Chapter 1 Optical Technology until the Year 2000: An Historical Overview

Transcription

1 Ramaier Narayanaswamy Otto S. Wolfbeis Optical Sensors Industrial Environmental and Diagnostic Applications With 197 Figures and 26 Tables Springer

2 Contents Chapter 1 Optical Technology until the Year 2000: An Historical Overview OTTO S.WOLFBEIS 1 Introduction 1 2 VeryEarlyHistory 2 3 EarlyHistory(uptoaboutl985) 3 4 Optical Sensors for Gases (Including Dissolved Gases) and Organics 6 5 Opt(r)odesforpH 9 6 Optical Sensors for Ions 11 7 Enzyme-Based Biosensors 15 8 Fiber Optic Systems 15 9 Signal Referencing Optical Sensing Schemes Materials for Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors Imaging and Pressure-Sensitive Paints Commercial Instrumentation Using Opt(r)odes 28 References 30 Chapter 2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Optical Sensing Devices MARTA ELENA DIAZ-GARCIA, ROSANA BADf A 1 Introduction 35 2 Molecular Imprinting Process Covalent Molecular Imprinting Self-assembly Molecular Imprinting 38 3 Polymer Composition Templates Type of Monomer and Crosslinker Porogenic Solvents Radical Initiators 42 4 MIP Optical Sensing Applications Optical Sensing Approaches for Metals of Environmental Concern 43

3 X Contents Imprinted Metal Ion Sensors Based on Polymerizable Metal Chelates (Covalent Imprinting) Optical Sensors Based on Non-covalent Imprinting of Fluorescent Metal Chelates Optical Sensing Approaches for Environmental Harmful Compounds MIP Optical Sensing Materials for Organic Volatile Compounds 48 5 Conclusions and Outlook 48 References 48 Chapter3 Chromogenicand Fluorogenic Reactands: New Indicator Dyes for Monitoring Amines, Alcohols and Aldehydes GERHARD J. MOHR 1 Introduction 51 2 Sensing Amines Trifluoroacetylazobenzene Dyes Trifluoroacetylazobenzene Copolymers 57 3 Sensing Alcohols Trifluoroacetylstilbenes 59 4 Sensing Aldehydes Perylene Tetracarboxylbisimides 62 5 Conclusions and Outlook 64 References 65 Chapter4 Design, Quality Control and Normalization of Biosensor Chips CLAUDIA PREININGER, URSULA SAUER 1 Introduction 67 2 Principle 69 3 Biochip Fabrication Biomolecular Probes Array Manufacture Slides and Immobilization 73 4 Optical Read-out 76 5 Quality Control Autofluorescence Arraying Printbuffer Immobilization Fluorescent Label Validation 81 6 Data Collection and Analysis Imaging Image Analysis 83

4 Contents XI 6.3 Background Quantification Normalization 86 7 Statistical Analysis 86 References 88 Chapter5 Rapid, Multiplex Optical Biodetection for Point-of-Care Applications FRANK Y. S. CHUANG, BILL W. COLSTON, JR. 1 Need for Advanced Biodetection 93 2 Fundamental Principles of Biodetection 94 3 Development of Optical Methods for Biodetection Sandwich Immunoassays - ELISA Lateral Flow Assays-"Strip" Tests Fixed Microarrays - DNA Gene Chip Liquid Microarrays - Luminex Flow System Multiplex Immunoassay Diagnostic System (MIDS) Disposable Sample Collection Unit CCD-based Optical Hardware Digital Image Analysis Software Preliminary Results Discussion Conclusions and Future Directions 118 References 119 Chapter6 Multi-functional Biochip for Medical Diagnostics and Pathogen Detection TUAN VO-DINH, GUY GRIFFIN, DAVID L. STOKES, DIMITRA N. STRATIS-CULLUM, MINOO ASKARI, ALAN WINTENBERG 1 Introduction The Multi-functional Biochip Integrated Circuit Development of the Biochip Experimental Systems and Procedures Instrumentation Optical Setup The Biofluidics System PreparationofDNAProbes Protocol for DNA Studies Protocol for Antibody Studies Assay for E. coli Assay for FHIT Protein Protocol for DNA/Antibody Combined Assay Protocol for ELISA-based Detection of B.globigii Results and Discussion Fundamental Evaluations of the IC Biochip via Off-chip Bioassays 132

5 XII Contents 4.2 Application of the ELISA Technique to Biochip-based Detection Evaluation of the Biofluidics-based Biochip System for On-chip Bioanalysis Assay for E. coli Assay for FHIT Protein Portable IC Biochip Prototype with Biofluidic System Conclusion 141 Listof Abbreviations 142 References 142 Chapter7 Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors for Food Safety JlRf HOMOLA 1 Introduction Fundamentals of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensors Surface Plasmon-Polaritons and their Excitation by Light Waves Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors Advantages and Drawbacks of SPR Biosensors Implementations of SPR Biosensors Surface Plasmon Resonance Platforms SPR Sensors Using Prism Couplers SPR Sensors Using Gräting Couplers SPR Sensors Using Optical Waveguides Biomolecular Recognition Elements and their Immobilization Biomolecular Interactions Detection Formats used in SPR Biosensors SPR Biosensors for Detection of Food Safety-related Analytes SPR Biosensor-based Detection of Chemical Contaminants SPR Biosensor-based Detection of Toxins SPR Biosensor-based Detection of Microbial Pathogens Summary 170 References 171 Chapter8 NIR Dyes for Ammonia and HCl Sensors PETER SIMON, FRANK KVASNIK 1 Introduction NIRTransducers Structure and Tests of NIR Ammonia Transducers.. 175

6 Contents XIII Metal Complexes Polymethine Dyes Structure and Tests ofnir ph Transducers Quantum-chemical Calculations and General Rules Influence of Matrix Quality on the Band Shape and Maximum Wavelength Fibre-optic Distributed Sensors Conclusions 198 References 199 Chapter9 Piezo-Optical Dosimeters for Occupational and Environmental Monitoring KELLY R. BEARMAN, DAVID C. BLACKMORE, TIMOTHY J.N. CARTER, FLORENCE COLIN, STEVEN A. Ross, JOHN D. WRIGHT 1 Introduction Calibration and Evaluation of New Badges Badges for Formaldehyde Monitoring Badges for Glutaraldehyde Monitoring Badge for Monitoring Chlorine Dioxide Badge for Monitoring Ozone Badge for Monitoring Nitrogen Dioxide Badge for Monitoring Styrene Badge for Monitoring Ammonia Multi-analyte Badges and the Minimisation of Interference Fundamentals of the Piezo-optical Measurement Future Development Prospects 223 References 225 Chapter 10 Interferometric Biosensors for Environmental Pollution Detection L. M. LECHUGA, F. PRIETO, B. SEPÜLVEDA 1 Background of Interferometer Biosensors Optical Waveguides Monomode Behaviour Surface Sensitivity Principle of Operation of Interferometric Sensors Technology of Fabrication Types of Interferometer Devices: State-of-the-Art Fabry-Perot Interferometer Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Planar Versions Integrated Versions Young Interferometer Surface Functionalization for Biosensing Environmental Applications 246

7 XIV Contents 7 Future Trends 247 References 248 Chapterll Fibre-optic Sensors for Humidity Monitoring MARIA C. MORENO-BONDI, GUILLERMO ORELLANA, MAXIMINO BEDOYA 1 Introduction Definitions Measurement of Humidity Relative Humidity Monitoring Psychrometers Mechanical (Displacement) Hygrometers Electric Hygrometers Dew Point Sensors Chilled Mirror (Optical Condensation) Hygrometers Optical Absorption Hygrometers Measurement of Trace Moisture Mass Sensitive Devices (Gravimetrie Method) Coulometric (Electrolytic) Method Miscellaneous Humidity Sensors Fibre-optic Humidity Sensors Fibre-optic Sensors Based on Absorption Measurements Fibre-optic Sensors Based on Luminescent Reagents Optical Sensors Based on Variations of the Refractive Index Fibre-optic Sensors Based on Changes in the ReflectivityofThin Films Caübration of Humidity Sensors Conclusions 278 References 278 Chapter12 Optical Sensing of ph in Low lonic Strength Waters BEN R.SWINDLEHURST, RAMAIER NARAYANASWAMY 1 Introduction Optical ph Sensors Materials and Methods Immobilisation by the Mannich Reaction and Manufacture of Sensing Film Probe Head Design and Flow Cell Construction Instrumentation ChoiceofWavelengths Results and Discussion Variation of System Response between Films 299

8 Contents XV 5.2 Temperature Response Longevity of Sensing Films Effect oflonicstrength 302 Listof Abbreviations 304 References 305 Chapter13 Environmental and Industrial Optosensing with Tailored Luminescent Ru(ll) Polypyridyl Complexes GUILLERMO ORELLANA, DAVID GARCIA-FRESNADILLO 1 Introduction Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes Light Absorption Features Luminescence Features Redox Features Preparation Physical Properties Photochemistry Acidity Sensors Carbon Dioxide Sensors Temperature Sensors Oxygen Sensing with Luminescent Ru(II) Polypyridyl Dyes Oxygen Optosensors Luminescent Ru(II) Complexes as Oxygen Indicators Polymer Support and Indicator Design Luminescence Quenching Models in Heterogeneous Supports Instrumentation Used in Oxygen Sensing with Ru(II) Dyes Applications Miscellaneous Sensors and Concluding Remarks 349 Listof Abbreviations and Symbols 350 References 352 Chapter14 TIFR Array Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring KIM E. SAPSFORD, FRANCES S. LIGLER 1 Introduction to Biosensors Biosensors for Environmental Applications Technical Aspects of Optical Array Biosensors Optical Transduction Used in Array Biosensors Total Internal Reflection Interferometric Techniques SPRImaging TIRF The Molecular Recognition Element Immunoassays 368

9 XVI Contents DNAandmRNAAnalysis Membrane Receptor-ligand Interactions Immobilization of the Biomolecule to the Transducer Creation of Low Density Biomolecular Arrays State of the Art Miniaturization and Automation of Array Biosensors TheFuture 382 Listof Abbreviations 385 References 386 Chapter15 Optical Techniques for Determination and Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide in Industrial and Environmental Samples HANNES VORABERGER 1 Introduction Direct Spectrometric Measurements of Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen Peroxide in the Mid Infrared (Wavelength Range: um) Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Hydrogen Peroxide Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Hydrogen Peroxide Indirect Spectrometric Measurements of Hydrogen Peroxide Introduction Formation of a Dye by Oxidative Coupling Reaction Formation of a Dye by Oxidation of Leuco Dyes Formation of a Colored or Fluorescent Complex Destruction of a Dye Chemiluminescence Indirect Measurement by Quenching of Fluorescence by Molecular Oxygen Conclusions 406 References 407 Subject Index 409