Lab #10 Invertebrates 2 and Vertebrates 1 (Exercises 39, 40)

Transcription

1 Name Bio 182-General Biology Lab #10 Invertebrates 2 and Vertebrates 1 (Exercises 39, 40) Answer the questions in the space provided. You need to turn this sheet at the end of the lab. In general know all invertebrates by phylum, know biology and name of individual species we spend time answering questions on. Exercise 39. Pg 427. Arthropods: Fill in the following table based on the information you obtain both in the this lab and from your textbook. Table The Major characteristics of Arthropods and their adaptive advantage. Characteristic Adaptive Advantage Subphylum Chelicerata Spiders, Scorpions, and Horseshoe Crabs. Compare the preserved specimens to the labeled diagrams in the lab book then answer the following questions. Question 1. A. Why do we call the external chitinous covering of an arthropod a skeleton even though it is not made of bone?

2 Question 1. B What external features of a horseshoe crab are used for burrowing and scavenging in sand? Question 2. A. What external features make scorpions appear so menacing? Question 2. B. Which are larger, a scorpion's chelicerae or pedipalps? Question 2. C. What is the shape of a spider's chelicerae? Question 2. D. Do you see any evidence that a spider s body is segmented? Question 2. E. How many eyes do most spiders have? Are they paired and similar in size? Question 2. F. Many spiders are hairy. How might this feature be adaptive? Subphylum Crustacea (Crayfish Crabs Shrimps.) Examine the specimens provided. Procedure 39. Do not remove any appendages instead examine the external anatomy of a crayfish and: be able to differentiate the parts labeled in Figure 39.7 Question 3. How might mouthparts of various shapes be adaptive for crayfish? Question 4. A. Which body region of a crayfish is most obviously segmented? Question 4. B. What structures are located just under the carapace and attached to each leg of a crayfish? What is the adaptive advantage of these structures being attached to legs?

3 Question 4. C. How many legs are chelate (pincerlike with opposing claws)? Question 4. D. What is the function of the uropods and telson, and what feature indicates this function? Question 4. E. Are the anterior swimmerets different from the posterior pair? Is your crayfish a male or female? Question 4. F. Which set of legs (swimmerets or walking legs) appears best adapted to carry an incubating egg mass delicately and in a protected place on the body? Question 4. G. Crayfish can walk. Can they also swim? How would the uropods and telson help them do this? Question 4. H. How does the shape of a crab's abdomen differ from that of a crayfish? Class Chilopoda (Centipedes). Examine a preserved centipede. Question 5. B. What structures of chelicerates are analogous to the antennae of chilopods (centipedes) and other mandibulates? Class Dipolpoda (Millipedes). Examine a preserved millipede Question 6. B. Each apparent segment is actually two fused segments. How many legs are on each apparent segment?

4 Class Insecta: (Flies, Grasshoppers, Butterflies, Beetles, and others.) Procedure Examine the external features of a grasshopper. Parts 1 and 2 do not remove any parts. Question 7. C. Wing morphology varies among species and orders of insects. Spread the wings of the grasshopper that you are examining. Do all of the wings have the same shape and consistency? Question 7. D. Do you suspect that the fore- and hindwings have different functions? Why or why not? Question 7. E. Are wings significant to fundamental processes for arthropods? In what ways? Exercise 40 pg 441. Phylum Echinodermata. Class Asteroidea Sea Stars Question 1. Describe three major differences between deuterostome and protostome development. Procedure 40.1 Examine the external anatomy of a sea star. Observe the locomotion of sea stars in the video clip provided. Question 2. A. How many tube feet would you estimate are on the oral surface of a sea star? Why do they need so many? Question 2. C. What is the consistency of the madroporite? Question 2. D. How fast does a living sea star move?

5 Procedure Examine the internal anatomy of the sea star and look at the pictures provided. Then answer these questions. Question 3. B. What part of the water vascular system extends into each arm? Question 3. C. What other phyla that you have examined relay on "hydraulics" as a part of their locomotion system? Question 3. D. Does the cardiac stomach wall appear highly folded and extensible? How does that relate to the feeding method of most sea stars? Look at the specimens of Brittle Stars, Feathers Stars, Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars, and sea Cucumbers as you do answer the questions below that pertain to each type of organism. Question. 4. A. Between brittle stars and sea stars, which have the most apparent ossicles? Do they overlap? Class Echinoidea ( Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars) Question 6. A. Is an urchin's test pentaradially symmetrical? Question 6. B. Urchins and sand dollars lack arms. How do they move? Class Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers) Question 7. A. Are tube feet visible on the sea cucumber? Question 7. B. Hydras, octopuses, and sea cucumbers have tentacles. Do tentacles have a single universal function, or varied functions? What functions are common?

6 Phylum Chordata: Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates or Sea Squirts) Examine preserved tunicates and the prepared slide of Ecteinascidea. Question 9. What other group of organisms has cellulose in its supporting structures? Does this shared feature surprise you? Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancets) Examine the whole mount of Amphioxus (Immature Adult). Examine preserved specimens of Petromyzontida (Lampreys) and Myxini (Hagfish). This classification is different from the lab manual and you should be familiar with it. Skip the slides of these animals. Know the major Vertebrate classes. Class Chondrichthyes (Sharks, Skates, Rays): Look at the specimens on display then answer these questions. Question 11. A. Which fins of sharks provide power and speed? Question 11. B. Why is the number of Pharyngeal gill slits in sharks fewer than those in lampreys? Question 11. C. Is a lateral line system significant to fundamental processes for sharks and bony fish? How so? Look at the Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fish) on display and the pictures in your text then answer these questions. Question 12. A. How do the number and shape of fins of a bony fish differ from those of a shark? Question 12. B. Fins of a bony fish are flexible and diverse in shape. Describe the location of a fin present in bony fish but not in sharks. Question 12. C. How does the symmetry of the tail of a fish compare with that of a shark? Question 12. D. Does most of the power for movement by a fish come from the tail or from other fins?

7 Question 12. E. Can fish move water over their gills without moving through the water? What role does the operculum play in this movement? Question 12. F. How does the buoyancy of an air bladder affect the motion of a fish compared to that of a shark? Class Amphibia (Frogs, Toads and Salamanders): Look at the specimens on display then answer these questions Question 13. How are the legs of a frog different from the fins of a fish to enable movement on land? Class Reptilia (Turtles, Snakes, Lizards): Look at the specimens on display then answer these questions Question 14. A. What is the adaptive significance of internal fertilization and a water tight egg? Question 14. B. How do the legs of different reptiles vary in number, size and function? Question 14. C. Would you expect the legs of a terretrial tetrapod to be more robust than those of an aquatic organism? Why or why not? Is this true for the reptiles and the amphibians that you examined? Question 14. D. How could poikilothermy contribute to the evolutionary success of reptiles in their environment? Class Aves (Birds): Look at the specimens on display then answer these questions Question 15 A. What are wings of flying animals other than birds made of? Question 15 B. Why might birds use keen vision more than reptiles or amphibians do?

8 Question 15. C. Consider what you learned about enzymes in exercise 11. What might be the adaptive advantage of homeothermy? Question 15. D. Describe six adaptations of birds to fight? Class Mammalia Examine preserved mammals. Question 16. A. What factors govern the distribution of hair on species such as the human or rat? Question 16. B. How do the mammals that you are examining vary in body orientation (resting stance and position during movement)? Question 16. C. What characteristics of mammals help explain how they can occupy a variety of habitats?