Digital and Analog Electronics for the Hobbyist
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1 Digital and Analog Electronics for the Hobbyist Electrofrolics Shaastra 2010 Nagendra Krishnapura Dept. of EE, IIT Madras 30 th September 2010
2 Signal processing systems Sensor(s) Digital Processing Actuator(s) Continuous-time Continuous-amplitude... DSP Discrete -time Discrete -amplitude Interface Electronics (Signal Conditioning) (A-D and D-A Conversion) Continuous-time Continuous-amplitude
3 Why digital?
4 Why digital? Digital levels less corrupted by noise Convenient storage Convenient signal processing
5 Why analog?
6 Why analog? Interface with the natural world Higher maximum speed of operation Analog to digital conversion Digital to analog conversion
7 Digital
8 Digital logic circuits Simple logic gates Complex logic gates Encoders Adders Storage elements Latches Flip flops Input and output interfaces
9 Digital logic-basic gates 7404 Inverter 7400(NAND), 7402(NOR) 7408(AND), 7432(OR) 7486: XOR gate
10 Digital logic-more complex blocks 74147: 10-Line to 4-Line Priority Encoder 74154: 4-Line to 16-Line Decoder 74273: 8 bit register with reset 7483: 4 bit full adder 7447 BCD to 7 segment decoder
11 Digital logic-encoder Figure reproduced from manufacturer s datasheet
12 Digital logic-adder (7483) Figure reproduced from manufacturer s datasheet
13 Digital logic-storage Figure reproduced from manufacturer s datasheet
14 Human interface-input
15 Human interface-input
16 Human interface-output(display)
17 Driving an LED
18 Driving a 7 segment display
19 Driving a 7 segment display: Multiplexing
20 Driving a 7 segment display: Multiplexing
21 Analog
22 Analog circuit components Opamp CMOS inverter Transistors Diodes
23 Opamp Provides a high gain Used to provide negative feedback v d =0 in negative feedback
24 Opamp
25 Opamp: LM741 Single opamp in a package 1MHz gain bandwidth product 1V/ s slew rate Figure reproduced from manufacturer s datasheet
26 Opamp: LM324 4 opamps in a package 1MHz gain bandwidth product 0.5V/ s slew rate Figure reproduced from manufacturer s datasheet
27 Opamp: LF347 4 opamps in a package 4MHz gain bandwidth product 13V/ s slew rate OUR CHOICE! Figure reproduced from manufacturer s datasheet
28 Opamp: Amplifiers
29 Opamp: Adders
30 Opamp: Negative feedback
31 Opamp: Negative feedback
32 Opamp: Negative feedback
33 Opamp: Integrator??
34 Opamp: Integrator??
35 Opamp: Filters
36 Opamp: Filters
37 Opamp: Logarithmic amplifiers
38 Opamp: Logarithmic amplifiers
39 Opamp: Digital to analog converter
40 Opamp: Digital to analog converter
41 Opamp: Schmitt trigger
42 Opamp: Schmitt trigger
43 Comparator Figure reproduced from manufacturer s datasheet
44 CMOS inverter for analog
45 CMOS inverter for analog
46 Oscillator circuits
47 Oscillator circuits
48 Audio power amplifier-lm386 LM386 audio amplifier IC ~ Rs. 12/- Works without fuss with a minimum number of external components Gain of 20 or 200 Can be used for any of your projects Data sheet has several example circuits
49 Audio power amplifier-lm386 Figure reproduced from manufacturer s datasheet
50 Other analog chips Analog multiplier MC1496 balanced modulator CXA1619BM/BS AM/FM radio chip LM565 Phase locked loop LM566 Voltage controlled oscillator and many more
51 More advanced circuit blocks Microcontrollers: PIC, 8051 Microcontrollers with ADC/DAC Cypress PSoC Programmable analog and digital blocks
52 Suggestions for projects
53 Calculator Optimization Minimize the number of chips Combine the adder/subtractor Multiplier Shift and add
54 Analog to digital converter ADC using DAC and binary search
55 Class D audio amplifier
56 Spectrum analyzer
57 Hobby of the era: Robotics Control systems Electrical, mechanical engg. Digital and analog electronics Lots of college level participation International level events like Robocon
58 Radio projects See Radios for the hobbyist Shaastra 2007 presentation
59 Assembling circuits
60 Assembling circuits Breadboard Quick assembly Low frequency/low precision circuits Not very robust PCBs Takes time for assembly High frequency/high precision circuits Very robust
61 A Neat Board : Guaranteed
62 Guaranteed : Not to work!
63 Spaghetti is good stuff, but not on your board
64 What can happen with messy wiring
65 Both channels connected to the same signal!
66
67 What can happen with messy wiring
68 A Neatly Wired Breadboard
69 Another one
70 Good practices Colour : Red for Vdd, Black for ground
71 Good practices Colour : Neatly placed components
72 PCBs Homebrewing Copper clad board Pattern transfer (from photocopies) Ferric chloride etching Commercial (2 layer boards) 3 medium sized boards for Rs. 500/ to 1000/- ~ 1 week for fabrication Many vendors in major cities
73 From hobby to profession
74 Theory and practice Not separate entities, go hand in hand All the stuff from digital and analog circuits classes are used in practical circuits Need theory to push circuits performance Need practice to be finally useful Takes a lot more time than solving textbook problems! BE METICULOUS, NOT SLOPPY!
75 Links
76 The internet Circuit schematics Data sheets Troubleshooting information Many sites dedicated to hobbyists Many sites dedicated to robotics, many colleges have active robotics groups
77 My pages nagendra/e4332/2005/courseinfo.html E4332: VLSI design laboratory Design of an AM radio and a digital clock on an integrated circuit nagendra/e4332/2005/handouts/amradiotrf.pdf AM radio on a chip Theory of Tuned frequency radios Receiver block and schematic diagrams (more suitable for IC designs) nagendra/e4332/2005/handouts/digitalclock.pdf Has information on crystal oscillators Many experiments using CMOS inverters as amplifiers Radios for the hobbyist
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