3D optical microscopy is a mainstay metrology
More informationA Guide to Acousto-Optic Modulators
A Guide to Acousto-Optic Modulators D. J. McCarron December 7, 2007 1 Introduction Acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) are useful devices which allow the frequency, intensity and direction of a laser beam
More informationChemical vapor deposition of novel carbon materials
Thin Solid Films 368 (2000) 193±197 www.elsevier.com/locate/tsf Chemical vapor deposition of novel carbon materials L. Chow a, b, *, D. Zhou b, c, A. Hussain b, c, S. Kleckley a, K. Zollinger a, A. Schulte
More informationScanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy for Measuring Materials Properties at the Nanoscale
Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy for Measuring Materials Properties at the Nanoscale Outline Background Research Design Detection of Near-Field Signal Submonolayer Chemical Sensitivity Conclusions
More informationRaman spectroscopy Lecture
Raman spectroscopy Lecture Licentiate course in measurement science and technology Spring 2008 10.04.2008 Antti Kivioja Contents - Introduction - What is Raman spectroscopy? - The theory of Raman spectroscopy
More informationCoating Technology: Evaporation Vs Sputtering
Satisloh Italy S.r.l. Coating Technology: Evaporation Vs Sputtering Gianni Monaco, PhD R&D project manager, Satisloh Italy 04.04.2016 V1 The aim of this document is to provide basic technical information
More informationMicroscopy and Nanoindentation. Combining Orientation Imaging. to investigate localized. deformation behaviour. Felix Reinauer
Combining Orientation Imaging Microscopy and Nanoindentation to investigate localized deformation behaviour Felix Reinauer René de Kloe Matt Nowell Introduction Anisotropy in crystalline materials Presentation
More informationFTIR Instrumentation
FTIR Instrumentation Adopted from the FTIR lab instruction by H.-N. Hsieh, New Jersey Institute of Technology: http://www-ec.njit.edu/~hsieh/ene669/ftir.html 1. IR Instrumentation Two types of instrumentation
More informationMEMS mirror for low cost laser scanners. Ulrich Hofmann
MEMS mirror for low cost laser scanners Ulrich Hofmann Outline Introduction Optical concept of the LIDAR laser scanner MEMS mirror requirements MEMS mirror concept, simulation and design fabrication process
More informationAutomatic and Objective Measurement of Residual Stress and Cord in Glass
Automatic and Objective Measurement of Residual Stress and Cord in Glass GlassTrend - ICG TC15/21 Seminar SENSORS AND PROCESS CONTROL 13-14 October 2015, Eindhoven Henning Katte, ilis gmbh copyright ilis
More informationMECHANICS OF SOLIDS - BEAMS TUTORIAL TUTORIAL 4 - COMPLEMENTARY SHEAR STRESS
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS - BEAMS TUTORIAL TUTORIAL 4 - COMPLEMENTARY SHEAR STRESS This the fourth and final tutorial on bending of beams. You should judge our progress b completing the self assessment exercises.
More informationModification of Pd-H 2 and Pd-D 2 thin films processed by He-Ne laser
Modification of Pd-H 2 and Pd-D 2 thin films processed by He-Ne laser V.Nassisi #, G.Caretto #, A. Lorusso #, D.Manno %, L.Famà %, G.Buccolieri %, A.Buccolieri %, U.Mastromatteo* # Laboratory of Applied
More informationSelf-Guided Intense Laser Pulse Propagation in Air
Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control, 2000, v.6, No, 2-26 Self-Guided Intense Laser Pulse Propagation in Air R. Danielius, D. Mikalauskas, A. Dubietis and A. Piskarskas Department of Quantum Electronics,
More informationNanoelectronics 09. Atsufumi Hirohata Department of Electronics. Quick Review over the Last Lecture
Nanoelectronics 09 Atsufumi Hirohata Department of Electronics 12:00 Wednesday, 4/February/2015 (P/L 006) Quick Review over the Last Lecture ( Field effect transistor (FET) ): ( Drain ) current increases
More informationPreface Light Microscopy X-ray Diffraction Methods
Preface xi 1 Light Microscopy 1 1.1 Optical Principles 1 1.1.1 Image Formation 1 1.1.2 Resolution 3 1.1.3 Depth of Field 5 1.1.4 Aberrations 6 1.2 Instrumentation 8 1.2.1 Illumination System 9 1.2.2 Objective
More informationarxiv:1606.06995v1 [cond-mat.mtrl-sci] 22 Jun 2016
Anisotropic straining of graphene using micropatterned SiN membranes Francesca F. Settembrini, 1 Francesco Colangelo, 1, 2, Alessandro Pitanti, 1, Vaidotas Miseikis, 3, 4 Camilla Coletti, 3, 4 Guido Menichetti,
More informationThe Study on Mechanical Performances of Thin SiO 2 Film by. Micro-Bridge Methods
The Study on Mechanical Performances of Thin SiO Film by Micro-Bridge Methods WANG Yu 1, ZHANG Hai-ia 1*, ZHANG Tai-Hua 1 Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear
More informationChapter 8. Low energy ion scattering study of Fe 4 N on Cu(100)
Low energy ion scattering study of 4 on Cu(1) Chapter 8. Low energy ion scattering study of 4 on Cu(1) 8.1. Introduction For a better understanding of the reconstructed 4 surfaces one would like to know
More informationApplication Note # EDS-10 Advanced light element and low energy X-ray analysis of a TiB 2 TiC SiC ceramic material using EDS spectrum imaging
Quantitative analysis Ceramics sample Peak deconvolution EDS map Phase analysis Application Note # EDS-10 Advanced light element and low energy X-ray analysis of a TiB 2 TiC SiC ceramic material using
More informationHow to measure absolute pressure using piezoresistive sensing elements
In sensor technology several different methods are used to measure pressure. It is usually differentiated between the measurement of relative, differential, and absolute pressure. The following article
More informationFemtosecond laser-induced silicon surface morphology in water confinement
Microsyst Technol (2009) 15:1045 1049 DOI 10.1007/s00542-009-0880-8 TECHNICAL PAPER Femtosecond laser-induced silicon surface morphology in water confinement Yukun Han Æ Cheng-Hsiang Lin Æ Hai Xiao Æ Hai-Lung
More informationThe CVD diamond booklet
available at: www.diamond-materials.com/download Content 1. General properties of diamond... 2 2. Optical Properties... 4 Optical transparency...4 Absorption coefficient at 10.6 µm...5 Refractive index:
More informationThe Physics of Energy sources Renewable sources of energy. Solar Energy
The Physics of Energy sources Renewable sources of energy Solar Energy B. Maffei Bruno.maffei@manchester.ac.uk Renewable sources 1 Solar power! There are basically two ways of using directly the radiative
More informationIt has long been a goal to achieve higher spatial resolution in optical imaging and
Nano-optical Imaging using Scattering Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy Fehmi Yasin, Advisor: Dr. Markus Raschke, Post-doc: Dr. Gregory Andreev, Graduate Student: Benjamin Pollard Department of Physics,
More informationX-Rays and Magnetism From Fundamentals to Nanoscale Dynamics
X-Rays and Magnetism From Fundamentals to Nanoscale Dynamics Joachim Stöhr Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory X-rays have come a long way 1895 1993 10 cm 10 µm 100 nm Collaborators: SSRL Stanford:
More informationDevelopment of certified reference material of thin film for thermal diffusivity
Development of certified reference material of thin film for thermal diffusivity Takashi Yagi, Thermophysical properties section, NMIJ/AIST Joshua Martin MML, National Institute of Standards and Technology
More informationCoating Thickness and Composition Analysis by Micro-EDXRF
Application Note: XRF Coating Thickness and Composition Analysis by Micro-EDXRF www.edax.com Coating Thickness and Composition Analysis by Micro-EDXRF Introduction: The use of coatings in the modern manufacturing
More informationMaterials Chemistry C
Journal of Materials Chemistry C Accepted Manuscript This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the Royal Society of Chemistry peer review process and has been accepted for publication. Accepted
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Simple and Rapid Synthesis of Ultrathin Gold Nanowires, Their Self-Assembly and Application in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Huajun Feng, a Yanmei Yang, a Yumeng You, b Gongping
More informationDemonstration of sub-4 nm nanoimprint lithography using a template fabricated by helium ion beam lithography
Demonstration of sub-4 nm nanoimprint lithography using a template fabricated by helium ion beam lithography Wen-Di Li*, Wei Wu** and R. Stanley Williams Hewlett-Packard Labs *Current address: University
More informationDETECTION OF COATINGS ON PAPER USING INFRA RED SPECTROSCOPY
DETECTION OF COATINGS ON PAPER USING INFRA RED SPECTROSCOPY Eduard Gilli 1,2 and Robert Schennach 1, 2 1 Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria 2 CD-Laboratory for Surface Chemical and Physical
More informationSTM and AFM Tutorial. Katie Mitchell January 20, 2010
STM and AFM Tutorial Katie Mitchell January 20, 2010 Overview Scanning Probe Microscopes Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Contact AFM Non-contact AFM RHK UHV350 AFM/STM
More informationThe excitation in Raman spectroscopy is usually. Practical Group Theory and Raman Spectroscopy, Part II: Application of Polarization
Electronically reprinted from March 214 Molecular Spectroscopy Workbench Practical Group Theory and Raman Spectroscopy, Part II: Application of Polarization In this second installment of a two-part series
More informationA METHOD OF PRECISE CALIBRATION FOR PIEZOELECTRICAL ACTUATORS
Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 9, Sayı, 24 A METHOD OF PRECISE CALIBRATION FOR PIEZOELECTRICAL ACTUATORS Timur CANEL * Yüksel BEKTÖRE ** Abstract: Piezoelectrical actuators
More informationHigh Brightness Fiber Coupled Pump Laser Development
High Brightness Fiber Coupled Pump Laser Development Kirk Price, Scott Karlsen, Paul Leisher, Robert Martinsen nlight, 548 NE 88 th Street, Bldg. E, Vancouver, WA 98665 ABSTRACT We report on the continued
More informationOptimum proportions for the design of suspension bridge
Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 34 (1) (26) 1-14 Optimum proportions for the design of suspension bridge Tanvir Manzur and Alamgir Habib Department of Civil Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering
More informationAnalysis and Repair of an Earthquake-Damaged High-rise Building in Santiago, Chile
Analysis and Repair of an Earthquake-Damaged High-rise Building in Santiago, Chile J. Sherstobitoff Ausenco Sandwell, Vancouver, Canada P. Cajiao AMEC, Vancouver, Canada P. Adebar University of British
More informationEDEXCEL NATIONAL CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS NQF LEVEL 3 OUTCOME 1 - LOADING SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 3 LOADED COMPONENTS
EDEXCEL NATIONAL CERTIICATE/DIPLOMA MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS NQ LEVEL 3 OUTCOME 1 - LOADING SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 3 LOADED COMPONENTS 1. Be able to determine the effects of loading in static engineering
More informationPhotoinduced volume change in chalcogenide glasses
Photoinduced volume change in chalcogenide glasses (Ph.D. thesis points) Rozália Lukács Budapest University of Technology and Economics Department of Theoretical Physics Supervisor: Dr. Sándor Kugler 2010
More informationNano Optics: Overview of Research Activities. Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi SENSE, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DENMARK
Nano Optics: Overview of Research Activities SENSE, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DENMARK Optical characterization techniques: Leakage Radiation Microscopy Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy
More informationSpecifying Plasma Deposited Hard Coated Optical Thin Film Filters. Alluxa Engineering Staff
Specifying Plasma Deposited Hard Coated Optical Thin Film Filters. Alluxa Engineering Staff December 2012 Specifying Advanced Plasma Deposited Hard Coated Optical Bandpass and Dichroic Filters. Introduction
More informationE/M Experiment: Electrons in a Magnetic Field.
E/M Experiment: Electrons in a Magnetic Field. PRE-LAB You will be doing this experiment before we cover the relevant material in class. But there are only two fundamental concepts that you need to understand.
More informationMicro-Raman Investigation of Mechanical Stress in Si Device Structures and Phonons in SiGe
Micro-Raman Investigation of Mechanical Stress in Si Device Structures and Phonons in SiGe Von der Fakultät für Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften und Informatik der Brandenburgischen Technischen Universität
More informationNumerical analysis of boundary conditions to tunnels
Global journal of multidisciplinary and applied sciences Available online at www.gjmas.com 2015 GJMAS Journal-2015-3-2/37-41 ISSN 2313-6685 2015 GJMAS Numerical analysis of boundary conditions to tunnels
More informationUsing light scattering method to find The surface tension of water
Experiment (8) Using light scattering method to find The surface tension of water The aim of work: The goals of this experiment are to confirm the relationship between angular frequency and wave vector
More informationDirect Observation of Magnetic Gradient in Co/Pd Pressure-Graded Media
Direct Observation of Magnetic Gradient in Co/ Pressure-Graded Media B. J. Kirby 1,a), S. M. Watson 1, J. E. Davies 2, G. T. Zimanyi 3, Kai Liu 3, R. D. Shull 2, and J. A. Borchers 1 1 Center for Neutron
More informationP R E A M B L E. Facilitated workshop problems for class discussion (1.5 hours)
INSURANCE SCAM OPTICS - LABORATORY INVESTIGATION P R E A M B L E The original form of the problem is an Experimental Group Research Project, undertaken by students organised into small groups working as
More informationFluid structure interaction of a vibrating circular plate in a bounded fluid volume: simulation and experiment
Fluid Structure Interaction VI 3 Fluid structure interaction of a vibrating circular plate in a bounded fluid volume: simulation and experiment J. Hengstler & J. Dual Department of Mechanical and Process
More information6) How wide must a narrow slit be if the first diffraction minimum occurs at ±12 with laser light of 633 nm?
Test IV Name 1) In a single slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is 3.1 10-5 m and the distance from the slit to the screen is 2.2 m. If the beam of light of wavelength 600 nm passes through
More informationWAVELENGTH OF LIGHT - DIFFRACTION GRATING
PURPOSE In this experiment we will use the diffraction grating and the spectrometer to measure wavelengths in the mercury spectrum. THEORY A diffraction grating is essentially a series of parallel equidistant
More informationDOING PHYSICS WITH MATLAB COMPUTATIONAL OPTICS RAYLEIGH-SOMMERFELD DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND
DOING PHYSICS WITH MATLAB COMPUTATIONAL OPTICS RAYLEIGH-SOMMERFELD DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE RADIANT FLUX DENSITY AT THE FOCUS OF A CONVERGENCE BEAM
More informationGIANT FREQUENCY SHIFT OF INTRAMOLECULAR VIBRATION BAND IN THE RAMAN SPECTRA OF WATER ON THE SILVER SURFACE. M.E. Kompan
GIANT FREQUENCY SHIFT OF INTRAMOLECULAR VIBRATION BAND IN THE RAMAN SPECTRA OF WATER ON THE SILVER SURFACE M.E. Kompan Ioffe Institute, Saint-Peterburg, Russia kompan@mail.ioffe.ru The giant frequency
More informationMetrology for Characterization of Wafer Thickness Uniformity During 3D-IC Processing
Metrology for Characterization of Wafer Thickness Uniformity During 3D-IC Processing Authors: Tom Dunn, Chris Lee, Mark Tronolone, Aric Shorey Corning Incorporated Corning, New York 14831 ShoreyAB@corning.com
More informationC.-K. Ng. Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. and. T. Weiland. University oftechnology. FB18, Schlossgartenstr. 8. D64289, Darmstadt, Germany.
SLAC-PUB-95-7005 September, 1995 Impedance of the PEP-II DIP Screen C.-K. Ng Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309, USA and T. Weiland University oftechnology FB18,
More informationDETERMINATION OF THE HEAT STORAGE CAPACITY OF PCM AND PCM-OBJECTS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE. E. Günther, S. Hiebler, H. Mehling
DETERMINATION OF THE HEAT STORAGE CAPACITY OF PCM AND PCM-OBJECTS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE E. Günther, S. Hiebler, H. Mehling Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern) Walther-Meißner-Str.
More informationRaman and AFM characterization of carbon nanotube polymer composites Illia Dobryden
Raman and AFM characterization of carbon nanotube polymer composites Illia Dobryden This project is conducted in High Pressure Spectroscopy Laboratory (Materials Physics group) Supervisor: Professor Alexander
More informationSolid State Detectors = Semi-Conductor based Detectors
Solid State Detectors = Semi-Conductor based Detectors Materials and their properties Energy bands and electronic structure Charge transport and conductivity Boundaries: the p-n junction Charge collection
More informationLecture 20: Scanning Confocal Microscopy (SCM) Rationale for SCM. Principles and major components of SCM. Advantages and major applications of SCM.
Lecture 20: Scanning Confocal Microscopy (SCM) Rationale for SCM. Principles and major components of SCM. Advantages and major applications of SCM. Some limitations (disadvantages) of NSOM A trade-off
More informationTheremino System Theremino Spectrometer Technology
Theremino System Theremino Spectrometer Technology theremino System - Theremino Spectrometer Technology - August 15, 2014 - Page 1 Operation principles By placing a digital camera with a diffraction grating
More informationUltrasonic Technique and Device for Residual Stress Measurement
Ultrasonic Technique and Device for Residual Stress Measurement Y. Kudryavtsev, J. Kleiman Integrity Testing Laboratory Inc. 80 Esna Park Drive, Units 7-9, Markham, Ontario, L3R 2R7 Canada ykudryavtsev@itlinc.com
More informationHelium-Neon Laser. Figure 1: Diagram of optical and electrical components used in the HeNe laser experiment.
Helium-Neon Laser Experiment objectives: assemble and align a 3-mW HeNe laser from readily available optical components, record photographically the transverse mode structure of the laser output beam,
More informationPHYSICAL METHODS, INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS Vol. IV Femtosecond Measurements Combined With Near-Field Optical Microscopy - Artyom A.
FEMTOSECOND MEASUREMENTS COMBINED WITH NEAR FIELD OPTICAL MICROSCOPY Artyom A. Astafiev, Semyonov Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation. Keywords: diffraction limit nearfield scanning
More informationGRID AND PRISM SPECTROMETERS
FYSA230/2 GRID AND PRISM SPECTROMETERS 1. Introduction Electromagnetic radiation (e.g. visible light) experiences reflection, refraction, interference and diffraction phenomena when entering and passing
More informationNano-Spectroscopy. Solutions AFM-Raman, TERS, NSOM Chemical imaging at the nanoscale
Nano-Spectroscopy Solutions AFM-Raman, TERS, NSOM Chemical imaging at the nanoscale Since its introduction in the early 80 s, Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) has quickly made nanoscale imaging an affordable
More information1 The water molecule and hydrogen bonds in water
The Physics and Chemistry of Water 1 The water molecule and hydrogen bonds in water Stoichiometric composition H 2 O the average lifetime of a molecule is 1 ms due to proton exchange (catalysed by acids
More informationPUMPED Nd:YAG LASER. Last Revision: August 21, 2007
PUMPED Nd:YAG LASER Last Revision: August 21, 2007 QUESTION TO BE INVESTIGATED: How can an efficient atomic transition laser be constructed and characterized? INTRODUCTION: This lab exercise will allow
More informationJ H Liao 1, Jianshe Tang 2,b, Ching Hwa Weng 2, Wei Lu 2, Han Wen Chen 2, John TC Lee 2
Solid State Phenomena Vol. 134 (2008) pp 359-362 Online available since 2007/Nov/20 at www.scientific.net (2008) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.134.359 Metal Hard
More informationFundamentals of modern UV-visible spectroscopy. Presentation Materials
Fundamentals of modern UV-visible spectroscopy Presentation Materials The Electromagnetic Spectrum E = hν ν = c / λ 1 Electronic Transitions in Formaldehyde 2 Electronic Transitions and Spectra of Atoms
More informationLuminescence study of structural changes induced by laser cutting in diamond films
Luminescence study of structural changes induced by laser cutting in diamond films A. Cremades and J. Piqueras Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Facultad de Fisicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040
More information