2013 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Sample Tournament Station A: Use the diagram in answering Questions 1-5. 1. Give the name and functions of the structure labeled A on the diagram. 2. Give the name and functions of the structure labeled B on the diagram. 3. Give the name and functions of the structure labeled C on the diagram. 4. Give the name and functions of the structure labeled D on the diagram. 5. Give the name and functions of the structure labeled E on the diagram. 1
Station B: Give the function for the following of the structures: 6. Medulla oblongata 7. Reticular formation 8. Cerebellum 9. Cerebrum 10. Thalamus 2
Station C: 11. 13. Explain the mechanism by which a nerve impulse travels along a nerve cell. Use the diagrams if it will help you with your explanation. 14-15. Explain the process being demonstrated by the diagram. 3
Station D: Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Theta Brain Waves For questions 16 19, Identify the above resting wave forms from top to bottom. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Which of these wave forms tend to be present posteriorly more than anteriorly and are especially prominent with closed eyes and with relaxation? 4
Station E: 21. Give the name and function of the part indicated by the letter F. 22. Give the name and function of the part indicated by the letter C. 23. Give the name and function of the part indicated by the letter A. 24. Give the name and function of the part indicated by the letter D 25. Give the name and function of the part indicated by the letter H 5
Station F: 26. How many teeth does this adult have? 27. Many individuals have their wisdom teeth pulled. Which letter represents these teeth? 28. What are the glands labeled G and what is their function? 29. Give the letter from the diagram for the canine teeth. How are they modified in carnivores? 30. Give the name and function of structure F 6
Station G: Examine the Data on Digestion of a Meal and answer the following questions. A person ate dinnerat 6 PM on Monday and the progress of the food through the digestive system was recorded. 31. How many hours was the food from this meal in the digestive system? 32. How many hours was the food in the stomach? What percent of the total time was spent in the stomach? 33. Where does most of the digestion of food take place? What percent of the total time was spent in this part of the digestive system? 34. In what two parts of the digestive system does the food spend the least amount of time? About how many minutes are spent in these two regions combined? 35. In what region of the digestive system is digestion aided by bacteria for additional extraction and absorption of nutrients, salts, and water? What percent of the total time is spent in this region? 7
Station H: 36. What three areas of the alimentary canal are involved in mechanical digestion? 37. What process involving muscle contraction allows the food to be moved through the digestive system? 38. What two organs do most of the chemical digestion of food? 39. Where does most of the absorption of nutrients take place? 40. Where does most of the water absorption of water and formation of feces take place? 8
Station I: Give the effects of the following drugs on the nervous system 41. Alcohol 42. Caffeine 43. Nicotine Describe the two types of fiber and explain their role in digestion. 44. 45. 9
Station J: 46. Give the name and function of the structure labeled D. 47. Give the name and function of the structure labeled C. 48. Give the name and function of the structure labeled B. 49. Give the name and function of the structure labeled A. 50. In which of the structures (A, B, C, D) in the above diagram are nephrons located? What are the three main jobs of the nephron? 10
Station K: For questions 51-54, use the diagram above 51. Using the diagram, explain what happens during the Filtration phase. 52. Using the diagram, explain what happens during the Reabsorption phase. 53. Using the diagram, explain what happens during the Secretion phase. 54. Which substances stayed in the blood? 55. The normal GFR rate is 125 ml/min, what would the normal rate be per hour expressed as liters/hour 11
Station L: For each of the following conditions, explain the cause and symptoms. 56. Parkinson s Disease 57. Epilepsy 58. Lactose Intolerance 59. Stomach Ulcer 60. UTI 12
Practice Exercise: Develop Stations which collect data, interpret actual experimental data, and/or address questions related to the function of the skeletal and muscular systems in health and disease. Formulate questions and answers related to these stations. 13
2013 Anatomy & Physiology (C) - Sample Tournament Answer Key Station A: 1. Receptor - reacts to a stimulus 2. Sensory Neuron (Afferent Neuron) - conducts impulses to the CNS 3. Interneuron (Association Neuron) - consists of one or more synapses in the CNS (most are in the spine) 4. Motor Neuron (Efferent Neuron) - conducts impulses from CNS to effector. 5. Effector - - muscle fibers or glands, responds by contracting or secreting a product. Station B: 6. -7. Sodium pump explained Neurons have a charge difference from the extracellular fluid surrounding them and this difference is termed a potential. The nerve impulse uses sodium and potassium ions to change potential forming an impulse or action potential by depolarization and repolarization and is termed its ACTION POTENTIAL Na +- K + pump - Mechanism for nerve impulse movement o The cell membrane of the neuron has thousands of tiny molecules called gates which allow sodium or potassium ions to pass through o Generally the gates are closed when the neuron is at rest o A nerve impulse begins when an impulse disturbs the cell membrane enough to OPEN the Sodium Gates. o The opening of the sodium gates allows sodium ions to MOVE INTO the neuron causing the inside to become more Positive than the outside with is called depolarized o As the impulse passes, the Potassium Gates OPEN allowing potassium ions to FLOW OUT so the inside resumes a negative charge and is termed repolarized. o After a nerve impulse there is a short period when the neuron cannot transmit an impulse while it returns to normal the Refractory Period when the sodium-potassium pumps returns sodium ions to the outside and potassium ions back to the inside returning the neuron to its RESTING POTENTIAL 8. -10. Neurotransmitters stimulant and inhibitory o When the impulse reaches the Axon Terminal, dozens of vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and discharge the neurotransmitter into the Synaptic Cleft or Space o When the neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse and binds with the receptor on the dendrite of the next nerve cells, the new impulse is started in the dendrite o After the neurotransmitter relays it message, it is rapidly removed or destroyed. Station C: 11. Medulla oblongata vital reflexes as heart beat, respiration 12. Reticular formation sets priorities 13. Cerebrum conscious activities 14. Thalamus brain s switchboard 15. muscle coordination, muscle tone, balance Station D: 16. Delta waves 17. Theta waves 18. Alpha waves 19. Beta waves 20. Alpha waves 14
Station E: 21. Anus expels undigested waste (muscles control removal & prevent leakage) 22. Stomach high ph protein digestion begins food is reduced to liquid 23. Mouth chewing food into a ball start starch digestion 24. Small intestine most of enzymatic digestion and absorption of nutrients 25. Large intestine bacterial help to finish digestion and reabsorb water. Station F: 26. 32 teeth 27. E (wisdom teeth) 28. Salivary gland produces saliva as lubricant, antiseptic, and begins starch digestion 29. B canine are long and pointed in carnivores 30. tongue manipulates food into ball for swallowing and helps with speech Station G: 31. 20 hours 32. about 4 hours 33. small intestine about 58% (50 60 %) 34. Mouth and esophagus about 15 min or ¼ hour 35. Large Intestine about 14 % ( 10-15%) Station H: 36. mouth, stomach, and small intestine 37. peristalsis 38. stomach and small intestine 39. small intestine 40. large intestine Station I: 41. Alcohol - central nervous system depressant cell membranes are highly permeable to alcohol so once in the bloodstream it can diffuse into almost all body tissues. It is absorbed in the stomach so it gets into the blood stream quickly and slows down function of the nervous system 42. Caffeine -- acts as a central nervous system stimulant - caffeine suppresses melatonin for up to 10 hours and also promotes adrenalin. Melatonin is strongly associated with quality sleep, while adrenalin is the neurotransmitter associated with alertness 43. Nicotine - - small doses of nicotine have a stimulating action on the central nervous system it is highly addictive nicotine's effects on the brain cause an increased release of neurotransmitters associated with pleasure. The brain quickly adjusts to repeated nicotine consumption by decreasing the amount of neurotransmitters released. The effect of this increased tolerance is that the smoker must continue to use nicotine in order to avoid the feelings of discomfort associated with withdrawal from the drug. Irritability and anxiety often ensue during nicotine withdrawal 15
44.-45. Role of Fiber There are two types insoluble fiber and soluble fiber Insoluble fiber is a type of fiber which cannot be dissolved in water Insoluble fiber draws water to the intestine, increasing the bulk and softness of waste products Soluble fiber which can be dissolved in water Soluble fiber can be digested slowly and it slows the digestive process and keeps the stomach fuller longer leaving the body feeling full for a longer period of time Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates are slower so that glucose (sugar) in food enters the bloodstream more slowly, which keeps blood sugar on a more even level The slow absorption of sugar gives the body an opportunity to regulate blood sugar levels Station J: 46. Urethra releases urine from the body 47. Bladder stores urine 48. Ureter carries urine to the urinary bladder from kidney 49. Kidney filters blood and forms urine- receives 20-25 % of arterial blood 50. A. 1. filtration 2. reabsorption 3. secretion Station K: 51. filtration fluid pressure forces water and dissolved substances out of blood 52. reabsorption returns useful items as blood cells, plasma protein, glucose, amino acids, some salts and some water to the blood Some urea and other salts are also reabsorbed 53. secretion involves active transport - removes residues from toxins drugs, more urea and uric acid into urine, excess potassium ions, and regulates ph of blood 54. Blood cells and Blood Plasma Proteins 55. 7.5 liters/hour Station L: 56. Parkinson s Disease - nervous disorder caused by deficiency of dopamine medications to increase levels of dopamine 57. Epilepsy brain disorders that cause seizures antiseizure medications help 58. Lactose Intolerance - - the inability to digest and metabolize lactose, a sugar found in milk caused by a lack of the enzyme lactase in the digestive system 59. Stomach Ulcer - open sores or lesions found in the stomach - most ulcers (90 percent of duodenal ulcers) develop as a result of infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). 60. UTI urinary tract infections can be in kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra 16