Reproduction is the process by which organisms make more of their own kind from one generation to the next.

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1 Chapter 1: Bilgy and Yu Sectin 1: Themes f Bilgy Objectives: Relate the seven prperties f life t a living rganism. Describe seven themes that can help yu rganize what yu learn abut bilgy. Identify the tiny structures that make up all living rganisms. Differentiate between reprductin and heredity and between metablism and hmestasis. Characteristics f Living Organisms Bilgy is the study f life. All living rganisms share certain general prperties that separate them frm nnliving things. Seven Prperties f Life Cellular rganizatin - every living thing is cmpsed f ne r mre cells Reprductin - all living things are able t reprduce Metablism - all living things btain and use energy t run the prcesses f life Hmestasis - living rganisms maintain a cnsistent internal envirnment Heredity - living things pass traits t ffspring Respnsiveness - all living things respnd and adjust t the envirnment Grwth and develpment - all living things grw and develp Unifying Themes f Bilgy (different frm the prperties f life) 1. Cellular Structure and Functin 2. Reprductin 3. Metablism 4. Hmestasis Cells are highly rganized, tiny structures with thin cverings called membranes. All living things are made f ne r mre cells. A cell is the smallest unit capable f all life functins. Reprductin is the prcess by which rganisms make mre f their wn kind frm ne generatin t the next. Metablism is the sum f all the chemical reactins carried ut in an rganism. Almst all energy used by living rganisms is riginally captured frm sunlight. Hmestasis is the maintenance f stable internal cnditins in spite f changes in the external envirnment. An rganism unable t balance its internal cnditins with its envirnmental cnditins culd becme ill and die.

2 5. Heredity Heredity is the passing f traits frm parent t ffspring. The basic unit f heredity is called a gene. Genes are cded in a mlecule called dexyribnucleic acid (DNA). Genes determine an rganism s traits. A change in the DNA f a gene is called a mutatin. Mst mutatins are harmful, but sme mutatins can help an rganism survive. 6. Evlutin Evlutin is defined as change in the inherited characteristics f species ver generatins. A species is a grup f genetically similar rganisms that can prduce fertile ffspring. Natural selectin is the prcess in which rganisms with favrable traits are mre likely t survive and reprduce. 7. Interdependence The rganisms in a bilgical cmmunity live and interact with ther rganisms. Eclgy is the branch f bilgy that studies the interactins f rganisms with ne anther and with the nnliving part f their envirnment. Organisms are dependent n each ther and n their envirnment. Unifying Themes f Bilgy Seven themes. 1.Cellular Structure and Functin 2.Reprductin 3.Metablism 4.Hmestasis 5.Heredity 6.Evlutin 7.Interdependence Prperties f Life Seven Prperties. 1. Cellular rganizatin 2. Reprductin 3. Metablism 4. Hmestasis 5. Heredity 6. Respnsiveness 7. Grwth and develpment

3 Sectin 3: Scientific Prcesses Objectives: Describe the stages cmmn t scientific investigatins. Distinguish between frming a hypthesis and making a predictin. Differentiate a cntrl grup frm an experimental grup and an independent variable frm a dependent variable. Define the wrd thery as used by a scientist. *The term scientific methd cmes frm the definitin f science as "knwledge" and the Greek wrd methds, meaning "pursuit" r "ging after." The Scientific Methd: Is "rganized cmmn sense" Is a way t btain infrmatin. (Data) Is lgical. Uses prblem slving skills in an rderly manner. Steps t fllw in using the scientific methd: 1. Define the prblem by making bservatins. (Remember: questin frm.) 2. Research the prblem 3. Frm a hypthesis. " An Educated Guess" 4. Cnduct an esperiment. 5. Make and recrd bservatins. 6. Analyze data. 7. Draw cnclusins. (Answer yur prblem.) 8. Cmmunicate results.(reprt yur results) 9. After many studies Thery set f related hyptheses that have been tested and cnfirmed many times by many scientists.

4 Objective: Identify cntrls &variables in an experiment. Experiment - an rganized prcedure r methd t test a hypthesis. Cntrl - a standard fr cmparisn N variable. (Ex. plain water) Cnstants - factrs that d nt vary (d nt change) in an experiment. They must remain the same. (Ex. brand, height...) Independent variable - factr changed by the experimenter (the factr tested) - a gd experiment tests ne variable. Dependent variable - factr that depends n the value f the independent variable (a result measured) When graphing: Y - axis Dependent variable here Facts abut cntrlled experiments: X- axis Independent variable here 1. The mre times yu d an experiment, the mre dependable the results. 2. The larger the size f the experimental grup, the mre accurate the results. 3. Yur hypthesis (educated guess) shuld be as specific as pssible. 4. The prcedures yu use in an experiment must be as quantitative as pssible. 5. All cntrls in an experiment must be kept the same. *N cntrl experiment invalid. 6. Only ne variable can be tested in an experiment, therwise the experiment becmes invalid.

5 Gal: Demnstrating bservatin as a tl fr slving prblems. Observatins are: Infrmatin (data) gathered by using ur senses. - seeing, hearing, tuching, smelling, and tasting. There are 2 kinds f bservatins: 1. Quantitative 2. Qualitative Quantitative Observatins Abut numbers A measurement Hw much? (quantity) Example: "20 drps" f water, length (meters), vlume (liters), mass (grams), temperature ( Celsius) Qualitative Observatins Anything but numbers Describe a prperty r characteristic (quality) Example: Clr, shape, frm f matter (slid, liquid, gas)