Clean Moves. Perspectives on Mobility. Federal Ministry of the Environment. Expo Hannover April Dr. habil. Uwe Lahl
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1 Clean Moves Expo Hannover April 2007 Dr. habil. Uwe Lahl Federal Ministry of the Environment Perspectives on Mobility
2 Elemente nachhaltiger Mob Umweltbelastungen durch Verkehr Lärm - flächendeckend hohe Hintergrundbelastung durch Straßenlärm - hohe nächtliche Lärmpegel an Güterschienentrassen - hohe Lärmspitzen an Flughäfen Luftschadstoffe - abnehmender Trend, dennoch hoher Anteil an Gesamtemissionen - besondere Probleme: Feinstaub und Stickoxide (europäische Grenzwerte) Flächenverbrauch und -zerschneidung - Siedlungsfläche beträgt 12,5 der Gesamtfläche Deutschlands, Tendenz steigend - nur noch 22% Prozent der Gesamtfläche gelten als unzerschnittene Räume nach SRU 2005 und DLR/IFEU 2006
3 Elemente nachhaltiger Mob Elemente nachhaltiger Mobilität strukturelle Anreize Infrastrukturpolitik Siedlungsstrukturpolitik Abschaffung Eigenheimzulage Wirtschaftsstruktur Bahn ÖPNV Rad- und Fußverkehr logistische Abwicklung Telematik Logistik Binnenschiff Verminderung der Verkehrsnachfrage umweltgerechte Mobilität Effizientere Befriedigung der Verkehrsnachfrage Internalisierung externer Kosten Reduktion der Pendlerpauschale LKW Maut steuerliche Anreize (Verbesserung) konventionelle Antriebe alternative Antriebe alternative Kraftstoffe Fahrzeugtechnik Euro Normen monetäre Anreize technische Maßnahmen
4 NO x -Emissionen Straßenverkehr Deutschland Sonstige Kfz Otto Sonstige Kfz Diesel PKW Otto Konv PKW Gkat PKW Diesel kt/a
5 CO-Emissionen Straßenverkehr Deutschland Sonstige Kfz Otto Sonstige Kfz Diesel PKW Otto Konv PKW Gkat PKW Diesel
6 HC-Emissionen Straßenverkehr Deutschland Sonstige Kfz Otto Sonstige Kfz Diesel PKW Otto Konv PKW Gkat PKW Diesel
7 Partikel-Emissionen Straßenverkehr Deutschland Sonstige Kfz Otto Sonstige Kfz Diesel PKW Otto Konv PKW Gkat PKW Diesel 30 kt/a
8 CO 2 -Emissionen Straßenverkehr Deutschland Sonstige Kfz Otto Sonstige Kfz Diesel PKW Otto Konv PKW Gkat PKW Diesel
9 Elemente nachhaltiger Mob Prognose der CO2-Emissionen des Verkehrs in Deutschland (inkl. Vorketten) 50,00 00,00 50,00 00,00 50,00 0, Strasse Schiene Wasser Luft
10 Options for the legislative approach of the EU CO2&cars policy Dr. Uwe Lahl, Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit
11 EU Commission: Strategic Framework COM(2007)19 of : Specific average emissions in EU 27: 120 g CO2/km until g CO2/km until 2020 to be reviewed
12 EU Commission: Pillars of CO2&Cars-Strategy Passenger car market (demand) Accompanying measures
13 EU Commission: Pillars of CO2&Cars-Strategy Passenger car market (demand) Gesetzgebung Supposed to deliver in total a reduction of 10 g CO2/km until 2012 Accompanying measures Tyre pressure Road resistance Air conditioning Gear switching N1 vehicles Alternative fuels
14 EU Commission: Pillars of CO2&Cars-Strategy Passenger car market (demand) Motor vehicle taxes CO2 labelling LEEV reference Code of conduct for passenger car advertising Numerical contribution not specified Accompanying measures Tyre pressure Road resistance Air conditioning Gear switching N1 vehicles Alternative fuels
15 EU Commission: Pillars of CO2&Cars-Strategy Passenger car market (demand) Motor vehicle taxes CO2 labelling LEEV reference Code of conduct for passenger car advertising So far no details apart from: 130 g CO2/km as general target for technical measurers instead of voluntary commitment Accompanying measures Tyre pressure Road resistance Air conditioning Gear switching N1 vehicles Alternative fuels
16 EU Commission: Pillars of CO2&Cars-Strategy Passenger car market In (demand) practical terms demand measures and Motor legislation vehicle taxesare often linked to each other. Approach: The target of CO2 labelling 130 g CO2/km has to be met mainly LEEV reference by technical measures, demand Code of conduct measures for passenger support car technical measures advertising in order to limit up-sizing Accompanying measures Tyre pressure Road resistance Air conditioning Gear switching N1 vehicles Alternative fuels
17 Legislative options for fuel efficient passenger cars being discussed at present
18 Criteria to be met by the legislative options Environmental criteria The target of 130 g/km must be met Social criteria Must avoid social distortion (jobs, car use) Practical criteria Must be practically feasible and enforceable Economic criteria: Must be economically reasonable and efficient Competitiveness criteria Must avoid distortion of the market Political criteria Must be in line with other agreed policies
19 Options for action: Overview Regulatory Law: Limit value for PC = passenger cars (absolute) Limit value for manufacturers Limit value curve for PC (abs.) Limit value curve PC plus fines Economic measures: Open trading systems - Downstream (citizens) - Midstream (manufacturers) - Upstream (mineral traders) Closed trading system - with supervisory body - without supervisory body Charges ( taxes) - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve
20 Options for action: Regulatory Law Regulatory Law: Limit value for PC = passenger cars (absolute) Limit value for manufacturers Limit value curve for PC (abs.) Limit value curve PC plus fines Description: Economic measures: 130 g CO2/km for each passenger car no Open trading systems exceptions - Downstream (citizens) - Midstream (manufacturer) - Upstream (mineral oil tax) Closed trading system - with supervisory body - without supervisory body Charges ( taxes) - to be paid by the manufacturer/reference curve
21 Segmentation of the fleet and specific emissions Order of magnitude of 2006 specific emissions
22 Options for action: Regulatory Law Regulatory Law: Limit value for PC = passenger cars (absolute) Limit value for manufacturers Limit value curve for PC (abs.) Limit value curve PC plus fines Pro: Economic Achievement measures: of target guarantied; Open tradingintegration systems into type - Downstream approval (citizens) system, - Midstream (manufacturer) similar - Upstream to approach (mineral oil tax) for pollutants Closed trading system - with supervisory body Con: - without Cannot supervisory cover body the whole range Charges available ( taxes) on the market - to be paid economically by the manufacturer/ unreasonable; reference curvepolitically - to be paid by the manufacturer/ unacceptable offsetting Conclusion: Discard
23 Options for action: Regulatory Law Regulatory Law: Limit value for PC = passenger cars (absolute) Limit value for manufacturers Limit value curve for PC (abs.) Limit value curve PC plus fines Description: Economic measures: 130 g CO2/km for Open each trading manufacturer systems of passenger - Downstream cars (citizens) no exceptions - Midstream (manufacturer) - Upstream (mineral trade) Closed trading system - with supervisory body - without supervisory body Charges ( taxes) - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve
24 et average CO2 for passenger cars, per manufacturer Target 130 g/km
25 Options for action: Regulatory Law Regulatory Law: Limit value for PC - passenger cars (absolute) Limit value for manufacturers Limit value curve for PC (abs.) Limit value curve PC plus fines Economic Pro: Achievement measures: of target guarantied; offsetting Open trading systems within - Downstream manufacturer (citizens) Con: - Midstream Severe (manufacturer) market distortions, - Upstream (mineral pressure trade) for mergers Closed trading - economically system unreasonable; - with supervisory politically body - without supervisory body unacceptable Charges ( taxes) Conclusion: Discard - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve
26 Options for action: Regulatory Law Regulatory Law: Limit value for PC = passenger cars (absolute) Limit value for manufacturers Limit value curve for PC (abs.) Limit value curve PC plus fines Description: Economic measures: 2005 CO2/km minus Open 20 trading % (=130 systems g/km) for - Downstream each manufacturer (citizens) of passenger - Midstream cars (manufacturer) no - Upstream (mineral trade) exceptions Closed trading system - with supervisory body - without supervisory body Charges ( taxes) - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve
27 et average CO2 for passenger cars, per manufacturer
28 Options for action: Regulatory Law Regulatory Law: Limit value for PC - passenger cars (absolute) Limit value for manufacturers Limit value curve for PC (abs.) Limit value curve PC plus fines Economic Pro: Achievement measures: of target guarantied; offsetting Open trading systems within - Downstream manufacturer (citizens) Con: - Midstream Severe (manufacturer) market distortions, - Upstream (mineral pressure trade) for mergers Closed trading - economically system unreasonable; - with supervisory politically body - without supervisory body unacceptable Charges ( taxes) Conclusion: Discard - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve
29 Options for action: Regulatory Law Regulatory Law: Limit value for PC - passenger cars (absolute) Limit value for manufacturers Limit value curve for PC (abs.) Limit value curve PC plus fines Economic measures: Description: One limit Open trading systems value - Downstream curve for (citizens) all - Midstream (manufacturer) passenger - Upstream (mineral cars no trade) exceptions Closed trading system - with supervisory body - without supervisory body Charges ( taxes) - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve
30 Example: Limit value curve for a passenger car Example of a limit value curve Vehicles above the curve get no type approval Weighted average of current fleet
31 Options for action: Regulatory Law Regulatory Law: Limit value for PC - passenger cars (absolute) Limit value for manufacturers Limit value curve for PC (abs.) Limit value curve PC plus fines Pro: Economic Achievement measures: of target nearly guarantied (market Open trading systems influences); - Downstream (citizens) integration into type - Midstream approval (manufacturer) system - Upstream (mineral trade) Con: Market distortions Closed trading system economically - with supervisoryunreasonable body politically - without supervisory unacceptable body or Charges ( taxes) only with very long - to be borne by the manufacturer/ transition reference curve periods - to be borne by the manufacturer/ Conclusion: Discard offsetting
32 Options for action: Regulatory Law Regulatory Law: Limit value for PC - passenger cars (absolute) Limit value for manufacturers Limit value curve for PC (abs.) Limit value curve PC plus fines Economic measures: Open trading systems - Downstream (citizens) - Midstream (manufacturer) - Upstream (mineral trade) Closed trading system - with supervisory body - without supervisory body Charges/Duties ( taxes) - to be paid by the manufacturer/reference curve Description: One limit value curve for all passenger cars fines for passenger cars above the curve, to be borne by the manufacturer
33 Example: Limit value curve for passenger car and fines Example of a limit value curve Manufacturers of vehicles above the curve have to pay fine Weighted average of current fleet 0
34 Options for action: Regulatory Law Regulatory Law: Limit value for PC - passenger cars (absolute) Limit value for manufacturers Limit value curve for PC (abs.) Limit value curve PC plus fines Ökonomische Pro: Achievement Maßnahmen of target nearly guarantied (market Offene Handelssysteme influences); - Downstream costs (Bürger) and effect - Midstream on market (Hersteller) depend on limit - Upstream value curve (Mineralölsteuer) and fines; integration Geschloss. Handelssystem into type approval - mit Aufsicht system - ohne Aufsicht Con: Revenues must be earmarked, Abgaben ( Steuern) otherwise - vom Hersteller/Bezugskurve unanimity - vom Hersteller/Verrechnung is required Conclusion: Feasible
35 Options for action: Economic measures Description: Ordnungsrecht: Integration into ETS system at ETS price (at present Grenzwert Pkw (absolut) appr. 10 EURO/t CO2) Grenzwert für Hersteller Downstream - highly disputed and complex Grenzwert-Kurve => discard Pkw (absol.) Grenzwert-Kurve Pkw+Pönale Upstream - very general, for efficiency of passenger cars not target oriented => discard here Midstream kept as option by Commission => to be considered Ökonomische Economic measures: Maßnahmen Offene Open trading Handelssysteme systems - Downstream (Bürger) (citizens) - Midstream (Hersteller) (manufacturer) - Upstream (Mineralölhandel) (mineral oil tax) Geschloss. Closed trading Handelssystem system - mit with Aufsicht supervisory body - ohne without Aufsicht supervisory body Abgaben Charges ( taxes) Steuern) - vom to be Hersteller/Referenzkurv borne by the manufacturer/reference - vom Hersteller/Verrechnung curve
36 Options for action: Economic measures Regulatory Law: Description: Cap set for Grenzwert Pkw (absolut) the sector or for each manufacturer Grenzwert für Hersteller for the CO2 emissions of new vehicles manufacturers buy or sell certificates in the ETS Grenzwert-Kurve Pkw (absol.) Grenzwert-Kurve Pkw+Pönale Economic measures: Open trading systems - Downstream (citizens) - Midstream (manufacturer) - Upstream (mineral oil tax) Closed trading system - with supervisory body - without supervisory body Charges ( taxes) - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve
37 Options for action: Economic measures Pro: Ordnungsrecht: High efficiency for the economy; achievement of Grenzwert Pkw (absolut) target via ETS guarantied; Commission Grenzwert für proposal Herstellerfor air transport Grenzwert-Kurve as semi-open Pkw (absol.) option Grenzwert-Kurve Pkw+Pönale Con: No direct emissions, price too low (danger of buying off ) and uncontrolled which hampers further technical improvements, possibly effects on ETS Economic measures: Open trading systems - Downstream (citizens) - Midstream (manufacturer) - Upstream (mineral oil tax) Closed trading system - with supervisory body - without supervisory body Charges ( taxes) - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve
38 Parameters for open trading systems Reference value in g/km Estimated trading volume of the passenger car CO2 market in % of ETS allocations in Estimated costs pe car in euro if 10 EURO/t CO2 (assumption: EU fleet average of 140 g CO2/km in 2010)
39 Options for action: Economic measures Regulatory Law: Conclusion: Discard Limit value passenger car (absolute) Limit value for manufacturers Limit value curve (abs.) Limit value curve passenger car plus fines Economic measures: Open trading systems - Downstream (citizens) - Midstream (manufacturer) - Upstream (mineral oil tax) Closed trading system - with supervisory body - without supervisory body Charges ( taxes) - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve
40 Options for action: Economic measures Ordnungsrecht: Description: Manufacturers only trade Grenzwert Pkw (absolut) among themselves at specific Grenzwert certificate für Hersteller prices only valid for this kind of trading Grenzwert-Kurve Pkw (absol.) Grenzwert-Kurve Pkw+Pönale Economic measures: Open trading systems - Downstream (citizens) - Midstream (manufacturer) - Upstream (mineral oil tax) Closed trading system - with supervisory body - without supervisory body Charges ( taxes) - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve
41 Example: Closed trading system Manufacturers of vehicles above the curve have to buy certificates Certificates have to be offered below the curve 0
42 Options for action: Economic measures ro: Ordnungsrecht: High competitive pressure, ndependent of ETS; achieveent Grenzwert of target Pkw likely (absolut) in case of ideally Grenzwert functioning für Hersteller market on: Grenzwert-Kurve Direct transfers Pkw between (absol.) anufacturers; Grenzwert-Kurve high Pkw+Pönale price (about 00 EURO/t); pricing unclear: ith-out supervisory body (sb.) ossibly market manipulations, ith sb. high administrative urden (Commission) onclusion: Discard Economic measures: Open trading systems - Downstream (citizens) - Midstream (manufacturer) - Upstream (mineral oil tax) Closed trading system - with supervisory body - without supervisory body Charges ( taxes) - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve
43 Options for action: Economic measures Ordnungsrecht: Description: Charge for vehicles above the Grenzwert Pkw (absolut) reference curve, to be borne Grenzwert by the für manufacturer Hersteller (charges Grenzwert-Kurve to be borne Pkw (absol.) by buyer Grenzwert-Kurve not considered Pkw+Pönale as they would be tax-like and therefore hardly enforceable on EU level) Economic measures: Open trading systems - Downstream (citizens) - Midstream (manufacturer) - Upstream (mineral oil tax) Closed trading system - with supervisory body - without supervisory body Charges ( taxes) - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve
44 Example: Charges and Reference Curve Manufacturers of vehicles above the curve have to pay charges Nothing has be paid for vehicles below the curve
45 Options for action: Economic measures Pro: Ordnungsrecht: Achievement of target nearly guarantied (market Grenzwert Pkw (absolut) influences); costs and effect Grenzwert on market für Hersteller depend on limit value curve and amount of charge Con: Revenues must be earmarked (e.g. national fund), otherwise Council unanimity is required Conclusion: Feasible Grenzwert-Kurve Pkw (absol.) Grenzwert-Kurve Pkw+Pönale Economic measures: Open trading systems - Downstream (citizens) - Midstream (manufacturer) - Upstream (mineral oil tax) Closed trading system - with supervisory body - without supervisory body Charges ( taxes) - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve
46 Options for action: Proposed pre-selection Regulatory Law: Limit value for passenger car (absolute) Limit value for manufacturers Limit value curve (abs.) Limit value curve passenger car plus fines Economic measures: Open trading systems - Downstream (citizens) - Midstream (manufacturer) - Upstream (mineral oil tax) Closed trading system - with supervisory body - without supervisory body Charges ( taxes) - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve
47 Options for action: Proposed pre-selection Regulatory Law: Limit value curve passenger car plus fines Economic measures: Charges ( taxes) - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve Extensive common ground: Practically guarantied achievement of the target Determination of curve (limit value or reference curve) Determination of level of payment (fines/charges) Use of revenues Timeline
48 Options for action: Proposed pre-selection Regulatory Law: Limit value curve passenger car plus fines Economic measures: Charges ( taxes) - to be borne by the manufacturer/reference curve Extensive common ground: Curve: Big cars should reduce more than small ones Level of payment: Equal to technology costs Revenues: Earmarked for national or CO2 measures
49 Criteria can be met by pre-selected options Limit value curve plus fines / Reference curve plus charges Environmental: The target of 130 g/km can be met (curve + payment level) Social: Social distortion can be avoided (curve + payment level) Practical: It is feasible and enforceable Economic: Can be economically reasonable and efficient (curve + payment level) Competitiveness: Market distortion can be avoided (curve + payment level) Political: It is and can be in line with other agreed policies
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