Ethanol Fuel. Biomass to Chemicals and Fuels: Science, Technology and Public Policy.
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1 Ethanol Fuel Biomass to Chemicals and Fuels: Science, Technology and Public Policy. September 25-26, 2006 Rice University Marcelo E. Dias de Oliveira University of Florida Washington State University.
2 Reasons for the study Personal Interest in the Energy subjects Course taken in the summer of 2002 at WSU Pimentel s negative energy balance Fascinated by the idea of renewable sources of energy playing a major role on the energy matrix
3 Ethanol propaganda Reduction in carbon dioxide emissions Energy efficiency
4 Energy balances (output/input) Output Energy embedded in ethanol produced Input energy required for Agricultural, Industrial activities and distribution of ethanol Results: - Brazil (Sugarcane) (1.3)* - US (Corn) 1.10 (0.7)* * Considering energy required to clean up residues
5 Reasons for the difference Brazilian distilleries energy requirements are met by burning the bagasse (sugarcane milled) Sugarcane yield per hectare (ha) is bigger ( 80 Mg per ha x 8 Mg per ha for corn) High amount of energy for the conversion of corn to ethanol ( ~ 12.4 GJ/m 3 )
6 CO 2 Balance Basic assumption CO 2 released as a result of ethanol combustion is not accounted because it will be captured again by the plant (corn or sugarcane) Emissions per m 3 of ethanol produced: Brazil: 522 Kg CO 2 /m 3 US: 1400 Kg CO 2 /m 3
7 Automobile emissions US Ford Taurus Flex fuel Gasoline: 7.4 Mg CO 2 /car E85: 5.0 Mg CO 2 /car Savings: 2.4 Mg of CO 2 Brazil Volkswagen Gol 1.6 Gasohol : 3.8 Mg CO 2 /car Ethanol : 1.2 Mg CO 2 /car Savings: 2.5 Mg of CO 2
8 Ecological Footprint (EF) Accounting tool based on the concepts of sustainability and carrying capacity. Estimates the resource consumption and waste assimilation requirements of a defined human population or economy sector in terms of corresponding productive land area e.g. forest area required to assimilate CO 2
9 EF Results For CO2 Assimilation For Harvest Production Total EF US, Ford Taurus Gasoline (ha) E85 (ha) Brazil, Volkswagen Go1 Gasohol (ha) Ethanol (ha) Values refer to fuel acreage for 1 automobile per year
10 Scale-Up ethanol area requirements US automobile fleet 138 Million (M) Area of corn crops required to produce ethanol for the whole country 129 M ha or ~ 70% or cropland area in the country. Brazilian automobile fleet 16 M Area of sugarcane required ~ 6 M ha or ~ 10% of the cropland area.
11 Scale-Up is Unrealistic EF US, Corn (E85, 168 M vehicles) Available cropland 191 M ha (CO 2 assimilation area) (harvest area) EF 292 M ha * Brazil, Sugarcane (ethanol, 16 M vehicles) EF 10 M ha * Available cropland 60 M ha * Ecological footprints do not include BOD assimilation!
12 Environmental Impacts
13 Coupled environmental impacts of US ethanol production Environmental impacts of agriculture production plus Environmental impacts of the fossil fuels used during the process Result = Increase of environmental impacts
14 Agricultural Soil Losses Are Severe Typical Loss Rates World, grain, tilled IA, MO, grain, tilled US, corn, tilled US, wheat, conservation tilled WA, grain, polymer stabilized Regeneration Rates US average CA (arid) (tons/ha/yr)
15 Brazilian environmental problems - Water use in distilleries 3 m 3 per Mg of sugarcane 3.9 m 3 personal observation Average production from 1999 to billion liters ( Water consumption enough to supply for 1 year ~ 13.8 million people
16 - Harvesting coincides with dry season Hydro balance or water budget for Piracicaba ( source: Depto Ciencias Exatas ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo
17 Piracicaba River ( wet season)
18 Piracicaba River (dry season)
19 Other Problems Pre harvest burning Reduction of native vegetation Loss of biodiversity
20 Final considerations Replacing fossil fuels will take more than one source of alternative energy Ethanol can contribute, but still have to find more sustainable and efficient ways of production No alternative energy source comes free from environmental impacts Acknowledgments Dr. Burt Vaughan, Dr. Gene Schrekhise and Dr. Ed. Rykiel Washington State University
21
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