Edited by Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares Fundación Ars Civilis

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3 LÓPEZ, M.; YÁÑEZ, A.; GOMES DA COSTA, S.; AVELLÀ, L., (Crd.). Actas del Cngres Internacinal de Eficiencia Energética y Edificación Histórica / Prceedings f the Internatinal Cnference n Energy Efficiency and Histric Buildings (Madrid, Sep. 2014). Madrid: Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares y Fundación Ars Civilis, ISBN: Edited by Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares Fundación Ars Civilis Crdinated by Mónica López Sánchez. Fundación Ars Civilis Ana Yáñez Vega. Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares Sfia Gmes da Csta. Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares Lurdes Avellà Delgad. Fundación Ars Civilis Cpyright Texts: the respective authrs (r their emplyers); Prceedings: the crdinatrs and editrs.

4 Table f cntents PRESENTACIÓN Eficiencia energética y edificación histórica: un ret del presente Cristina Gutiérrez-Crtines y Mónica López Sánchez. Fundación Ars Civilis Eficiencia energética y edificación histórica: un ret del futur Ana Yáñez Vega. Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares Cmmittees Prgramme Gvernance, management, participatin and mediatin SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ACTION FOR WORLD HERITAGE MANAGEMENT RONCHINI, C.; POLETTO, D. AND URBAN RENEWAL OF A UNESCO-LISTED HISTORICAL CENTER: THE CASE OF PORTO SANTOS, Á.; VALENÇA, P.; SEQUEIRA, J. HISTORICAL HERITAGE: FROM ENERGY CONSUMER TO ENERGY PRODUCER. THE CASE STUDY OF THE ALBERGO DEI POVERI OF GENOA, ITALY FRANCO, G.; GUERRINI, M.; CARTESEGNA, M. IMPROVING IN HISTORIC CORNISH BUILDINGS GRANT FUNDING, MONITORING AND GUIDANCE RICHARDS, A. AND BUILDINGS WITH HERITAGE VALUES: REFLECTION, CONFLICTS AND SOLUTIONS GIANCOLA, E.; HERAS, M. R. PROPUESTA METODOLÓGICA PARA LA REHABILITACIÓN SOSTENIBLE DEL PATRIMONIO CONTEXTUAL EDIFICADO. EL CASO DEL CENTRO HISTÓRICO DE LA CIUDAD DE MÉRIDA, YUCATÁN / Methdlgical prpsal fr the sustainable rehabilitatin f cntext heritage building. The case f the histric dwntwn f Merida, Yucatan MEDINA, K.; RODRÍGUEZ, A.; CERÓN, I Mre cntents n

5 Traditinal and technlgical knwledge: cncepts, techniques, practices, uses, materials, methdlgies SUSTAINABLE REFURBISHMENT OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS: RISKS, SOLUTIONS AND BEST PRACTICE HEATH, N. EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA Y VALORES PATRIMONIALES. LECCIONES DE UNA INVESTIGACIÓN Y UN SEMINARIO / Energy efficiency and heritage values. Lessns f a Research and a Seminar GONZÁLEZ MORENO-NAVARRO, J. L. ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS IN HISTORIC DISTRICTS. THE CASE STUDY OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA LUCCHI, E.; GAREGNANI, G.; MATURI, L.; MOSER, D. HISTORIC BUILDING ENERGY ASSESSMENT BY MEANS OF SIMULATION TECHNIQUES SOUTULLO, S.; ENRIQUEZ, R.; FERRER, J. A.; HERAS, M. R. DESIGN OF A CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN A WALL-HEATED CHURCH: SANTA MARIA ODIGITRIA IN ROME MANFREDI, C.; FRATERNALI, D.; ALBERICI, A. EXEMPLARY ENERGETICAL REFURBISHMENT OF THE GERMAN ACADEMY IN ROME "VILLA MASSIMO" ENDRES, E.; SANTUCCI, D. SISTEMA MÓVIL INTEGRADO PARA LA REHABILITACIÓN ENERGÉTICA DE EDIFICIOS: LÁSER 3D, TERMOGRAFÍA, FOTOGRAFÍA, SENSORES AMBIENTALES Y BIM / Integrated mbile system fr building energy rehabilitatin: 3D laser, termgraphy, ftgraphy, envirnmental sensrs and BIM SÁNCHEZ VILLANUEVA, C.; FILGUEIRA LAGO, A.; ROCA BERNÁRDEZ, D.; ARMESTO GONZÁLEZ, J.; DÍAZ VILARIÑO, L.; LAGÜELA LÓPEZ, S.; RODRÍGUEZ VIJANDA, M.; NÚÑEZ SUÁREZ, J.; MARTÍNEZ GÓMEZ, R. CONSECUENCIAS CONSTRUCTIVAS Y ENERGÉTICAS DE UNA MALA PRÁCTICA. ARQUITECTURAS DESOLLADAS / Energy and cnstructive cnsequences f a bad practice. Skinned architectures DE LUXÁN GARCÍA DE DIEGO, M.; GÓMEZ MUÑOZ, G.; BARBERO BARRERA, M.; ROMÁN LÓPEZ, E. EL BIENESTAR TÉRMICO MÁS ALLÁ DE LAS EXIGENCIAS NORMATIVAS. DOS CASOS. DOS ENFOQUES / Thermal cmfrt beynd legislatin. Tw examples. Tw appraches DOTOR, A.; ONECHA, B.; GONZÁLEZ, J. L. LA MONITORIZACIÓN Y SIMULACIÓN HIGROTÉRMICA COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA LA MEJORA DEL CONFORT, PRESERVACIÓN Y AHORRO ENERGÉTICO DE ESPACIOS PATRIMONIALES. EL CASO DE LA IGLESIA DE SAN FRANCISCO DE ASIS, MORÓN DE LA FRONTERA / Measurement and hygrthermal simulatin mdel, a tl t enhance thermal cmfrt, preservatin and saving energy f heritage site. Case study: the church f San Francisc f Asís in Mrón de la Frntera MUÑOZ, C.; LEÓN, A.; NAVARRO, J Mre cntents n

6 TERESE 3 : HERRAMIENTA INFORMÁTICA PARA LA EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA MEDIANTE LA SIMULACIÓN CALIBRADA DE EDIFICIOS / TERESE 3 : infrmatic tl fr the energetic efficiency thrugh the calibrated simulatin f buildings GRANADA, E.; EGUÍA, P.; MARTÍNEZ, R.; NÚÑEZ, J.; RODRÍGUEZ, M. EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA Y ANÁLISIS TÉRMICO PARA SISTEMAS DE AIRE CENTRALIZADO: UN CASO DE ESTUDIO / Energy Efficiency and thermal analysis fr centralized air heating systems: a case study MARTÍNEZ-GARRIDO, M. I.; GOMEZ-HERAS, M.; FORT, R.; VARAS-MURIEL, M. J. ANALISIS ENERGETICO DEL MUSEO DE HISTORIA DE VALENCIA MEDIANTE DISTINTAS HERRAMIENTAS DE SIMULACIÓN / Energy assessment f the Histry Museum f Valencia using varius simulatin tls TORT-AUSINA, I.; VIVANCOS, J.L.; MARTÍNEZ-MOLINA, A.; MENDOZA, C. M. APROVECHAMIENTO SOLAR PASIVO EN LA RETÍCULA URBANA DE LA CIUDAD HISTÓRICA. EL CASO DE CÁDIZ / Passive slar gains in the urban grid f the histric city. The case study f Cadiz SÁNCHEZ-MONTAÑÉS, B.; RUBIO-BELLIDO, C.; PULIDO-ARCAS, J. A. TECHNICAL SYSTEM HISTORY AND HERITAGE: A CASE STUDY OF A THERMAL POWER STATION IN ITALY PRETELLI, M.; FABBRI, K. ANALISIS ENERGÉTICO Y PROPUESTAS DE MEJORA DE UNA CASA EN REQUENA MEDIANTE PROGRAMAS DE SIMULACIÓN / Energy analysis and imprvement prpsal f a huse in Requena (Spain) using simulatin sftware TORT-AUSINA, I.; VIVANCOS, J.L.; MARTÍNEZ-MOLINA, A.; MENDOZA, C. M. UNA REVISIÓN DE PUBLICACIONES EN EDIFICIOS DESDE EL ASPECTO ENERGÉTICO / A review f papers in buildings frm the energetic perspective TORT-AUSINA, I.; MARTÍNEZ-MOLINA, A.; VIVANCOS, J.L. MORTEROS MIXTOS DE CAL Y CEMENTO CON CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉRMICAS Y ACÚSTICAS MEJORADAS PARA REHABILITACIÓN / Lime-cement mixture with imprved thermal and acustic characteristics fr rehabilitatin PALOMAR, I.; BARLUENGA, G.; PUENTES, J. NEAR ZERO ENERGY HISTORIC BUILDING. TOOLS AND CRITERIA FOR ECOCOMPATIBLE AND ECOEFFICIENT CONSERVATION BAIANI, S. INTEGRANDO RENOVABLES EN LA CIUDAD HEREDADA: GEOTERMIA URBANA / Integrating renewable in the inherited city: urban gethermal SACRISTÁN DE MIGUEL, M. J. ANÁLISIS Y PROPUESTAS DE MEJORA DE LA EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA DE UN EDIFICIO HISTÓRICO DE CARTAGENA: ANTIGUO PALACIO DEL MARQUÉS DE CASA-TILLY / Analysis and prpsals fr imprving the energy efficiency f a histrical building in Cartagena: the frmer Palace f the Marquis f Casa-Tilly COLLADO ESPEJO, P. E.; MAESTRE DE SAN JUAN ESCOLAR, C. REHABILITACIÓN ENERGÉTICA DE EDIFICIOS DE VIVIENDAS BAJO EL PLAN ESPECIAL DE PROTECCIÓN DEL PATRIMONIO URBANÍSTICO CONSTRUIDO EN DONOSTIA-SAN SEBASTIÁN / Building energy retrfit f dwellings under the special plan f urban built heritage prtectin in Dnstia-San Sebastian Mre cntents n

7 MARTÍN, A.; MILLÁN, J. A.; HIDALGO, J. M.; IRIBAR, E. IS TEMPERIERUNG ENERGY EFFICIENT? THE APPLICATION OF AN OLD-NEW HEATING SYSTEM TO HERITAGE BUILDINGS DEL CURTO, D.; LUCIANI, A.; MANFREDI, C.; VALISI, L. TERMOGRAFÍA INFRARROJA Y EDIFICIOS HISTÓRICOS MELGOSA, S. SIMULATION MODEL CALIBRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF REAL USE HISTORIC BUILDINGS ENRÍQUEZ, R.; JIMÉNEZ, M.J.; HERAS, M.R. THE THERMOPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TECHNICAL ELEMENTS IN THE HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE: EXPERIENCES IN PALERMO GENOVA, E.; FATTA, G. ENERGY EVALUATION OF THE HVAC SYSTEM BASED ON SOLAR ENERGY AND BIOMASS OF THE CEDER RENOVATED BUILDING DÍAZ ANGULO, J. A.; FERRER, J. A.; HERAS, M. H. Legal and technical regulatin and histric buildings OLD BUILDING, NEW BOILERS: THE FUTURE OF HERITAGE IN AN ERA OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY JANS, E.; ICOMOS, M.; KOPIEVSKY, S.; AIRHA, M. HISTORIC WINDOWS: CONSERVATION OR REPLACEMENT. WHAT'S THE MOST SUSTAINABLE INTERVENTION? LEGISLATIVE SITUATION, CASE STUDIES AND CURRENT RESEARCHES PRACCHI, V.; RAT, N.; VERZEROLI, A. ENERGY RETROFIT OF A HISTORIC BUILDING IN A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE: AN INTEGRATED COST OPTIMALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT TADEU, S.; RODRIGUES, C.; TADEU, A.; FREIRE, F.; SIMÕES, N. PARQUE EDIFICADO O PATRIMONIO EDIFICADO: LA PROTECCIÓN FRENTE A LA INTERVENCIÓN ENERGÉTICA. EL CASO DEL BARRIO DE GROS DE SAN SEBASTIÁN / Built Park r Built Heritage: Prtectin against energy interventin. The case f Grs district f San Sebastian URANGA, E. J.; ETXEPARE, L. SIMULTANEOUS HERITAGE COMFORT INDEX (SHCI): QUICK SCAN AIMED AT THE SIMULTANEOUS INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMFORT EVALUATION FOR PEOPLE AND ARTWORKS IN HERITAGE BUILDINGS LITTI, G.; FABBRI, K.; AUDENAERT, A.; BRAET, J. PROBLEMÁTICA DE LA POSIBLE CERTIFICACIÓN ENERGÉTICA CON CE 3 X DEL PATRIMONIO ARQUITECTÓNICO: EL CASO DEL ALMUDÍN DE VALENCIA / Difficulties fund in the pssible energy certificatin f heritage by using the CE 3 X sftware: the case f El Almudín f Valencia CUARTERO-CASAS, E.; TORT-AUSINA, I.; MONFORT-I-SIGNES, J.; OLIVER-FAUBEL, E. I. PROTOCOL FOR CHARACTERIZING AND OPTIMIZING THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS: CASE STUDY OF POZUELO DE ALARCÓN MUNICIPALITY RUBIO, A.; MACÍAS, M.; LUMBRERAS, J Mre cntents n

8 Prmtin, training, educatin THE WORK OF THE SUSTAINABLE TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS ALLIANCE AND AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GUIDANCE WHEEL FOR RETROFIT MAY, N.; RYE, C.; GRIFFITHS, N. TRAINING OF EXPERTS FOR ENERGY RETROFIT AT THE FRAUNHOFER CENTRE FOR THE ENERGY-SAVING RENOVATION OF OLD BUILDINGS AND THE PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS AT BENEDIKTBEUERN KILIAN, R.; KRUS, M. SPECIALIZED ENERGY CONSULTANTS FOR ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE DE BOUW, M.; DUBOIS, S.; HERINCKX, S.; VANHELLEMONT, Y. RENERPATH: METODOLOGÍA DE REHABILITACIÓN ENERGÉTICA DE EDIFICIOS PATRIMONIALES / RENERPATH: Methdlgy fr Energy Rehabilitatin f Heritage Buildings PERÁN, J. R. ; MARTÍN LERONES, P.; BUJEDO, L. A.; OLMEDO, D.; SAMANIEGO, J.; GAUBO, F.; FRECHOSO, F.; ZALAMA, E.; GÓMEZ-GARCÍA BERMEJO, J.; MARTÍN, D.; FRANCISCO, V.; CUNHA, F.; BAIO, A.; XAVIER, G.; DOMÍNGUEZ, P.; GETINO, R.; SÁNCHEZ, J. C.; PASTOR, E. LEVANTAMIENTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS EN EL MEDIO RURAL / Architectural surveys in rural areas HIDALGO, J.M.; MILLÁN, J. A.; MARTÍN, A.; IRIBAR, E.; FLORES, I.; ZUBILLAGA, I. AUTHORS INDEX Mre cntents n

9 HISTORIC BUILDING ENERGY ASSESSMENT BY MEANS OF SIMULATION TECHNIQUES SOUTULLO, S.; ENRIQUEZ, R.; FERRER, J. A.; HERAS, M. R. SOUTULLO, S.: Energy Efficiency f Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain. Cntact: silvia.sutull@ciemat.es ENRIQUEZ, R.: Energy Efficiency f Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain FERRER, J. A.: Energy Efficiency f Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain HERAS, M. R.: Energy Efficiency f Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain ABSTRACT Current trends in energy cnsumptin and greenhuse emissins int the envirnment make energy prblems in cities take special imprtance. In this line, the preservatin f the architectural heritage shuld cnsider energy efficiency slutins in their restratin and maintenance. This is a cmplex prcess that needs t take int accunt many hetergeneus infrmatin and data. A new methdlgy shuld be established whereby all special variables that characterize these histric buildings are weighted: climate, use f the building, heritage values, cultural and histrical values, architectnical design, envelpes, bundary cnditins Dynamic mdelling shuld be used t analyze the hygr-thermal and mechanical behavir f these buildings and predict the verall perfrmance f the rehabilitated dwellings. This prcess needs t cnsider all the special requirements f these huses and cupling all f them in a cmplex matrix. With this aim, a simulatin methdlgy divided in different phases has been develped. This is a clsed lp prcess that characterizes the energetic behaviur f the glbal building. T ptimize the energetic perfrmance f these histric buildings, several series f simulatins were carried ut t evaluate the mdel respnse t external fluctuatins. Cnstructive and peratinal parameters shuld be mdifying t reduce the thermal and electrical demands f the city. Key wrds: dynamic mdelling, passive adaptatin, heritage values INTRODUCTION Within the building stck f Eurpean cities there is a high percentage f histric buildings which symblize the identity and culture f the city itself. Due t the urban arrays, envirnmental impacts r the change f activities f these buildings, the energy trends have been increased expnentially. This leads t a grwth f the urban energy demands, the greenhuses emissins t the atmsphere r the discmfrt sensatin inside the buildings. S the refurbishment f histric buildings takes special imprtance in rder t reduce these energy and ambient patterns. In this prcess heritage values, energy factrs and mandatry restrictins are inputs f a cmplex matrix that shuld be slved. Dynamic simulatin prgrams allw the energy analysis f a building design ver a perid f time as well as the predictin f its future behavir. A simulatin mdel is an abstract representatin f a real system characterized by a set f mathematical equatins. In the early stages f this prcess, it is necessary t fix the main bjectives f the assessments and with these assumptins, the limits f the systems and the bundary cnditins are established. Climatic cnditins, cnstructive features, passive strategies, heritage values and thermal and electrical cnditining systems must be mdeled in the simulatin envirnment t analyze the verall perfrmance f the whle system. Mre cntents n

10 Dynamic simulatin tls allw evaluating many aspects f the building perfrmance: energy patterns thrughut the year, indr cmfrt sensatin, energy balances, influence f each element t external fluctuatins and the ptimizatin f the final design. In additin, the use f these tls with experimental data recrded inside the building, enable the validatin and calibratin f the theretical mdels used. 2. METHODOLOGY A new methdlgy fr mdelling the energetic behaviur f the histric buildings must be created. This prcess shuld be understd as a clsed lp between the building designer, the heritage values, the mandatry regulatins and the energy analyst. With this bjective, an iterative methdlgy divided in different phases has been develped: Definitin f the initial inputs and parameters: Climatic cnditins Heritage restrictins. Mandatry regulatins. Building parameters. Selectin f the mst apprpriate dynamic simulatin tl. Creatin f the building mdel: Bundary cnditins. Energetic hypthesis. Time steps frequency. Creatin f cnditining system mdels: Bundary cnditins. Energetic hypthesis. Time steps frequency. Develpment f the simulatin envirnment that cuples the building mdel with the cnditining systems. Energetic analysis and ptimizatin f the glbal building perfrmance INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS TO THE SIMULATION PROCESS Previus t the mdelling prcess it is necessary t define the bundary cnditins. These cnsideratins depend n the studied lcatin but in all cases there is specific infrmatin that must be cllected: climate, heritage values and mandatry restrictins Climatic cnditins One f the mst critical pints in the building energy simulatin is the availability f a climate database that is representative f the studied area. The climate f a regin is btained frm the statistical analysis f the climatic variables recrded in meterlgical statins ver a lng perid f time. This treatment represents the deterministic part f meterlgy and can be cnsidered as a lng-term meterlgical mdel. Mre cntents n

11 Energetic analysis and ptimizatins f the building perfrmance as well as the extraplatin f the lng-term results require a cmplete year f recrds f the main climatic variables. In sme cases, additinal variables shuld be necessary t analyse the thermal reactin f the building t external cnditins. S the first step is created an hurly climatic file fr every lcatin invlved in the studi [1]. Once this file is available, temperature and humidity values are represented ver a Givni chart (Image 1) t suggest the best passive and active strategies that can be implemented in the building rehabilitatin [2]. Humidity Rati (kg water /kg air ) h=20 h=40 h=60 h=80 h=100 10% 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% T DryBulb (ºC) 20% 40% 30% June July August September Image 1: Daily Psychmetric Chart f Madrid fr the summer perid The use f passive slar energy in buildings can supply a high percentage f the energy lads fr heating, cling and lighting and minimize the cnventinal energy cnsumptin. Likewise, prper ventilatin can reduce the cling lads f the building. The knwledge f this passive behaviur permits a nn-intrusive adaptatin f the rehabilitatin f histric buildings t the envirnment arund them. Finally, a deep evaluatin f the climatic variables allws quantifying the energy ptential f the site. These weighting values can be used as a guide t determine the mst apprpriate renewable technlgy at this lcatin. The installatin f these technlgies can supply the remaining building demands withut increasing the greenhuse emissins t the atmsphere Heritage and mandatry regulatins Energy refurbishment f histric buildings shuld cnsider all the heritage values that characterize them, as well as the energy efficiency f its design, the indr thermal cmfrt and the mandatry restrictins due t vlumes, structures r materials. These features shuld be classified and quantified in weighting factrs that are ging t be used as parameters, inputs and bundary cnditins in the mathematical descriptin f the building mdel. 4. DYNAMIC SIMULATION PROCESS A theretical analysis f the building perfrmance can be slved by a cmplex simulatin mdel representing the whle building and its interactins with the envirnment. These energy balances are described by a set f mathematical equatins cupled between them and with time Mre cntents n

12 dependence. T slve this set f equatins in shrt time steps, dynamic simulatin tls based n numerical methds are used. The verall purpse f a simulatin prgram is t create a flexible and mdular envirnment t analyse in a realistic and rigrus manner, the dynamic perfrmance f whle system. These prgrams are designed t assess the reactin f the system t external r internal fluctuatins. Within the field f histric buildings, these prgrams allw t define each cmpnent in detail and evaluate its perfrmance ver a specific perid f time, allwing the determinatin f the critical pints, the perfrmance curves f each element and the ptimizatin f its cmpnents. The Transient Simulatin Prgram TRNSYS [3] has been selected t this studi fr its great flexibility and mdularity. The glbal peratin f this sftware is divided int three phases (Image 2). The first ne crrespnds t the intrductin f all the inputs and variables f each mdel. The secnd ne crrespnds t the envirnment variables definitin. And the last phase crrespnds t the final uses that can be btained with this prgram Image 2: Structure f TRNSYS peratin The utput variables shuld be specified previusly t the simulatin wrk. These utputs will be analysed in terms f the different levels f infrmatin that are desired as well as the bjectives t be met. 5. DEVELOPMENT OF GLOBAL ENERGETICS MODELS The simulatin methdlgy fr these specific buildings tries t analyse and ptimize their perfrmance in rder t reduce the energy cnsumptin while maintaining the indr cmfrt sensatins and minimizes the greenhuses emissins. Many aspects shuld be taken int accunt t create a matrix f studi that represents the histric buildings: climate, use f the building, heritage values, cultural and histrical values, architectnical design, physical prperties, Mre cntents n

13 bundary cnditins S in this phase it is necessary t mdel the whle building (envelpe, peratin and systems) and slved the mathematical equatins by a dynamic prcess Building descriptin Histric buildings are divided int different parts depending n the thermal perfrmance f the areas t fluctuatins f the system. Each zne is defined by the physical prperties, peratinal cnditins and the heritage and regulatry restrictins. All these factrs shuld be mdelled cnsidering the bundary cnditins given by the surrunding envirnment (climate, bstacles..). The relatinships between different parts f the system and between it and the envirnment are gverned by the laws f heat and mass transfer. The applicatin f heritage cnditins int the building mdels culd mdify sme initial assumptins. Values such as thermal mass, thermal insulatin, infiltratin, daylight, windw and shading integratin r misture transprt prblems are particularly imprtant within the mdel. Dynamic simulatin shuld be used t analyze the hygr-thermal and mechanical behaviur f these elements and be able t predict the verall perfrmance f the rehabilitated dwellings. Once the climatic cnditins and the gemetry f the building are defined, thermal and ptical prperties f each cnstructive element must be described. If these prperties are nt knwn, a cmplete and cmplex experimental campaign shuld be dne t identify the cnstructive characteristics. There are numerus techniques t deal with this prblem; ne f the mst successful nes is based n stchastic mdelling. This technique has been applied successfully in the cntext f building cmpnents [4.], even in the case f time-varying dynamics [5]. The analysis f the ppular architecture indicates sme passive techniques that are nt mdelled in TRNSYS, s new mdels must be dne t characterize them [6]. The high flexibility f this prgram allws tw different ways f develped a new mdel: using the TRNSYS language (Frtran r C) r cupling an external prgram int the TRNSYS envirnment. Techniques such as evaprative devices [7], slar chimneys [8], wind twer [9] r phase change material [10] have been implemented in TRNSYS thrugh new mdels cupled with the rest f the building prject, which imprves the accuracy and quality f the final results. Air infiltratins frm utside thrugh windws, drs, air ducts..prduce high heat lsses frm buildings. This fact cause high increases in the heating demand s it is very imprtant t minimize them. This requires quantifying the air infiltratin in each thermal zne f the building. There are several prven techniques t measure leakage, such as blwer dr test r tracer gas measurements. Usually, fr accuracy purpses, the chsen tracer gas must nt be present in atmsphere, and heavy measurement devices. Hwever, ther cmmn gases, such as CO 2, can als be used as shwn in [11]. One f the cling passive strategies that can be implemented in histric buildings is the ventilatin. There are tw ways t d it: naturally, using the pressure differences inside ne rm, r mechanically, frcing the air mvement. But in bth cases, air flws must be cntrlled t avid an increase f the indr thermal discmfrt. Within the TRNSYS envirnment there are tw tls t mdel air rates: TRNSFLOW [12], attached internally t the building type; r COMIS [13], cupled externally t the building type. But when the ventilated strategy has mre cmplex behaviur, it is necessary t use Cmputatinal Fluid Dynamics (CFD) sftware. These prgrams allw t mdel, with very high precisin, specific gemetries that invlve fluid mvements r thermal gradients. This technlgy has been applied t analyse glazed galleries [14], slar chimneys [8] r ventilated facades [15], using its final results as inputs in the building TRNSYS prject Mre cntents n

14 Anther critical element when mdelling the building perfrmance is natural illuminatin. It is very imprtant t mdel crrectly this strategy because it has a duble influence in the energy balances. In ne hand mdify the electrical demands f the building by the crrectin f the artificial lighting lads. On the ther hand mdify the cmfrt sensatin inside the building. When slar radiatin and cnstructive cnditins f the building are knwn, a dynamic prgram can be used t mdel the ray distributin and calculate the annual amunt f daylight available in and arund the building. There many sftware that can be cupled with TRNSYS such as DAYSIM [16]. As a resume, climatic cnditins, gemetric definitin, air mvements, cnstructinal and peratinal features, regulatry restrictins and heritage values are used as input variables and parameters f the building mdel (Image 3). These values define a cmplex matrix that feeds the building simulatin mdel Thermal and electrical systems Image 3: Structure f the building TRNSYS prject Using the energy prfiles f histric building lads, the cnditining systems must be designed withut interfering with the peratinal cnditins r the mandatry restrictins. Initially renewable energy systems are used t supply the cnditining lads f the building. The use f these systems in histric huses has sme restrictins: aesthetics, heritage values, space..that cmplicate its installatin. The first step t cnsider is the integratin f these systems in the structure f the building. Slar thermal cllectrs r phtvltaic panels are integrated int the walls, rfs r shading devices. Wind small turbines (hrizntal r vertical) are integrated in the building structure. The analysis f the slar and wind ptential as well as the restrictins f the available area determines whether it is necessary t use ther renewable systems such as bimass bilers. If is nt pssible t supply the energy cnsumptin by renewable systems, tw ptins are available: cnventinal systems r distributed plygeneratin system. Bth ptins can be mdel with the TRNSYS prgram. Mre cntents n

15 In additin t the standard library f TRNSYS, there are tw libraries specialized in systems: TESS and STEC. New systems can be included in the final simulatin prject by: cnnectin t external prgrams r by creating new mdels within the TRNSYS envirnment. In this line, absrptin chillers [17], radiant panels [18] have been mdelled t characterize specific cnditining systems. A cmplete mdel f distributed plygeneratin in TRNSYS is dne by cnnecting the different subsystems f the netwrk: heat and cld systems, strage elements, bimass bilers, absrptin chillers, phtvltaic panels, slar cllectrs, wind turbines, cgeneratin systems The specific characteristics and the perfrmance curves fr each subsystem have been used as input values, as well as the energy prfiles f the buildings. Climatic data has been used as bundary cnditins. The glbal plygeneratin prject has been created with all the mdels f each subsystem that belngs t the netwrk. All f them are cnnected in different clsed lps, which represent ne specific circuit f the whle system. The crrect peratin f these circuits is regulated by pumps, valves and cntrllers. Building lads, climatic cnditins, efficiency curves, regulatry and space restrictins are characterized as input variables and parameters f the cnditining TRNSYS mdels (Image 4). These values defined a cmplex matrix that feeds the thermal and electrical cnditining mdels SIMULATION RESULTS Image 4: Slar district heating and cling mdelled in TRNSYS Glbal mdels f buildings allw analyzing its energy perfrmance cnsidering the cnstructive part, the heritage values, the passive strategies implemented and the systems f heat, cld and electricity. An effective use f these tls needs t fix the main bjectives at the beginning f the simulatin prcess t achieve precise results at the end. One f the analyses that can be btained frm these simulatin prcesses is the energy perfrmance f the building. In a first step, the initial mdel f the building shuld be intrduced in the simulatin sftware t evaluate its energy lads. Secndly all passive mdificatins are Mre cntents n

16 evaluated thrugh simulatin batteries, btaining the energy fluctuatins prduced by these perturbatins f the basic mdel. Finally the pwer cnditining systems are cupled t the building lads t supply all the energy demanded. The dimensins f these systems are ptimized in terms f the bjectives set at the beginning. The final results are the energy demands and the percentage distributin f these values in the cnditining systems [6]. The mdeling f the huse zne by zne als allws analyzing the energy balances btained in each area. The relatinship between thermal cmfrt and energy cnsumptin is ne f the mst imprtant aspects in the refurbishment f buildings [19], s indr cmfrt assessment is anther study that can be dne with this sftware. Thermal sensatin is the result f the energetic balance between the human bdy and the envirnment. These heat and mass exchanges can be evaluated thrugh a theretical mdel f the building, which allw analyzing the hurly prfile f the thermal sensatin in all the areas specified befre. Anther study that can be dne with these tls is sensitivity analyzes. These assessments quantify the energy perfrmance f the system t variatins f parameters r input variables [20]. Parametric runs were executed varying nly ne f these values while the rest remain cnstant. The bjective f the assessment sets the utput f the simulatins, which is defined as a cst functin f the parametric runs. The aim f the ptimizatin prcess is t find a set f slutins that minimize the final energy cnsumptin f the building. T d it, batteries f simulatins have been carried ut t evaluate the mdel respnse t fluctuatins f defined variables. This phase extents until the ptimal slutin is btained. This slutin cmbines all the initial requirements f the prject at a reasnable cst and with the minimum greenhuse gases emissins. S the utput f this iterative prcess is the ptimal mdel f the refurbishment building cnsidering all its peculiarities. Depending n the cmputatinal capacity, the variables available and the level f difficulty expected, uni-bjective r multi-bjective [21] assessments can be dne. Experimental data are needed t validate and calibrate the simulatin mdel f the building [22]. This prcedure allws minimizing the differences between the theretical and real energy prfiles, and enables t predict the future behavir f the building with mre accuracy CONCLUSIONS A dynamic methdlgy f analysis fr histric buildings has been carried ut t reduce their energy cnsumptin while maintained the cmfrt sensatin inside. This prcedure shuld cnsider different aspects f the buildings such as climate, use f the building, heritage values, architectnical design, envelpes, thermal cnditining systems and electrical systems. Renewable energies shuld be used t supply the energy demands individually in the building r thrugh a plygeneratin netwrk fr a district. The infrmatin btained in the building and its systems are used as parameters and inputs f a cmplex matrix that characterize its glbal perfrmance. This matrix is mdeled in a simulatin envirnment t evaluate energy balances and patterns, indr cmfrt sensatin, energy quantificatin t external variatins and energy ptimizatin f the system. 8. REFERENCES [1]. Zarzalej, L.F., Téllez, F.M., Palm, E., Heras, M.R. (1995). Creatin f Typical Meterlgical Years (TMY) fr Suthern Spanish Cities. Internatinal Sympsium f Passive Cling f Buildings. Atenas. [2]. Givni, B. (1994). Passive and lw energy cling f buildings (3rd ed.). New Yrk: Jhn Wily & Sns. Mre cntents n

17 [3]. Transient Systems Simulatin Prgram (TRNSYS). Authr: SEL, TRANSSOLAR, CSTB, TESS. Retrieved frm [4]. Jiménez, M.J., Madsen, H. (2008). Mdels fr describing the thermal characteristics f building cmpnents. Building and Envirnment 43, [5]. Enriquez, R., Jiménez, M.J. Heras, M.R. (2008). Identificatin f a change in the thermal dynamics f a wall. 27 th Air Infiltratin and Ventilatin Center (AIVC). Kyt, Japan. [6]. Sutull, S., Enriquez, R., Sanjuan, C., Ferrer, J.A., Heras, M.R. (2010). Energy balances f fur ffice buildings in different lcatins in Spain. VI Internatinal Building Perfrmance Simulatin Assciatin f Canada (ESIM). Winnipeg, Canada. [7]. Sutull, S., Ferrer, J.A., Heras, M.R. (2010). Análisis de las Técnicas Evaprativas empleadas en ds edificis de ficinas ubicads en znas cn climatlgía seca. I Cngres de Arquitectura y Fri Slar (ARFRISOL). Rquetas del Mar, Almería. [8]. Martí-Herrer, J., Heras-Celemín, M.R. (2007). Dynamic physical mdel fr a slar chimney. Slar Energy 81 (5), [9]. Bahadri, M.N. (1994). Viability f wind twers in achieving summer cmfrt in the ht arid regins f the Middle East. Renewable Energy 5 (2), [10]. Kuznik, F., Virgne, J., & Jhannes, K. (2010). Develpment and validatin f a new TRNSYS type fr the simulatin f external building walls cntaining PCM. Energy and Buildings 42 (7), [11]. Enríquez, R., Rdríguez, I., Rdríguez, A., Sec, O., Jímenez, M.J., Heras, M.R. (2010). Estimación experimental puntual de las infiltracines mediante atmósferas dpadas de CO 2 en el PSE-ARFRISOL. Diseñ experimental y estad actual. I Cngres de Arquitectura y Fri Slar (ARFRISOL). Rquetas del Mar, Almería. [12]. Airflw Simulatin in Buildings (TRNflw). Authr: TRANSSOLAR. Retrieved frm [13]. Cnjunctin f Multizne infiltratin Specialist (COMIS). Authr: Lawrence Berkeley Natinal Labratry (LBNL). Retrieved frm [14]. Suárez, M.J., Gutiérrez, A.J., Pistn, J., Blanc, E. (2011). CFD analysis f heat cllectin in a glazed gallery. Energy and Buildings 43 (1), [15]. Sanjuan, C., Suárez, M.J., Gnzález, M., Pistn, J., Blanc, E. (2011). Energy perfrmance f an pen-jint ventilated façade cmpared with a cnventinal sealed cavity façade. Slar Energy 85 (9), [16]. Advanced Daylight Simulatin Sftware (DAYSIM). Authr: Natinal Research Cuncil Canada. Retrieved frm [17]. Sutull, S., Sanjuan, C., Heras, M.R. (2011). Cmparative study f internal and external absrptin cling system. Renewable Energy 36 (5), [18]. Sanjuan, C., Sutull, S., Martí, J., Enriquez, R., Paler, S. Ferrer, J.A., Heras, M.R. (2006). Mdelización teórica de sistemas de refrigeración radiativa ncturna en edificis. XIII Cngres Ibéric y VIII Cngres Iber-American de Energía Slar (CIES). Lisba, Prtugal. [19]. Giancla, E., Sutull, S., Olmed, R., Heras, M.R. (2014). Evaluating rehabilitatin f the scial husing envelpe: Experimental assessment f thermal indr imprvements during actual perating cnditins in dry ht climate, a case f study. Energy and Buildings 75, [20]. Sutull, S., Sanjuan, C., Heras, M.R. (2012). Energy perfrmance evaluatin f an evaprative wind twer. Slar Energy 86 (5), Mre cntents n

18 [21]. Asadi, E., Gameir da Silva, M., Henggeler Antunes, C., Dias, L. (2012). A multi-bjective ptimizatin mdel fr building retrfit strategies using TRNSYS simulatins, GenOpt and MATLAB. Building and Envirnment 56, [22]. Enriquez, R., Jiménez, M.J., Heras, M.R. (2012). Analysis f a Slar Office Building at the Suth f Spain thrugh simulatin mdel calibratin. Energy Prcedia 30, Mre cntents n

19 Mre cntents n