Chapter 34 Vertebrates Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is a shared characteristic of all chordates? A) scales B) jaws C) vertebrae

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1 Chapter 34 Vertebrates Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is a shared characteristic of all chordates? A) scales B) jaws C) vertebrae D) dorsal, hollow nerve cord E) four-chambered heart Topic: Concept ) What is one characteristic that separates chordates from all other animals? A) true coelom B) post-anal tail C) blastopore, which becomes the anus D) bilateral symmetry E) segmentation Topic: Concept ) Which of these are characteristics of all chordates during at least a portion of their development? A) a dorsal, hollow nerve cord B) pharyngeal clefts C) post-anal tail D) A and B only E) A, B, and C Topic: Concept ) Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as A) the digestive systemʹs opening. B) suspension-feeding devices. C) components of the jaw. D) gill slits for respiration. E) portions of the inner ear. Topic: Concept ) Which of the following statements would be least acceptable to most zoologists? A) The extant cephalochordates (lancelets) are contemporaries, not ancestors, of vertebrates. B) The first fossils resembling cephalochordates appeared in the fossil record around 550 million years ago. C) Recent work in molecular systematics supports the hypothesis that cephalochordates are the most recent common ancestor of all vertebrates. D) The extant cephalochordates are the immediate ancestors of the fishes. E) Cephalochordates display the same method of swimming as do fishes. Topic: Concept 34.1 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation Page 1

2 6) Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance? A) lancelets B) adult tunicates C) amphibians D) reptiles E) chondrichthyans Topic: Concept ) A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics? A) legs B) no jaws C) an amniotic egg D) endothermy Topic: Concept ) Which of the following statements about craniates is (are) correct? 1. Craniates are more highly cephalized than are non-craniates. 2. Craniatesʹ genomic evolution includes duplication of clusters of genes that code for transcription factors. 3. The craniate clade is synonymous with the vertebrate clade. 4. Pharyngeal slits that can assist in gas exchange originated in craniates, 5. The two-chambered heart originated with the early craniates. A) 1 only B) 1 and 3 C) 2, 4, and 5 D) 1, 2, 4, and 5 E) 1, 3, 4, and 5 Topic: Concept ) The origin of the craniates occurred at roughly the same time as the A) origin of the Ediacaran fauna. B) Cambrian explosion. C) Permian extinctions. D) first invertebrates invaded land. E) origin of lancelets. Topic: Concept 34.2 Page 2

3 10) What do craniates have that earlier chordates did not have? A) brain B) vertebrae C) post-anal tail D) partial or complete skull E) bone Topic: Concept 34.2 The following questions refer to the description below. Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that, attached to its flank, there is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey. 11) Which feature excludes it from possibly being a leech? A) its elongate shape B) its lack of scales C) its lack of external segmentation D) its round mouth E) its anterior sucker Topic: Concept ) Terry detaches the snakelike organism from the fish and uses a knife to cut off its head. In doing so, its brain slides out onto the deck of the boat. Terry peers into the cut end of the head and notices that the brain had lain in a sort of pan-like structure that only partially surrounded the brain. What is the structure Terry is observing, and what is it made of? A) skull, bone B) cranium, bone C) cranium, cartilage D) vertebral column, bone E) vertebral column, cartilage Topic: Concept ) Terry takes the body of the snakelike organism and slices it open along its dorsal side. If it is a hagfish, what should Terry see? A) a well-developed series of bony vertebrae surrounding the spinal cord B) a well-developed series of cartilaginous vertebrae surrounding the spinal cord C) a tube of cartilage (surrounding the notochord) with dorsal projections on both sides of the spinal cord D) a notochord, located underneath the spinal cord Topic: Concept 34.2 Page 3

4 14) The snakelike organism turned out to be a hagfish. Consequently, why should Terry throw the fish he caught overboard, rather than having it for dinner? A) It has mucus on its skin. B) If it had an ectoparasite, then it must also have endoparasites. C) The bite of the hagfish introduces paralytic neurotoxins, which Terry wants to avoid. D) It was already sick or dying; otherwise, the hagfish would probably not have attacked it. Topic: Concept ) Terry saved some of the tooth-like objects within the hagfishʹs round mouth to analyze their composition in his mentorʹs biochemistry research lab. Terry will find that they are composed of the same protein found in reptilian A) scales. B) teeth. C) bones. D) blood. E) muscles. Topic: Concepts 34.2, ) Having caught and handled a hagfish, what will Terryʹs shipmates most likely require Terry to do before returning to further fishing? A) Spend some time below deck; only someone whoʹd spent too much time in the sun would remove hagfish denticles for later ʺanalysis.ʺ B) Clean the bucketsful of hagfish slime from the deck of the boat. C) Dispose of the fishing tackle that had been poisoned by coming into contact with the hagfish. D) Cut up the remaining hagfish and share pieces of this highly sought-after baitfish. Topic: Concept ) Lampreys differ from hagfishes in A) lacking jaws. B) having a cranium. C) having pharyngeal clefts that develop into pharyngeal slits. D) having a notochord throughout life. E) having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage. Topic: Concepts 34.2, ) The feeding mode of the extinct conodonts was A) herbivory. B) suspension feeding. C) predation. D) filter feeding. E) absorptive feeding. Topic: Concept 34.3 Page 4

5 19) What do hagfishes and lampreys have in common with the extinct conodonts? A) lungs B) the jawless condition C) bony vertebrae D) their mode of feeding E) swim bladders Topic: Concept ) The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function? A) reproduction B) feeding C) locomotion D) defense E) respiration Topic: Concept ) The endoskeletons of most vertebrates are composed of calcified A) cartilage. B) silica. C) chitin. D) dentin. E) enamel. Topic: Concept ) A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poisonʹs effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced? A) A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets. B) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms. C) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles. D) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments. E) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food. Topic: Concept ) The lamprey species whose larvae live in freshwater streams, but whose adults live most of their lives in seawater, are similar in this respect to certain species of A) chondrichthyans. B) actinopterygians. C) lungfishes. D) coelacanths. E) hagfishes. Topic: Concept 34.4 Page 5

6 24) In which of these extant classes did jaws occur earliest? A) lampreys B) chondrichthyans C) ray-finned fishes D) lungfishes E) placoderms Topic: Concept ) According to one hypothesis, the jaws of vertebrates were derived by the modification of A) scales of the lower lip. B) skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal (gill) slits. C) one or more gill slits. D) one or more of the bones of the cranium. E) one or more of the vertebrae. Topic: Concept ) All of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans, except A) a mineralized, bony skeleton. B) scales. C) lungs. D) gills. E) a swim bladder. Topic: Concept ) What is a distinctive feature of the chondrichthyans? A) an amniotic egg B) unpaired fins C) an acute sense of vision that includes the ability to distinguish colors D) a mostly cartilaginous endoskeleton E) lack of jaws Topic: Concept ) To which of these are the scales of chondrichthyans most closely related in a structural sense? A) osteichthyan scales B) reptilian scales C) mammalian scales D) bird scales E) chondrichthyan teeth Topic: Concept 34.4 Page 6

7 29) Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray -finned fishes? A) The skin is typically covered by flattened bony scales. B) They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary. C) They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility. D) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure. E) A swim bladder helps control buoyancy. Topic: Concept ) Which groupʹs members had (have) both lungs and gills during their adult lives? A) sharks, skates, and rays B) lungfishes C) lancelets D) amphibians E) ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs Topic: Concept ) There is evidence that ray-finned fishes originally evolved A) in response to a crisis that wiped out the chondrichthyans. B) directly from lampreys and hagfish. C) early in the Cambrian period. D) directly from cephalochordates. E) in freshwater environments. Topic: Concept ) The ray-finned fishes are characterized by A) a bony endoskeleton, operculum, and usually a swim bladder. B) a cartilaginous endoskeleton. C) an amniotic egg. D) teeth that are replaced regularly. E) a lateral line system and ears with three semicircular canals. Topic: Concept ) The swim bladder of ray-finned fishes A) was probably modified from simple lungs of freshwater fishes. B) developed into lungs in saltwater fishes. C) first appeared in sharks. D) provides buoyancy, but at a high energy cost. E) both C and D Topic: Concept 34.4 Page 7

8 34) All of the following belong to the lobe-fin clade, except A) chondrichthyans. B) Australian lungfishes. C) African lungfishes. D) coelacanths. E) tetrapods. Topic: Concept ) Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (i.e., most general) to least inclusive (i.e., most specific). 1. lobe-fins 2. amphibians 3. gnathostomes 4. osteichthyans 5. tetrapods A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 B) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 C) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 D) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2 E) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2 Topic: Concepts 34.4, ) A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was A) the appearance of jaws. B) the appearance of bony vertebrae. C) feet with digits. D) the mineralization of the endoskeleton. E) the ability to move in a fishlike manner. Topic: Concept ) What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods? A) They should show evidence of internal fertilization. B) They should show evidence of having produced shelled eggs. C) They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land. D) They should be transitional forms with the fossils of chondrichthyans that lived at the same time. E) They should feature the earliest indications of the appearance of jaws. Topic: Concept 34.5 Page 8

9 The following questions refer to the description below. While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a burrow (the class was granted a collecting permit). The 1-m-long organism has smooth skin, which appears to be segmented. It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see because they seem to be covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of puzzlement to the class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a burrow). 38) Which characteristic should permit the class to conclude that it is probably not a snake? A) its length B) the number of eyes C) the size and condition of its eyes D) its presence in a burrow E) the absence of scales on its surface Topic: Concept ) The class decided to humanely euthanize the organism and subsequently dissect it. Having decided that it was probably not a reptile, two of their original hypotheses regarding its identity remained. Which of the following, if observed, should help them arrive at a conclusive answer? A) presence of a closed circulatory system B) presence of moist, highly vascularized skin C) presence of lungs D) presence of a nerve chord E) presence of a digestive system with two openings Topic: Concept ) The organism was found to have two lungs, but the left lung was much smaller than the right lung. Kelly added that the herpetology instructor had said that in most snakes, the same condition exists. If the size difference between the lungs in this organism is not a shared ancestral characteristic with its occurrence in snakes, then its existence in this organism is explained as a(n) 1. result of convergent evolution. 2. example of homologous structures. 3. similar adaptation to a shared lifestyle or body-plan. 4. result of having identical Hox genes. 5. homoplasy. A) 3 only B) 1 and 5 C) 1, 3, and 5 D) 2, 3, and 5 E) 3, 4, and 5 Topic: Concept 34.5 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation Page 9

10 41) The adaptation of snakes to their body shape has resulted in one of their lungs having become vestigial. Another adaptation (to a fossorial lifestyle) is snakesʹ absence of limbs. If the ʺmystery organismʺ has also become adapted to a fossorial lifestyle, though its ancestors moved about on the surface, then which structures should one expect to find upon dissecting the organism? 1. reduced or absent pelvic and/or pectoral girdles 2. metanephridia 3. hydrostatic skeleton A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 3 E) 1, 2, and 3 Topic: Concept ) The condition of the eyes in this organism is similar to that seen in placental and marsupial moles. It is also most similar in functional significance to the A) posterior-directed opening of the female bandicootʹs marsupium. B) honeycombed bones of carinates. C) diaphragm of mammals. D) lateral line systems of chondrichthyans and actinopterygians. E) parapodia of polychaetes. Topic: Concepts 34.5, ) Which one of these, if found, should clear up any remaining doubt as to the identity of the organism? A) vestigial pelvic girdle B) blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood from both the skin and the functional lung to the heart C) closed circulatory system D) ability to produce toxins from glands located on the skin, or that empty into the mouth E) two-chambered heart Topic: Concept ) The mystery organism probably belongs to which order, in which class? A) order Anura, class Amphibia B) order Apoda, class Amphibia C) order Urodela, class Ampihibia D) order Squamates, class Reptilia E) order Tuatara, class Reptilia Topic: Concept 34.5 Page 10

11 45) What permits reptiles to thrive in arid environments? A) Their bright coloration reflects the intense UV radiation. B) A large number of prey and a limited number of predators are available in the desert. C) A cartilaginous endoskeleton provides needed flexibility for locomotion on sand. D) Their scales contain the protein keratin, which helps prevent dehydration. E) They have an acute sense of sight, especially in bright sunlight. 46) Which of these is not considered an amniote? A) amphibians B) nonbird reptiles C) birds D) egg-laying mammals E) placental mammals 47) Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? A) It has a shell that increases gas exchange. B) It allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment. C) It prolongs embryonic development. D) It provides insulation to conserve heat. E) It permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization. 48) Which era is known as the ʺage of reptilesʺ? A) Cenozoic B) Mesozoic C) Paleozoic D) Precambrian E) Cambrian 49) Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments? A) the amniotic egg B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature C) two pairs of appendages D) claws E) a four-chambered heart Page 11

12 50) From which of the following groups are snakes most likely descended? A) dinosaurs B) plesiosaurs C) lizards D) crocodiles E) synapsids 51) Which of the following is characteristic of most extant reptiles and most extant mammals? A) ectothermy B) diaphragm C) shelled eggs D) keratinized skin E) conical teeth that are relatively uniform in size. 52) Most dinosaurs and pterosaurs become extinct at the close of the era. A) Cretaceous B) Permian C) Devonian D) Ordovician E) Triassic 53) Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? A) lizards B) crocodiles C) snakes D) birds E) mammals 54) Examination of the fossils of Archaeopteryx reveals that, in common with extant birds, it had A) a long tail containing vertebrae. B) feathers. C) teeth. D) both A and B E) A, B, and C Page 12

13 55) Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the A) phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles. B) contention that birds are much older than we originally thought. C) claim that some dinosaurs had feathers well before birds had evolved. D) idea that the first birds were ratites. E) hypothesis that the earliest birds were ectothermic. 56) Which of the following structures are possessed only by birds? A) enlarged pectoral muscles and heavy bones B) a four-chambered heart C) feathers and keeled sternum D) a short tail and scales E) a large brain and endothermy The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure ) The organisms represented by 8 most likely are A) birds. B) mammals. C) nonbird, terrestrial reptiles. D) aquatic reptiles. E) all mammals except humans. Figure 34.1 Page 13

14 58) Which organisms are represented by 6? A) birds B) mammals C) nonbird, terrestrial reptiles D) aquatic reptiles E) all mammals except humans 59) Which pair of numbers represents extinct reptiles that had returned to an aquatic life? A) 1 and 2 B) 3 and 4 C) 5 and 7 D) 6 and 8 E) 7 and 9 60) Which pair of numbers most likely represents extant, nonbird reptiles? A) 1 and 2 B) 3 and 4 C) 5 and 7 D) 6 and 8 E) 7 and 9 61) Whose forelimbs are most analogous to those of keeled birds and bats? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 7 E) 9 62) Whose DNA would have had the most sequence homologies with amphibian DNA? A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 8 E) 9 Page 14

15 63) Which pair of numbers includes extant endotherms? A) 3 and 4 B) 4 and 5 C) 6 and 8 D) 3 and 8 E) 6 and 7 64) During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four-chambered heart A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 B) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 D) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 E) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 Topic: Concepts ) Among extant vertebrates, a sheet of muscle called the diaphragm is found in A) birds. B) mammals. C) nonbird reptiles. D) both A and B E) A, B, and C Topic: Concept ) Differentiation of teeth is observed in A) sharks. B) bony fishes. C) amphibians. D) reptiles. E) mammals. Topic: Concept 34.7 Page 15

16 67) Which is characteristic of all mammals, and only of mammals? A) a four-chambered heart that prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood B) giving birth to live young (viviparous) C) parental care of offspring D) having glands to produce nourishing milk for offspring E) using the rib cage to assist in ventilating the lungs Topic: Concept ) Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal? A) Look for the presence of milk-producing glands. B) Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm. C) Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta. D) Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin. E) Examine the teeth. Topic: Concept ) Which of these is a trend in hominin evolution? A) increased ability to switch back and forth between bipedalism and quadrupedalism B) well-developed claws for clinging to trees C) a shoulder joint increasingly adapted to brachiation D) increased brain to body ratio E) a shortened period of parental care of offspring Topic: Concept ) How are primates different from all other mammals? A) placental embryonic development B) hairy bodies C) arboreal lifestyles D) ability to produce milk E) opposable thumbs in many species Topic: Concept ) In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal? A) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals B) amphibians, mammals, and reptiles C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles D) reptiles and mammals E) reptiles and amphibians Topic: Concepts Page 16

17 For the following items, match the extant vertebrate groups with the descriptions. 72) Their scales closely resemble teeth in both structure and origin. A) amphibians B) nonbird reptiles C) chondrichthyans D) mammals E) birds Topic: Concepts ) Internal fertilization, amniotic egg, skin that resists drying, heavy bones A) amphibians B) nonbird reptiles C) chondrichthyans D) mammals E) birds Topic: Concepts ) Three major groups: egg-laying, pouched, and placental A) amphibians B) nonbird reptiles C) chondrichthyans D) mammals E) birds Topic: Concepts ) May have lungs, or gills, and may use skin as a respiratory surface A) amphibians B) nonbird reptiles C) chondrichthyans D) mammals E) birds Topic: Concept ) No urinary bladder, females with one ovary, no teeth A) amphibians B) nonbird reptiles C) chondrichthyans D) mammals E) birds Topic: Concept Page 17

18 77) Which are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates? A) ray-finned fishes B) birds C) amphibians D) nonbird reptiles E) mammals Topic: Concepts ) What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant vertebrates? A) a hinged jaw B) feathers C) an amniotic egg D) flight E) a four-chambered heart Topic: Concepts ) Arrange the following taxonomic terms from most inclusive (i.e., most general) to least inclusive (i.e., most specific): 1. hominoids 2. hominins 3. Homo 4 anthropoids 5. primates A) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 B) 5, 4, 1, 2, 3 C) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3 D) 5, 2, 1, 4, 3 E) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3 80) Which of these hominin traits seems to have occurred before the others? A) tool use B) increased brain size C) symbolic thought D) language E) bipedalism Page 18

19 81) Which of these traits is most strongly associated with the adoption of bipedalism? A) fingerprints B) enhanced depth perception C) shortened hindlimbs D) opposable big toe E) repositioning of foramen magnum 82) Which of the following statements about human evolution is correct? A) Modern humans are the only human species to have evolved on Earth. B) Human ancestors were virtually identical to extant chimpanzees. C) Human evolution has occurred within an unbranched lineage. D) The upright posture and enlarged brain of humans evolved simultaneously. E) Fossil evidence indicates that early anthropoids were arboreal, and cat-sized. 83) Humans and apes are presently classified in the same category as all of the following levels except A) class. B) genus. C) kingdom. D) order. E) phylum. 84) Which of the following are considered hominoids? A) lorises B) lemurs C) monkeys D) orangutans E) tarsiers 85) The most primitive hominin discovered to date A) may have hunted dinosaurs. B) lived 1.2 million years ago. C) closely resembled a chimpanzee. D) walked on two legs. E) had a relatively large brain. Page 19

20 86) Which of these species was the first to have been adapted for long-distance bipedalism? A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens 87) Which of these species was the first to craft stone tools? A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens 88) Which of these species was the first to have some members migrate out of Africa? A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens 89) Which of these species is currently thought to be the direct ancestor of H. neanderthalensis? A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens 90) Which of these species demonstrates symbolic thought, art, and full-blown language? A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens Page 20

21 91) With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree? A) Humans and apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor. B) Humans evolved from New World monkeys. C) Humans have stopped evolving and now represent the pinnacle of evolution. D) Humans evolved from chimpanzees. E) Humans and apes are the result of disruptive selection in a species of gorilla. 92) Which of these statements about human evolution is correct? A) The ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees. B) Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo sapiens. C) The evolution of upright posture and enlarged brain occurred simultaneously. D) Different species of the genus Homo have coexisted at various times throughout hominin evolution. E) Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that modern humans are genetically very similar to Neanderthals. 93) Rank the following in terms of body-size differences that are attributed to sexual dimorphism, from most dimorphic to least dimorphic. 1. Homo sapiens 2. Chimpanzees and bonobos 3. Australopithecus afarensis 4. Homo habilis A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 3, 2, 4 C) 3, 2, 4, 1 D) 2, 3, 4, 1 E) 4, 3, 2, 1 94) The oldest fossil remains of Homo sapiens found so far date from about A) 6 million years ago. B) 1.6 million years ago. C) 195,000 years ago. D) 60,000 years ago. E) 16,000 years ago. 95) Which of the following statements is correct in regard to Homo erectus? A) Their fossils are not limited to Africa. B) On average, H. erectus had a smaller brain than H. habilis. C) H. erectus had a level of sexual dimorphism less than that of modern humans. D) H. erectus was not known to use tools. E) H. erectus evolved before H. habilis. Page 21

22 96) Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have foramina magna centrally positioned in the base of the cranium? A) hominoids B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominins E) primates 97) Which term is most nearly synonymous with ʺapesʺ? A) hominoids B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominins E) primates 98) Which is a genus that has only one extant species? A) hominoids B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominins E) primates 99) Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have fingernails instead of claws? A) hominoids B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominins E) primates 100) Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have fully opposable thumbs? A) hominoids B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominins E) primates Page 22

23 101) Which is the most specific group in which prosimians can be included? A) hominoids B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominins E) primates 102) Which is the most specific group that includes both the Old World monkeys and the New World monkeys? A) hominoids B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominins E) primates 103) At least one of these has been found in all species of eumetazoan animals studied thus far: A) Hox B) Dlx C) Otx D) FOXP2 E) more than one of these Topic: Concepts ) This is a cluster of genes coding for transcription factors involved in the evolution of innovations in early vertebrate nervous systems and vertebrae: A) Hox B) Dlx C) Otx D) FOXP2 E) more than one of these Topic: Concepts ) This is a gene linked to the development of speech in hominids: A) Hox B) Dlx C) Otx D) FOXP2 E) more than one of these Topic: Concepts Page 23

24 Self-Quiz Questions 1) Vertebrates and tunicates share A) jaws adapted for feeding. B) a high degree of cephalization. C) the formation of structures from the neural crest. D) an endoskeleton that includes a skull. E) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord. Topic: Skill: 2) Some animals that lived 530 million years ago resembled lancelets but had a brain and a skull. These animals may represent A) the first chordates. B) a ʺmissing linkʺ between urochordates and cephalochordates. C) early craniates. D) marsupials. E) nontetrapod gnathostomes. Topic: Skill: 3) Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods? A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates B) an armored, jawed placoderm that had two sets of paired appendages C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side -to-side bending typical of fishes E) an early terrestrial caecilian whose legless condition had evolved secondarily Topic: Skill: 4) Mammals and living birds share all of the following characteristics except A) endothermy. B) descent from a common amniotic ancestor. C) a dorsal, hollow nerve cord. D) an archosaur common ancestor. E) an amniotic egg. Topic: Skill: 5) Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials A) lack nipples. B) have some embryonic development outside the motherʹs uterus. C) lay eggs. D) are found in Australia and Africa. E) include only insectivores and herbivores. Topic: Skill: Page 24

25 6) Which clade does not include humans? A) synapsids B) lobe-fins C) diapsids D) craniates E) osteichthyans Topic: Skill: 7) As humans diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first? A) the development of technology B) language C) bipedal locomotion D) making stone tools E) an enlarged brain Topic: Skill: Page 25