Anatomical Posi9on 1 The Human Body: An Orienta9on: Part B Standard anatomical body posi9on: Body erect Feet slightly Palms facing Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Thoracic Axillary Mammary Sternal Abdominal Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital) (a) Anterior/Ventral Antecubital Carpal (wrist) Palmar Pollex Coxal (hip) Patellar Crural (leg) Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Hallux Figure 1.7a Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Table 1.1 1
Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Regional Terms Two major divisions of body: Head, neck, and trunk Limbs Regional terms designate specific areas Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Thoracic Axillary Mammary Sternal Abdominal Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital) (a) Anterior/Ventral Antecubital Carpal (wrist) Palmar Pollex Coxal (hip) Patellar Crural (leg) Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Hallux Figure 1.7a Olecranal Metacarpal Popliteal Sural (calf) Calcaneal Plantar (b) Posterior/Dorsal Otic Occipital (back of head) Back (dorsal) Scapular Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) : Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study Figure 1.7b 2
plane Divides body ver9cally into right and leo parts Produces a sagipal sec9on (median) plane Lies on midline plane Not on midline (coronal) plane Divides body ver9cally into anterior and posterior parts (horizontal) plane Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts Produces a cross sec9on sec9on Cuts made diagonally Frontal plane Anatomical Variability (a) Frontal section (through torso) Median (midsagittal) plane Transverse plane (b) Transverse section (c) Median section (through torso, (midsagittal) inferior view) Pancreas Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descrip9ons, but: Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place Small muscles may be missing Aorta Spleen Left and Liver Heart Spleen right lungs Stomach Arm Liver Spinal cord Subcutaneous fat layer Body wall Rectum Intestines column Figure 1.8 Body Cavi9es Protects nervous system Two subdivisions: Encases brain Encases spinal cord Body Cavi9es Houses internal organs (viscera) Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm): Thoracic Abdominopelvic 3
Dorsal body Ventral body brain) Superior Dorsal Thoracic mediastinum body Pleural heart and Pericardial lungs) within the mediastinum Ventral body Abdominal (thoracic and spinal Abdomino- digestive abdominopelvic cord) pelvic viscera) cavities) Pelvic urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view Ventral Body Cavi9es subdivisions: Two pleural cavi9es Each houses a lung Medias9num Contains pericardial Surrounds thoracic organs Pericardial Encloses heart Figure 1.9a-b Ventral Body Cavi9es subdivisions: Abdominal Contains stomach, intes9nes, spleen, and liver Pelvic Contains urinary bladder, reproduc9ve organs, and rectum Dorsal body Ventral body brain) Superior Dorsal Thoracic mediastinum body Pleural heart and Pericardial lungs) within the mediastinum Ventral body Abdominal (thoracic and spinal Abdomino- digestive abdominopelvic cord) pelvic viscera) cavities) Pelvic urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view Figure 1.9a-b Serous Membrane (Serosa) Thin, double- layered membrane separated by fluid Parietal serosa lines internal body walls Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Heart Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous ) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium (b) The serosae associated with the heart. Figure 1.10a-b 4
Abdominopelvic Regions divisions used primarily by anatomists Right upper (RUQ) Left upper (LUQ) Right lower (RLQ) Left lower (LLQ) Figure 1.11 Abdominopelvic Quadrants Divisions used primarily by medical personnel Right Left Epigastric hypochondriac hypochondriac Liver Gallbladder Stomach Right lumbar Right iliac Hypogastric Left lumbar Left iliac Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum Transverse colon of large intestine Descending colon of large intestine Initial part of (inguinal) (pubic) (inguinal) Appendix sigmoid colon Urinary bladder (a) Nine s delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine s showing the superficial organs Figure 1.12 Other Body Cavi9es Oral and cavi9es cavi9es cavi9es cavi9es 5