How To Calculate The Global Surface Temperature

Transcription

1 New Products and Services in 2015 Dr. A. Senthil Kumar Group Director Geophysical & Special Products NRSC (ISRO) 1

2 New Products & Services in Free Downloads in NICES Land Science Products Ocean Science Products Cryo-Science Products Atmospheric Science Products Data Visualization Spot your satellite India Now Fly-throughs over Antarctica Fly-throughs over Hi-rise Cities Data for Enhanced Utilization Carto DEM. ver.2.0 Super site Updated Mission Details

3 New Services (free downloadable) Land surface Products Water bodies fraction :AWIFS/OCM (1 km/360m; 15/2 days) Himalayan Glacier Lakes and waterbodies (1:250K; monthly) Filtered Albedo (BB; VIS) from OCM (res:1 km; fortnightly) Filtered NDVI /VF from OCM (res:1 km; fortnightly) Global NDVI from GAC OCM (res: 9 km; monthly) USGS LU/LC data (30 Sec) with Indian region replaced by IRS P6 AWiFS based LU/LC data Surface Soil Moisture (AMSR-2; res: 25 km; July 12 to Dec 14) Oceanic Products Cryospheric Products Atmospheric Products Total Ocean Heat depths; res: 0.25 ) Chlorophyll (OC2/OC4) IO(1km); global (4km); Nov.12-Sept. 14) Global winds (global OSCAT; res: 50km; Jan. 10-Dec. 13) Global Currents (OSCAT+ Altika; res:0.25 ; 2013; daily) Global Pressure (OSCAT; 2day/weekly/monthly; Jan 10-Feb. 14) Antarctic Sea Ice Motion Map (RISAT-1 CRS; res:5 km;8 scenes) Snow melt /freeze in Antarctic Shelves (OSCAT; res: km) Himalayan Snow Cover Area (AWIFS ; res: 3 min; monthly) Snow Albedo (BB:VIS) from AWIFS (250m; 4 cycles/m; Oct. 14) Tropospheric Ozone (Aura/OMI & MLS)

4 Land Science Products List Products Type Sensor Resolution Filtered NDVI OCM 1 km; fortnightly Filtered Veget. Fraction OCM 1 km; fortnightly Albedo (BB; VIS) -snowfree OCM 1 km; fortnightly Global NDVI OCM 9 km; monthly Full India NDVI AWIFS 250 m; monthly Full India VF AWIFS 250m; monthly Full India Snow Albedo AWIFS 250 m; 4 cycles Water bodies fraction USGS LU/LC data over Indian region AWIFS OCM AWiFS 1 km; 15 composite 360m; 2 days 30 sec Surface Soil Moisture AMSR-2 25 km; 2 days 4

5 Fortnightly NDVI Products from OCM2 1km Introduction: NDVI is the basic index for measuring the 'greenness' of the earth's surface. It is computed as the normalized difference between red and NIR channel reflectances. Knowledge of vegetation coverage and health has numerous applications to land management, including large-scale monitoring of croplands, forest health, and the impact of droughts. Changes in NDVI can be indicative of seasonal variations in vegetation. NDVI can also be used to identify the extent of burn scars resulting from forest/grass fires. Besides the operational NDVI/VF Products, a special processing based on modified FASIR ( Fourier adjusted + Spline fit) method to estimate the pixels contaminated by cloud in NDVI time series was also used for the modeling. Data Used: The two-day Repeativity with a wide swath of 1420 km and high radiometric resolution of 12 bits per pixel from the OCM sensor can provide useful information for agricultural applications. All 15 day images over Indian Terrain of OCM2 data from Oceansat- 2 satellite have been processed and used for the estimation of Fortnight product of NDVI at 1km spatial resolution Methodology: NDVI products from Jan-2012 to Nov-2014 are available on Bhuvan website OCM NDVI Accuracy with MODIS Correlation between Original and Filtered NDVI Geo-Physical and Special Products Group /SDAPSA/NRSC

6 Fortnightly Vegetation Fraction Products from OCM-2 1km Introduction: Vegetation fraction (VF) is defined as the percentage or fraction of occupation of vegetation canopy in a given ground area in vertical projection. The vegetation fraction is defined as area ratio of vegetation and the defined area, such as a pixel. It is an input parameter to scale the vegetation cover on the ground for soil loss equation It is popularly treated as a comprehensive quantitative index in forest management and vegetation communities to monitor respective land cover conditions Data Used: All 15 day images over Indian Terrain of OCM2 data from Oceansat-2 satellite have been processed and used for the estimation of Fortnight product of VF at 1km spatial resolution Methodology: VF products from Apr-2013 to Nov-2014 are available on Bhuvan website Geo-Physical and Special Products Group /SDAPSA/NRSC

7 Fortnightly Broadband, Visible Albedo Products from OCM2 1km Introduction: Surface albedo is the ratio of upwelling radiant energy relative to the downwelling irradiance incident upon a surface. Albedo is a key parameter that is widely used in land- surface energy balance studies,mid- to long-term weather prediction and global climate change investigation. The most relevant albedo quantity for applications related to the energy budget refers to the total short-wave broad-band interval comprising the visible and near infrared wavelength ranges where the solar down-welling radiation dominates. There are two land surface albedo products, namely broad band (0.3-3 μm) albedo and visible albedo ( μm) Methodology: Data Used: All 15 day images over Indian Terrain of OCM2 data from Oceansat-2 satellite have been processed and used for the estimation of Fortnight product of VF at 1km spatial resolution Products from 2013 are available on Bhuvan website Geo-Physical and Special Products Group /SDAPSA/NRSC

8 Generation of Broadband, Visible Albedo from OCM2 Geo-Physical and Special Products Group /SDAPSA/NRSC

9 Introduction: Monthly Global NDVI Products from OCM2 9km Data Used: NDVI is the basic index for measuring the Greenness' of the earth's surface. It is computed as the normalized difference between red and NIR channel reflectances. Continuous, spatial and temporal comparisons of global vegetation conditions which can be used to monitor the Earth s terrestrial photosynthetic vegetation activity in support of phenologic, change detection, and biophysical interpretations Global NDVI is a key input to general circulation models, which is important for predicting the rate and impact of climate change. The eight day repeativity in GAC mode covering entire globe with a wide swath of 1420 km and high radiometric resolution of 12 bits per pixel from the OCM sensor can provide useful information for various applications. All GAC images from 70 0 North to 70 0 East from OCM2 data have been processed and used for the estimation of monthly NDVI at 9 km spatial resolution Methodology: Besides the operational NDVI/VF Products, a special processing based on modified FASIR ( Fourier adjusted + Spline fit) method to estimate the pixels contaminated by cloud in NDVI time series was also used for the modeling. Global NDVI products from 2013 to 2014 are available on Bhuvan website Geo-Physical and Special Products Group /SDAPSA/NRSC

10 Introduction: Alternate Day Surface Water Layer Products from Methodology: Accurately extracting the spread of rivers, lakes and other inland water bodies from remotely sensed imagery is critically important for evaluation and regular monitoring of water resources, flood prediction, GIS database updation, long-term climate model analysis. The spectral absorption characteristic of water in the visible and NIR bands together with the normalized indices such as NDVI, NDWI are used for extraction of water features from OCM imagery. As OCM has temporal resolution of two days, water layer map for the entire country is being generated every alternate day. Surface Water Layer for Nov 2014 Products are available on Bhuvan website Surface Water Layer : Sreesailam Reservoir for 2013 Surface Water Layer : Sreesailam Reservoir for 2014 Geo-Physical and Special Products Group /SDAPSA/NRSC

11 NDVI 250m) generation using RS-2 AWIFS orthorectified Data Introduction: NDVI is generated at 56m spatial resolution by processing RS-2 AWIFS data for 4 cycles in a month, using RPC based orthorectification to achieve registration accuracy upto one pixel. Data Used: RS-2 AWIFS Geoortho kit Data for 4 cycles in amonth. Cycle1-1-5, Cycle2-8-12, Cycle , Cycle Methodology: RS-2 AWIFS Full India NDVI composites Input Ortho Orthoproduct registration Accuracy 95-48D 13/3/ C 14/3/ D C RS-2 AWIFS AP & atelangana NDVI composites Geo-Physical and Special Products Group /SDAPSA/NRSC

12 16-20 Oct Oct 2014 nrsc NDVI of October 2014 (4 cycles) MVC of 1-4 cycles 1-5 Oct Oct 2014 MVC of 1-4 Cycles

13 Generation of Water Fraction from Resourcesat-2 AWiFS Introduction: water pixels are mostly surrounded by vegetation or soil pixels, the spectral signatures of water pixels are affected by contribution from these two major ground cover types. The fraction of water contained in each pixel detected as water is computed These products are extremely useful for monitoring area changes of flood inundation, land cover classification especially in terms soil moisture content. Time series products serve to identify areas vulnerable to drought and there by asses the climatic changes. Data Used: RS2/AWIFS Standard geo-referenced products are used to generate Water Fraction products. Methodology: Geo-Physical and Special Products Group /SDAPSA/NRSC

14 IRS-P6 AWiFS Derived Gridded Land Use/Land Cover Data Compatible to Mesoscale Models (MM5 and WRF) Over Indian Region So far 25 land use/land cover categories of USGS derived global coverage with different resolution data are used to run mesoscale models. IRS P6 AWiFS derived LU/LC data with 56m basic resolution has been scaled to 5,2 minute and 30 second resolutions. Indian region of USGS data is replaced with AWiFS derived data and made compatible to MM5 & WRF models. The resultant product is a global USGS LU/LC data with the Indian region replaced by the 56m resolution AWiFS based LU/LC adopted for mesoscale models, which is more accurate and updated at annual basis for the time period to (9 Cycles). Figure-1 USGS LU/LC data (30 Sec) with the Indian region replaced by IRS P6 AWiFS based LU/LC data Figure-2 IRS P6 AWiFS based LU/LC frequency data in 2 minute resolution Updated gridded products have been provided to SHAR,NCMRWF,NARL,CDAC,SAC and IIRS. MM5 & WRF Model compatible AWiFS data in 30sec,2min and 5 min resolutions are available for Modeler community in India through NRSC/ISRO site ( under Bhuvan/NICES geospatial portal. Atmospheric and Climate Science Group /ECSA/NRSC

15 Surface Soil Moisture Estimation using Passive Microwave Remote Sensing Introduction: Surface soil moisture is an important state variable in land surface hydrology and an important link between the land and the atmosphere. It is the key control on evaporation and transpiration at the land-atmosphere boundary. Since large amounts of energy are required to vaporize water, it also has a significant impact on the surface energy flux. Initialization of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, and seasonal climate models with accurate soil moisture information improves their prediction skill. Data Used: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR-2) multi-channel microwave brightness temperature data from descending passes (Time of Acquisition 0130 IST) has been processed and used in the estimation of surface soil moisture. Methodology: Two day merged soil moisture was retrieved using Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) and Level-3 brightness temperature data (10.65 GHz) witht 25km grid size Surface Soil Moisture product is available on Bhuvan website for July 2012 to Dec 2014 AMSR2 Brightness Temperature(K) at 89 GHz (H) Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) (Owe et al. 2008) Cyclone Phailin (Maurya et al., IEEE GRSL, vol. 12, pg , 2015) Atmospheric and Climate Science Group /ECSA/NRSC BACK

16 Ocean Science Products List Products Type Sensor/ Model Resolution TCHP at 7 depths for IO TMI, Altimeters 0.25 deg; daily Global Chlorophyll-a (OC2) OCM 4km; weekly, monthly Global Chlorophyll-a (OC4) OCM 4km; weekly, monthly Global winds OSCAT + Altika 0.25 deg; daily Global Currents OSCAT + Altika 0.25 deg; daily Global Pressure OSCAT+UWPBM 50km ; 2 day-repeat 16

17 Ocean Heat Content (OHC) &Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential(TCHP) 7 Depths Introduction: Ocean Heat Content (OHC) is an important climatic parameter required for atmospheric and oceanic studies like cyclone and monsoon predictions and ocean heat transport estimations. OHC 700 is obtained by summing the heat content of the ocean column from the sea surface to a depth of 700m. TCHP is the integrated heat content from surface to the depth of 26 o C isotherm. Data Used: (a) sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) from the available altimeters, (b) sea surface temperature (SST) from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) (c) the climatological values of OHC. Methodology: OHC, OMT and TCHP values are estimated on a daily basis from 1998 to present with a delay of 3 days using artificial neural network techniques. The estimated values are validated with independent data set and are found to be significantly correlated with the observed values. These products are made freely available and downloadable at Products will be available on Bhuvan website Ocean Science Products Geo-Physical and Special Products Group /SDAPSA/NRSC

18 Ocean Science Products OCM-2 Global chlorophyll_a & Diffusive attenuation coefficient (Kd 490) Products NRSC s IMGEOS((Integrated Multi mission Ground Segment for Earth Observation Satellites) supports the acquisition, processing, calibration, validation, archive and distribution of earth observation satellite data products from a number of missions. It facilitates Oceansat-2 data acquisition, level-0 processing, level-1 Data processing(dpgs), Information Product Generation(IPGS) including the dissemination of products to BHUVAN/NICES portals through secure data exchange gateways(deg). The customized version of SeaDAS (SeaWiFS Data Analysis System) software was integrated as a plug-in processor in IMGEOS automated processing chain. Data availability Global weekly and monthly Chlorophyll_A (OC2/OC4). Kd-490 vertical diffusive attenuation coefficient Coverage : Global: 4.00 kms spatial Temporal : at weekly and monthly. Period : 2013 and 2014.

19 Ocean Science Products Global monthly Chlrophyll _a (OC2) Coverage : Global: 4.00 kms spatial Temporal : at weekly and monthly. Period : 2013 and OCM2 CHL-OC2-4KM Apr-2013

20 Ocean Science Products Global monthly Chlrophyll _a (OC4) Coverage : Global: 4.00 kms spatial Temporal : at weekly and monthly. Period : 2013 and OCM2 CHL-OC4-4KM Apr-2013

21 Ocean Science Products Global Pressure field from OSCAT Coverage : Global Spatial : 50 km Temporal : 2 day, weekly and monthly Period : Jan till Feb 2014 mb

22 Ocean Science Products Global Currents (OSCAT & SARAL- AltiKa) Coverage :Global Period : 2013 Spatial: 0.25x 0.25 degree Temporal : daily (Moving 15 day average)

23 Ocean Science Products Global OSCAT wind field Coverage : Global Spatial : 50.00km Temporal : 2 day, weekly and monthly Period : Jan till Feb BACK

24 Cryo-Science Products Monitoring of Snow Melt /Freeze in Indian Himalayas Study area: Indian Himalayas Data used: OSCAT at 2.25 km Output grid size: 2.25km 2009 December to 2013 December - Alternate day products OSCAT 31 January, 2013 Temperature σ 0 profile for AWS stations Snow melt/freeze status for January 2013 Atmospheric and Climate Science Group /ECSA/NRSC

25 Cyclewise(5days) Snow Albedo Products from Resourcesat-2 250m Introduction: The albedo of snow is defined as the ratio of reflected to incident solar energy and is a function of sun angle, atmospheric parameters and cloudiness, and the size, shape, density and impurity contaminations of the snow crystals. Broad band Snow albedo is an important geophysical parameter for studies related to weather, climate, and hydrometeorology.\ Snow has the highest albedo in nature and hence has a significant influence on surface energy budget and on Earth s radiative balance. Data Used: RS2/AWIFS Standard geo-referenced products are used to generate broadband snow albedo products. The products were generated after topographic correction to overcome the problems of differential illumination in rugged terrains like that of Himalayas. The narrow to broadband conversion coefficients which required for the estimation of albedos were simulated using 6S RT code. Methodology: Snow Albedo image of Sep-2014 Cryo-Science Products Geo-Physical and Special Products Group /SDAPSA/NRSC

26 RISAT-1/CRS Sea Ice Motion 5km Introduction: Polar sea ice plays an important role in the climate system which is, however, not well elucidated due to difficulties in obtaining regular information about the state of the sea ice cover Of all quantities describing the state of an oceanic ice cover, the vector of sea ice motion is of special importance, since it couples the vertical momentum fluxes in the lower atmosphere and in the upper ocean, causes opening and closing of the ice cover, which affects heat exchange, and transports the ice from the areas of freezing to those of melting and, thus, influences the thermohaline structure of the ocean as well as the convection by changing the density of water. Knowledge of small scale behavior is important, e. g. for understanding deformation processes and for improving coupled sea-ice-ocean models. Data Used: RISAT-1 SAR CRS data at 36m spatial resolution over Antarctica was used to generate Sea Ice Displacement products at 5km polar stereographic grid. Methodology: Cryo-Science Products Geo-Physical and Special Products Group /SDAPSA/NRSC BACK

27 Tropospheric Ozone from Aura/OMI & MLS satellite data (b ) (c ) Figure 1. Tropospheric ozone during January 1 st 2013 using a) Nearest neighbourhood, b) Rectangular and c) Kriging interpolation techniques Station ( ) N Satellite N In-situ μ±1σ (DU) N' (flag) R 2 Bias (DU) RMSD SI Vietnam (21.2N, 105.8E) ± Kuala Lumpur (2.7N, 101.7E) Atmospheric & Climate Sciences Group, ECSA, NRSC ± Validation of TO against Ozonesonde BACK

28 Cartosat-1 Digital Elevation Model (V.2.0) 28

29 DEM Over Nosar, Rajasthan CDEM Ver. 2 CDEM Ver. 1 Mosaic Issue BACK

30 Spot your Satellite A Visualization Tool BACK

31 IRS Path Visualizer and Data Ordering Currently, it supports: Resourcesat-1/2 (LISS-3) Cartosat-1 ; Oceansat-2 OCM BACK

32 Super Site A Super-Site is a particular geographical area that contains all the space based inputs from different sources were available for download. Pre-developed model outputs of various applications are also available for download. The Super-Site data will be useful for researchers and modelers to develop new algorithms & models and its validation. Site is also used for long term monitoring and cross comparison of sensors. Site can be accessed/downloaded from NRSC web site. Corner co-ordinates: Top left : Lat,Long : 13.70, Bottom Right(Lat,Long) : 13.35, Area : 21min x 21 min ( ~38.5Km x 38.5Km)

33 Associated Layers Orthorectified Satellite data Optical 1. OCM 2. AWiFS 3. LISS-1 4. LISS-2 5. LISS-3 6. LISS-4 7. Cartosat-1 8. Cartosat m color 10. 1m color 11. HySi Microwave 1. Risat-1 FRS-1 2. Risat-1 MRS 3. Risat-1 CRS Topographic Information 1. CartoDEM 2. SIS-DP DEM 3. SRTM DEM 90m, 30m 4. ASTER DEM Land Geophysical products 1. Surface reflectance 2. Land surface Temperature & emissivity 3. Thermal Anomiles, Fires & Biomass Burining 4. Leaf Area Index 5. Net photosynthesis and Primary productivity 6. NDVI 7. Vegetation Fraction 8. Albedo 9. Aerosol 10.Total Perceptible Water 11.Cloud product 12.Atmospheric Profiles 13.Gridded Atmospheric Product 14.Cloud Mask Ground Measured data AWS 1. Temperature 2. Wind Speed 3. Wind Direction 4. Pressure 5. Humidity Thematic Maps Soil Map 2. LULC 3. Wasteland 4. Litho Geomorphology 5. Road 6. Drainage 7. Rail 8. Geomorphology 9. Lineament 10. Vegetation type 11. Wells BACK

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37 Introduction: Space borne global sensors cannot acquire an image at high spatial and high temporal resolutions simultaneously due to technological limitations. Similarly our Resourcesat-2 also acquires images with a constrained capabilities to cover the entire globe. Spatiotemporal Image Fusion Creation of synthetic image at 23.5 m spatial and 5-day temporal resolution in 740 km swath Data Used: Resourcesat -2 AWiFS and LISS III sensor images Methodology: = 2x2 LISS III pixel block for the time = 2x2 LISS III pixel block at time = AWiFS pixel at time corresponding to the LISS III pixel block at time = 2x2 weight matrix to derive the spatial information for the time Quantitative results : Spectral and spatial quality is evaluated with root mean squared error (RMSE) and structural similarity index (SSIM), respectively Bands B2 B3 B4 B5 RMSE(reflectance) SSIM Radiometric normalization Before normalization Synthetic LISS III images to cover AWiFS full 740 km swath After normalization Spatiotemporal data fusion approach to predict synthetic LISS III at 23.5 m spatial and 5-days temporal resolution in 740 km swath C.V. Rao, J. Malleswara Rao, A. Senthil Kumar, V. K. Dadhwal. "Fast spatiotemporal data fusion: merging LISS III with AWiFS sensor data. International Journal of Remote Sensing Vol.35, no. 24 (2014):

38 Thank you for your kind attention