World War Looms. Dictators Threaten World Peace War in Europe. The Holocaust America Moves Toward War. Overview. Time Lines. Chapter Assessment

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 24 World War Looms Overview Time Lines SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 Dictators Threaten World Peace War in Europe The Holocaust America Moves Toward War Chapter Assessment Transparencies

2 CHAPTER 24 World War Looms HOME This nation will remain a neutral nation, but I cannot ask that every American remain neutral in thought as well. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, August 24, 1939 THEMES IN CHAPTER 24 Cultural Diversity Science and Technology Immigration and Migration Constitutional Concerns

3 CHAPTER 24 World War Looms HOME What do you know? What do you already know about World War II? Have you ever discussed World War II with someone who lived through it? If so, what did he or she say? What do you know about dictators in the Soviet Union, Italy, Germany, and Japan? How do you think they attained power? What do you already know about the Holocaust? How have you seen it portrayed in movies, books, and television?

4 CHAPTER 24 Time Line The United States 1935 Congress passes the first Neutrality Act. HOME 1937 President Roosevelt delivers his antiisolationist quarantine speech The United States enters the war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. President Roosevelt signs the Lend- Lease Act, and U.S. industry begins mass production of war material.

5 CHAPTER 24 Time Line The World 1931 Japan invades Manchuria Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany Mussolini invades Ethiopia The Spanish Civil War begins. Germany occupies the Rhineland Japan invades China Germany annexes Austria Germany invades Poland, starting World War II. The Nazis begin to convert labor camps into extermination camps Britain and Germany fight the Battle of Britain. Japan, Germany, and Italy sign pact Germany invades the Soviet Union. Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. HOME

6 SECTION 1 Dictators Threaten World Peace HOME Learn About the rise of totalitarian dictatorships in Europe and Asia. To Understand the challenge they posed to the U.S. policy of neutrality.

7 SECTION 1 Dictators Threaten World Peace HOME Key Idea The United States remains isolated from world affairs as economic and political factors lead to the rise of nationalist leaders in the Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy.

8 Section 1: Dictators Threaten World Peace Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia Postwar years brought the rise of powerful dictatorships driven by the belief in nationalism and dreams of territorial expansion Seeds of new conflict had been sown in WWI Failures of the WWI Peace Settlement (Treaty of Versailles) Germans mad that treaty blamed them for starting war and that their overseas colonial and border territories had been taken away Democracy fails in Europe Weimar Republic: the democratic government set up in Germany after WWI this democratic government along with others in Europe failed No Democratic tradition so people turned to authoritarian leaders to solve their economic and social problems

9 Joseph Stalin Transforms the Soviet Union Hopes for a democracy gave way to civil war which resulted in a communist state known as the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin takes over after the death of Lenin Made both agricultural and industrial growth prime economic goals of the Soviet Union Abolished all privately owned farms and replaced them with collectives: large government-owned farms Transformed the Soviet Union from a backward rural nation into a great industrial power By 1937 worlds second largest industrial power behind USA Stalin s purges Stalin eliminated anyone who threatened his power Responsible for 8-13 million deaths (millions more died in famines caused by the reconstruction of Soviet Society) Totalitarian government: government maintains complete control over its citizens Individuals have no rights, and the government suppresses all opposition

10 Time Magazine Feb. 6, 1933

11 The Rise of Fascism in Italy Benito Mussolini: established a totalitarian regime in Italy Fascism: stressed nationalism and placed the interests of the state above those of individuals Power rests with a single strong leader and a small group of devoted party members 4 Factors led to the rise of Fascism in Italy Italians pride was hurt Rising inflation Unemployment Social unrest

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13 The Nazis Take Over Germany Adolf Hitler: established a totalitarian regime in Germany After WWI Hitler was a jobless soldier drifting around Germany In 1919 he joined a struggling group known as the Nazis Party Hitler stated his beliefs in his book called Mein Kampf (my struggle) these beliefs became the plan for the Nazi s Nazism: the German brand of fascism which was based on extreme nationalism Hitler dreamed of uniting all German-speaking people in a great German empire

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15 Hitler-Nazis rise to power Cont Hitler also wanted to enforce racial purification in German Form a master race or Aryan race that was made up of Germansespecially blue-eyed, blond haired Germans inferior races such as Jews, Slavs, and all nonwhites, were deemed to serve the Aryans Hitler wanted national expansion Felt that the Aryan race deserved land 3 Key Ideas that Hitler presented in Mein Kampf Reunite all Germans Germans were a master race and all other races were inferior Germany needed more living space Great Depression helped the Nazis come to power 6 million unemployed Germans joined Nazis Party 1932 Nazis had become the strongest political party in Germany 1933 Hitler was appointed Chancellor (prime minister) Once in power Hitler dismantled Germany s democratic Weimar Republic and established the Third Reich

16 Militarists Gain Control in Japan Military leaders take control of Japan Extreme nationalism Attack China (Manchuria) in 1931 Japans needs living space and resources for its people Success of the Manchurian invasion put the militarists firmly in control of Japan s government League of Nation Established after WWI to prevent aggressive acts Japan leaves the League of Nations Hitler and Stalin are watching very closely

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18 Aggression in Europe and Africa In 1933 Hitler pulls out of the League of Nation 1935 Hitler began a military buildup in violation of the Treaty of Versailles 1936 Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland: a German region bordering France and Belgium that was demilitarized as a result of the Treaty of Versailles The League of Nations does nothing to stop Hitler Mussolini invades Ethiopia in 1935 League of Nations responded with an ineffective economic boycott (very weak response) 1936 Ethiopia had fallen Ethiopian emperor It is us today, It will be you tomorrow.

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20 Civil War Breaks Out in Spain In 1936 Francisco Franco and other Spanish army officers rebelled against the Spanish republic resulting in Civil War Western Democracies remained neutral even though the Soviet Union sent equipment and advisors Hitler and Mussolini backed Franco s forces with troops, weapons, tanks, and fighter planes The war forged a close relationship between Hitler and Mussolini Signed a formal alliance known as the Rome-Berlin Axis Franco s victory established him as Spain s fascist dictator once again a totalitarian government ruled in Europe

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22 The United States Responds Cautiously Isolationism: believe that America should not interfere in other nations affairs 3 Factors contributed to Americans growing isolationism Evidence that large profits had been made by banks and arms industries during WWI Many Americans believed that these banks and industries wanted war to make money Regret over having been involved in WWI Hatred of militarism Roosevelt was an advocate of isolationism in his first term ( ) Neutrality Acts: outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war or in a civil war Official Recognized the Soviet Union in 1933 Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America: withdrawing armed forces Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act: lowered trade barriers by giving the presidents the power to make trade agreements with other nations and reduced tariffs by 50% In 1937 Roosevelt sees that it is going to be impossible to remain Neutral 1937 Japan launched another offensive on China Roosevelt found a way around the Neutrality Act b/c Japan did not official declare war on China This is the beginning to Roosevelt going away from isolationism

23 SECTION 1 Dictators Threaten World Peace HOME Section 1 Assessment SUMMARIZING What were the main ambitions of European dictators Stalin, Mussolini, and Hitler? Ambitions of European Dictators Stalin Mussolini Hitler To create a model Communist state and to transform the Soviet Union into a great industrial power To make Italy a great world power To unite the German master race into an empire destined to rule the world

24 SECTION 1 Dictators Threaten World Peace HOME Section 1 Assessment ANALYZING CAUSES How did the Treaty of Versailles sow the seeds of instability in Europe? THINK ABOUT effects of the treaty on Germany and the Soviet Union effects of the treaty on national pride the economic legacy of World War I

25 SECTION 1 Dictators Threaten World Peace HOME Section 1 Assessment ANALYZING MOTIVES Why do you think Hitler found widespread support among the German people? THINK ABOUT Germans postwar resentment and bitterness Germany s economic situation before Hitler s rise to power the appeal of Hitler s Nazi beliefs

26 SECTION 2 War in Europe HOME Learn About the weak response of world leaders to Hitler s aggressive moves in the late 1930s. To Understand how Germany started World War II.

27 SECTION 2 War in Europe HOME Key Idea A series of bold moves by Adolf Hitler and weak countermoves by other leaders triggers World War II in Europe.

28 Section 2: War in Europe Austria and Czechoslovakia Fall Majority of Austria s 6 million people were Germans who favored unification March 1938 German troops marched into Austria unopposed Union was complete USA and rest of world did nothing Sudetenland: western border regions of Czechoslovakia containing 3 million German-speaking people Hitler accused the Czech's of abusing the Sudeten Germans and began massing troops on the Czech border France and Great Britain promised to protect Czech War seemed inevitable until Hitler invited French premier Daladier and British prime minister Chamberlain to Munich Hitler declared this to be his last territorial demand Munich Agreement: turned the Sudetenland over to Germany without a single shot fired Appeasement: giving up principles to pacify an aggressor Winston Churchill: Chamberlain s political rival in Great Britain Did not agree with appeasing Hitler

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31 The German Offensive Begins 1939 German troops took the rest of Czech and turn towards Poland Hitler accused Poles of mistreating Germans Most people didn t believe Hitler would invade Poland Poland was on Russia s eastern border France and Britain had declared military support to Poland This would result in a two-front war German demise in WWI The Soviet Union Declares Neutrality Stalin surprised everyone when he signed a nonaggression pact: commitment never to attack each other Two countries also signed a secret treaty to divide Poland in half Some Historians say this was smart of Stalin Russia s military was unprepared to defend a German attack this pact gave Stalin time to get his army ready With the danger of a 2 front war eliminated the fate of Poland was sealed

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33 Blitzkrieg in Poland September 1939 Germany released newest military strategy Blitzkrieg: lightning war Used fast tanks and powerful aircraft to take the enemy by surprise and then quickly crush all opposition with overwhelming force Britain and France declare war on Germany Blitzkrieg defeated Poland in three weeks Russia invaded Poland from the east By the end of September Poland ceased to exist and WWII had begun Phony War: Next several months was a stalemate April 1940 Hitler invaded and took over Denmark and Norway in order to attack Britain Stalin invades and takes over Finland

34 France and Britain Fight On Maginot Line: a system of fortifications built along France s eastern border that was occupied by French and British troops Germany bypassed the Maginot Line by going through the Ardennes: a region of wooded ravines that the British and French though impassible German tanks were able to get through and moved to Paris The Fall of France German forces rolled through France Italy joins the war and attacks France from the South Charles de Gaulle: a French general who fled to England Set up a French government in exile Map on Page 744

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36 The Battle of Britain Summer of 1940 German assembled an invasion fleet along the French coast Germany could not compete with British Navy Launched an air war along with a Navy battle Every day for 2 solid months the Germans bombed Britain airfields, aircraft, and cities Britain s Royal Air Forces (RAF) fought back New technological device called radar was critical in keeping the Germans from taking Britain

37 SECTION 2 War in Europe HOME Section 2 Assessment FOLLOWING CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER In what sequence did the following events occur: Germany s invasion of Poland, Hitler s annexation of Austria, signing of the nonaggression pact, signing of the Munich Pact? EVENT 2 signing of the Munich Pact EVENT 4 Germany s invasion of Poland Hitler s annexation of Austria EVENT 1 signing of the nonaggression pact EVENT 3

38 SECTION 2 War in Europe HOME Section 2 Assessment SYNTHESIZING To what extent do you think lies and deception played a role in Hitler s tactics? THINK ABOUT William Shirer s diary entry about headlines in the Nazi newspapers Soviet-German relations Hitler s justifications for military aggression

39 SECTION 2 War in Europe HOME Section 2 Assessment MAKING DECISIONS If you had been a member of the British House of Commons in 1938, would you have voted for or against the Munich Pact? THINK ABOUT Hitler s credibility the British public s fear of being involved in another war Churchill s opinion of the appeasement policy

40 SECTION 3 The Holocaust HOME Learn About Hitler s plans for the German master race. To Understand the fate of Jews and other enemies of the Third Reich.

41 SECTION 3 The Holocaust HOME Key Idea Hitler s plans for conquering the world include the killing of Jews and other ethnic groups, which is carried out with frightening determination and success.

42 Section 3: The Holocaust The Persecution Begins Holocaust: the systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe, more than half of whom were Jews Hitler blamed Jews for the loss of WWI used Jews as a scapegoat 1935 Nuremberg Laws: stripped Jews of their citizenship, jobs, and property Jews had to wear Star of David Kristallnacht: Nov. 9-10th 1938 Night of Broken Glass Nazis attacked Jewish homes, business, and synagogues 30,000 Jews arrested 100 Jews killed Nazis tried to speed up Jew emigration Most countries did not let Jews in bad economy and not enough jobs already (America one of these countries 100,000 refugees let in) St. Louis: German boat carrying 943 passengers (740 had US immigration papers) were not allowed to enter USA more than half of these passengers would be killed later in the Holocaust

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44 Hitler s Final Solution 1939 only ¼ or a million Jews still resided in Germany however other nations that Hitler occupied had millions of Jews Final Solution: a policy of genocide: the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population Hitler wanted to kill all Jews in Europe SS (Security squadrons): Hitler s special death squads who rounded up Jews and often times shot them on the spot Jews were also forced in ghettos: segregated Jewish areas in certain Polish cities.nazis sealed off the ghettos with barbed wire and stone walls

45 Concentration Camps Concentration Camp: a prison camp in Nazi Germany in which Jews and other groups considered to be enemies of Hitler were starved while doing slave labor or were murdered Families were often separated for life Inmates worked from dawn to dust, seven days a week until they collapsed when they were too tired to work they were killed Intense hunger was constant Lived with rats and fleas

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47 The Final Stage 1942 Hitler s top officials agreed to being a new phase of the mass murder of Jews Murder by Poison Gas Mass Exterminations As deadly as overwork, starvation, beatings, and bullets were they did not kill fast enough 6 death camps were built where 12,000 people could die in a single day Auschwitz: the largest death camp Doctors would determine who was strong enough to work and who would die Told to go into the chamber and take a shower were even given a bar of soap to fool them The dead bodies were buried at first but than they were burned or cremated in order to cover up the evidence Others died as a result of medical experiments Injected with deadly germs in order to study the effect of disease on different groups of people Survivors of the Camps were few Scared for life

48 SECTION 3 The Holocaust Section ANALYZING CAUSES 3 3 Assessment What were at least four events that led to the Holocaust? HOME CAUSES EFFECT the removal of non-aryans from government jobs Nuremberg Laws stripping Jews of their civil rights and property Kristallnacht Nazi storm troopers attack on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues The Holocaust final solution systematic genocide of Jews, gypsies, and other groups that Nazis considered subhuman

49 SECTION 3 The Holocaust HOME Section SUPPORTING OPINIONS Assessment Do you think that the United States was justified in not allowing more Jewish refugees to emigrate? Why or why not? 3 3 THINK ABOUT the views of isolationists in the United States some Americans prejudices and fears the incident on the German luxury liner, St. Louis

50 SECTION 3 The Holocaust HOME Section 3 Assessment DEVELOPING HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Why do you think the Nazi program of systematic genocide was so brutally effective? THINK ABOUT the long German history of anti-semitism the secrecy and lies told by the Nazis the scope and organization of the Nazis genocidal plans

51 SECTION 4 America Moves Toward War HOME Learn About the American response to aggression in Europe and Asia. To Understand how the United States entered World War II.

52 SECTION 4 America Moves Toward War HOME Key Idea The United States provides aid to nations resisting Hitler and enters World War II after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

53 Section 4: America Moves Towards War America moves cautiously away from neutrality Cash and carry policy Revision of the Neutrality Act Warring nations could buy US arms as long as they paid cash (no loans and we were guaranteed the money) and transported them in their own ships The Axis Powers are formed in September 1940 Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a mutual defense treaty It was aimed at keeping the US out of the war If US were to declare war it would mean a two-ocean war Absolutely crucial for US to help Britain fend off Germany US increases national defense Nazis victories changed US thinking (reduction of arms after WWI & isolationism) Selective Training and Service Act: nation s first peacetime military draft 1 million men drafted for one year and could only serve in Western Hemisphere In 1940 Roosevelt broke Washington s tradition and ran for a 3 rd term

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56 The Lend-Lease Act US would lease arms and other supplies to any country whose defense was vital to the US Another step away from Neutrality Acts and isolationism Roosevelt put this in b/c Britain was out of money Roosevelt helps Stalin Hitler broke his nonaggression pact with Stalin in 1941 and invaded Russia if Hitler invaded Hell the British would be prepared to work with the devil himself Churchill s comment summed up he and Roosevelt s attitude German Wolf Pact: German submarines (U-boats) sent to attack supply ships sank many US and Allied ships Direct action against Roosevelt s Lend-Lease policy Germany had no competition in the seas (Britain had to use ships to protect homeland) 1941 Roosevelt granted permission to attack German Uboats in self-defense

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58 FDR Plans for War Atlantic Charter: agreement between FDR and Churchill made during a secret meeting aboard the USS Augusta where both countries pledged; collective security, disarmament, selfdetermination, economic cooperation, and freedom of seas Beginning of the United Nations Allies: all nations that fight against the Axis Ends up being 26 nations and almost 4/5 of the world s population

59 Japan Attacks the United States Hideki Tojo: dictator of Japan Military leader when Japan invaded China French, Dutch, and British colonies lay unprotected In 1941 Japan seized the colonial lands as the British were occupied with Hitler USA protested Japan s aggressive acts and cut off trade Japan could not function (esp. military) w/out oil This left Japan with two options 1. Pursue the US to end its oil embargo 2. Seize the oil fields in the Dutch East Indies (this would mean war) Japan continues peace talks with US US breaks Japans secret communication codes and are aware that Japan is planning an attack just don t know where

60 The Attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 a date that will live in infamy 180 Japanese warplanes launched from six aircraft carriers blasted target after target for an hour and a half In less than 2 hours the Japanese had killed 2403 Americans The surprise raid had sunk or damaged 21 ships, including 8 battleships nearly the entire Pacific Fleet 3 aircraft carriers at sea escaped the disaster merely by chance Their survivor is going to prove crucial to the war s outcome Isolationism was no longer a thought US declared war on Japan and 3 days later Germany and Italy declared war on the US US was official in WWII

61 SECTION 4 America Moves Toward War HOME Section 4 Assessment SUMMARIZING What were some of the key events that led to the U.S. entry into World War II? March 1941 Congress passes Lend- Lease Act. August 1941 Roosevelt and Churchill draw up Atlantic Charter. September 1940 Japan, Germany, and Italy sign the Tripartite Pact. June 1941 Germany invades Soviet Union; Roosevelt orders U.S. Navy to protect lend-lease shipments. December 1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor.

62 SECTION 4 America Moves Toward War HOME Section 4 Assessment FORMING OPINIONS Do you think the the United States should have waited to be attacked before declaring war? THINK ABOUT the reputation of the United States the influence of the isolationists the destruction of Pearl Harbor

63 SECTION 4 America Moves Toward War HOME Section 4 Assessment CLARIFYING Although the U.S. Congress was still unwilling to declare war early in 1941, Churchill told his war cabinet, We must have patience and trust to the tide which is flowing our way, and to events. What do you think Churchill meant by this remark? THINK ABOUT Roosevelt s series of unneutral steps to assist Great Britain in its war efforts the Atlantic Charter Churchill s view of Hitler

64 Chapter 24 Assessment HOME 1. What were Stalin s goals and what steps did he take to achieve them? 2. What actions that the League of Nations took revealed its inability to control the aggressive moves of Japan, Germany, and Italy? 3. How did Germany s and Italy s involvement affect the outcome of the Spanish Civil War? 4. Why was the blitzkrieg an effective military strategy? 5. What terms of surrender did Hitler demand of French officers after the fall of France in 1940? What was General Charles de Gaulle s reaction?

65 Chapter 24 Assessment HOME 6. What groups did Nazis deem unfit to belong to the Aryan master race? 7. How did some Europeans show their resistance to Nazi persecution of the Jews? 8. Which nations formed the Axis powers? What were the military implications of the Tripartite Pact for the United States? 9. What congressional measures paved the way for the United States entry into World War II? 10. Why did the United States enter World War II?