Overview of geothermal energy use and development in Europe (power, heat and cold)

Transcription

1 Congreso de Energía Geotérmica en la Edificación y la Industria Madrid, 15 y 16 de octubre de 28 Overview of geothermal energy use and development in Europe (power, heat and cold) Dr. Burkhard Sanner, Brussels Why is this congress such a milestone? Because 3 years ago, most of Spain was a white spot on the geothermal map - and today it defines the front edge of geothermal development in Europe Map of geothermal heat flux in Europe (Cermak & Rybach, 1979) 1

2 What is geothermal all about? Temperature profile of the earth Temperature development in shallow and deep underground in Germany Graph from Geothermal Education Office, California 7 8 Temperature increases on average ca. 3 K/km of depth The earth constantly radiates ca. 4 TW into outer space Temperatur [ C] UBeG, 27 Measured by Duncker, from Geothermal Electric Power First experiment to produce geothermal power, done in Italy in 194 by prince Ginori Conti Photo courtesy of ENEL, Italy 2

3 Geothermal Electric Power Modern geothermal power plants in Larderello, Italy Photos: Lund 2 x 6 MW plant Valle Secolo in Larderello Unified 2 MW plant for use near the wellheads in the Larderello and Travale-Radicondoli areas Geothermal Electric Power Geothermal power plants using geothermal steam directly in high-enthalpy areas Geothermal power plant in Krafla, Iceland During eruptions (photo: ISOR) 3

4 Geothermal Electric Power Binary geothermal power plants for low-temperature geothermal fluids More than 95 % availability! (after Bicudo da Ponte, 1998) Binary geothermal power plant Ribeira Grande, Azores, Portugal ORC-Power plant 14 MW net electric output Geothermal Electric Power EGS: Enhanced Geothermal Systems power plant Enhanced Geothermal System Principle of EGS system for geothermal power production Geology (left) and drilling rig at the European R&D site Soultz-sous- Forêts (F) Graph and Photo: GEIE Soultz 4

5 Geothermal Electric Power EGS: Enhanced Geothermal Systems Status 28: Power production in Soultz inaugurated in June 28 DHM-project in Basel (CH) still on halt after seismic events Dec. 26 and Jan. 27 => Research on induced seismicity New activities in Germany, England, - and Spain EGS is crucial for achieving 22 targets for geothermal power Transferring EGS from Soultz to other sites will be a strategic technology step! Soultz wellheads in June 28 Geothermal Electric Power Installed capacity according to EGEC targets 28, and to EREC roadmap for EU 27 (up to 22) In 26, ca. 7 TWh of power production! Installed Capacity (GW) 35 conservative, all Europe 3 ecologically driven, all Europe 25 conservative, EU 27 (EREC) 2 ecologically driven, EU 27 (EREC) GWe Installed capacity since 1912, world-wide (after data from IGA and WGC 25) 5

6 Geothermal District Heating doublet systems, used since the late 197s in France and since 1984 in (Eastern) Germany, Hungary, etc. District Heating Network ca. 1.5 km >1 km Geothermal central in Chevilly-la-Rue, south of Paris, France Existing Geothermal District Heating systems in Europe Brochure of EGEC, for download at 6

7 Geothermal District Heating - CHP Graph: Erdwärme Neustadt-Glewe during construction 1994 Geothermal heating plant Neustadt-Glewe photo O. Joswig Geothermal District Heating - CHP Low-temperature geothermal power First geothermal power plant in Germany, Neustadt-Glewe (98 C, 2 kw el.) (Graph and Photo: Erdwärmekraft GbR) Inauguration Nov. 23, German Minister of Environment Jürgen Trittin (VDI-Nachrichten) 7

8 Geothermal CHP New Plant in Landau, Germany 2 wells each 33 m Water temperature ca. 16 C Flow rate up to >25 m 3 /h ORC-turbine ca. 3 MW el. Output Inaugurated NB: Geothermal power in Germany economically feasible through feed-in tariff! (Photos: Geo-x) Geothermal CHP New Plant in Unterhaching, Germany DH operational, power Jan wells each 32 m Water temperature ca. 122 C Kalina-Cycle-Powerplant 3,6 MW (Photos: Gem. Unterhaching) 8

9 Geothermal Cooling Absorption cooling driven by geothermal energy can cover cooling loads; condensor re-cooling by air or UTES First example in Zakopane, Poland (45 kw cooling) Geothermal circuit Cold to buildings Absorption Chiller Example of large Absorption Chiller, in this case driven by heat from waste incineration, used for district cooling in Barcelona Condensor re-cooling by air or UTES Geothermal Greenhouse Heating Geothermal greenhouses near Oradea, Romania 2 x ca. 1 hectare Tomato production up to 8 t/yr Water ca. 8 C Built 27 Heating pipes Heat exchanger 9

10 Geothermal Greenhouse Heating Geothermal greenhouses in Hveragerdi, Iceland Vegetables from the land of ice and fire! Brochure of EGEC, for download at Minewater Use in Heerlen, NL Abandoned coal mines are used as heat source and cold storage, for district heating and cooling Graph: Gemeente Heerlen 1

11 Geothermal Seawater Desalination Possible Methods: Multiple-Effect-Distillation (MED), heat-driven from ca. 7 C on Reverse Osmosis (RO), electric power driven Demonstration plant Kimolos (GR) MED-System Geothermal fluid 6 m 3 /h Temperature C Borehole depth 198 m Brochure of EGEC, for download at Shallow Geothermal Energy Temperatures in the shallow underground in Central Europe March January May November July September Temperature [ C] Measured at Royal Edinburgh Observatory, average (after data from Everett, 186) April January July October Data from Temperature [ C] At Borehole Heat Exchanger field test station Schwalbach, 1988 Heat pumps are required to use the heat at low, but constant temperatures Temperatur [ C] Before TRT, UBeG 27 11

12 Shallow Geothermal Energy The various shallow geothermal methods horizontal loops m depth borehole heat exchangers 1-25 m depth (vertical loops) energy piles 8-45 m depth ground water wells 4-5 m depth water from mines and tunnels Rohre in Graben Verteiler im Haus BHE Grundwasserspiegel Pumpe Serienschaltung Groundwater wells Heat pumps are required to use the heat at low, but constant temperatures Shallow Geothermal Energy Geothermal heat pump ground circuits circulation pump heat pump heat pump 1: Ground circuit (water, brine) 2: Refrigerant circuit 3: Heating circuit horizontal loop 1: Ground and refrigerant circuit Direct Expansion HP 2: Heating circuit Brine/water HP heat pump circulation pump heat pump heat exchanger 1: Heat Pipe circuit 2: Refrigerant circuit 3: Heating circuit horizontal loop 1: Ground circuit (water, brine) 2: Refrigerant circuit 3: Heating circuit Heat pipe HP Heat pumps are required to use the heat at low, but constant temperatures 12

13 Shallow Geothermal Energy Drilling of borehole and installation of heat exchange pipes Brine-water heat pump with DHW storage tank Photo: BBT Heat pumps are required to use the heat at low, but constant temperatures Shallow Geothermal Energy large projects Examples from Germany Heat pump and BHE manifold for county administration Gelnhausen (86 BHE) Drilling in granite for educational centre 13

14 Shallow Geothermal Energy large projects Example from Hungary Pannon GSM, Törökbalint, HU Graph and photos: HGD kft 18 BHE each 1 m deep 1 MW heating and cooling Shallow Geothermal Energy large projects Example from Ireland Glucksmann Gallery at Cork University, IE Groundwater Heat Pump with wells in a buried valley aquifer Heating, cooling and humidity control for art gallery photo: Dunstar groundwater well 14

15 Shallow Geothermal Energy new applications Platform heating with BHE, pilot installation in 25 at DB rail stop in Bad Lauterberg - Barbis, Germany 9 BHE each 2 m deep platform length 2 m total area 6 m 2 max. heat flux during heating 13 W/m 2 Graph/photos: Arcadis Deutschland GmbH Shallow Geothermal Energy new applications Heating of railway points (switches) Tests in Arnhem, NL in 23 Classical GSHP system with BHE, COP = 5,3 In 24: Installation in Sidings in Lelystad, NL (32 switches) Graph/photos: Volkerrail, Icesolution 15

16 Shallow Geothermal Energy Proper design is required in particular for large installations Fluid temperature [ºC] JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Year 25 Base load Peak cool load Peak heat load 12,8 11,2 9,6 8, 6,4 4,8 3,2 1,6, -1,6 Calculation with simple software (EED, left) or numerical simulation (below) FE-Simulation 5 Jahre, Sondenabstand: 6m -3,3 6 12m FE-Simulation 5 Jahre, Sondenabstand: 12m Thermal Response Test to determine ground parameters 12,8 11,3 9,7 8,2 6,7 5,1 3,6 2,1,5-1, -2,5 6 12m Shallow Geothermal Energy Ground Source Heat Pump market and deployment in Europe (base map showing geothermal DH) old and strong recent and strong emerging 16

17 Shallow Geothermal Energy (Ground Source) Heat Pump market data Heat pump units sold (x1) Sweden Germany France Austria Heat pump sales for air source or ground source (after data from EHPA) Switzerland Finland Air source Ground source Italy Norway Austria Switzerland Germany UK Heat pump sales in Austria, Germany and Switzerland (after data from LGWA, BWP, FWS) Heat pump units sold (x1) Shallow Geothermal Energy Ground Source Heat Pump market data ,6 1,4 3 GSHP per capita GSHP per area 1,2 GSHP/person x ,,8,6,4 GSHP/km2 5,2, Austria Finland France Germany Norway Sweden Switzerland Total number of existing GSHP for 27, per capita and per area (calculated after data from EHPA) 17

18 Shallow Geothermal Energy Training and certification for shallow geothermal planners and installers For a sustainable market, quality of material and services is paramount To guarantee the necessary knowledge and skills, training and certification has to be established Some countries have national schemes: Switzerland Germany Sweden The new project GEOTRAINET (supported by IEE / EU) aims at providing harmonised material and curricula; Spanish member is Universidad Politécnica de Valencia Geothermal Heating and Cooling Heat produced from geothermal sources (deep and shallow), according to EGEC targets 28, and to EREC roadmap for EU 27 (up to 22) 25 Heat production (M toe) all Europe EU 27 (EREC roadmap)

19 Geothermal Developments in Europe Technical - New low-temperature power plants come on line - Continuation of EGS demonstration and problems - Improvements in exploration and drilling technology - New applications for processes, snow melting, cooling, etc. Market and Business - Electric power production supported by feed-in tariff in some member states - GSHP with big success and enlarging market region Policy - Target of 2 % Renewable Energy share in Europe by 22 - EU Directive on Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources (EC draft , EP amendements ) Geothermal Developments in Europe EU Directive on Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources (EP amendements as in ITRE vote of ) Art. 2: (a) energy from renewable sources means renewable non-fossil energy sources: wind, solar, geothermal, aerothermal, hydrothermal, wave, tidal, osmotic, hydropower, biomass, snow, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases; (ab) geothermal energy means energy stored in form of heat beneath the surface of solid earth; Art. 12.5: (c) take-up of biomass based district heating and cooling networks, solar or geothermal in the northern and eastern regions of the European Union in combination with a major retrofitting programme of the existing building stock; Art. 13: 3. Member States shall ensure that certification schemes or equivalent qualification schemes are available for installers of small-scale biomass boilers and stoves, solar photovoltaic European and solarthermal Geothermal systems as Energy well as shallow Council geothermal systems and heat pumps. 19

20 Thank you for your attention! For more information: 2