Building a computer. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Building a computer. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)"

Transcription

1 Building a computer Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) CSCI 255: Introduc/on to Embedded Systems Keith Vertanen Copyright 2011

2 Layers of abstrac<on abstrac<on building blocks examples computer components Macbook Pro components sequen<al circuits mul<plexer, demul<plexer, adder, flip- flop logic gates, connectors, clock registers, ALU, counter flip- flop combina<onal circuit logic gates, connectors mul<plexer, demul<plexer, adder logic gates switches, connectors AND, OR, NOT clock raw materials crystal oscillator connector raw materials wire switch raw materials transistor, relay 2

3 Connector Goal: conduct electricity + = big hole miners wire 3

4 Clock Goal: periodic signal for synchroniza<on + = quartz crystal electricity clock signal 4

5 Switch Goal: allow electricity to be turned on & off + + = spring magnet wire switch Examples: NOT, OR, AND, NOR, NAND, XOR 5

6 Logic gates Goal: compute simple Boolean func<ons + = wire switch NOT gate + + = wire switch switch OR gate Examples: NOT, OR, AND, NOR, NAND, XOR 6

7 Combina<onal circuit Goal: compute any Boolean func<ons x y F(x,y) = truth table logic gates wire combina<onal circuit Examples: odd, majority, mul<plexer, demul<plexer, adder 7

8 Sequen<al circuit Goal: store persistent state + + = logic gates wire clock sequen<al circuit Examples: SR latch, D flip- flop, JK flip- flop, T flip- flop 8

9 Components Goal: provide high- level func<onality + = combina<onal circuits sequen<al circuits component Examples: register, register bank, mul<port register bank, synchronous counter, ALU 9

10 Computer Goal: store and process data according to a program + + = input components output computer 10

11 Computer Three major components Central Processing Unit (CPU) Performs opera<ons Memory Where data / program is stored Input / Output (I/O) system Get input, show results 11

12 Input/output configura<ons I/O CPU Memory CPU coordinates transfer between I/O and memory CPU Memory I/O Direct Memory Access (DMA) Bus: wires carrying informa<on between components 8- bit bus in Logisim 12

13 Bus width 4- bit Intel bit Intel bit Intel bit Intel bit Intel bit Intel Pen<um Pro 64- bit AMD Opteron 128- bit??? 13

14 Connec<ng CPU & Memory address bus CPU data bus control and status bus Memory Performs opera<ons Address bus Where CPU puts address of memory it wants Data bus Where memory puts data from requested address Control and status bus Stores operands and results Determines direc<on and coordinates <ming 14

15 CPU Central Processing Unit (CPU) The brains of the computer Main components: Arithme<c Logic Unit (ALU) Perform math and logic opera<ons Control Unit (CU) Fetching and decoding instruc<ons from memory Execu<ng instruc<ons by direc<ng sequence of transfers and opera<ons 15

16 Central Processing Unit (CPU) Control Unit (CU) Program Counter (PC) InstrucDon Register (IR) Memory address register Memory data register Address bus Data bus InstrucDon decoder Control and status bus General purpose registers ArithmeDc and Logic Unit (ALU) 16

17 Computer architecture Princeton's fic<<ous TOY computer's wiring. 17

18 Our "simple" ALU First input Output of calcula<on 2 bits on this line Second input 4 bits on these lines Business end of the ALU, compute all opera<ons in parallel Which type of thing to output, 00 = ADD, 01 = SUB, 10 = AND, 11 = XOR 18

19 ALU data paths 1 st input, current contents of accumulator 2 nd input, read from data bus A ALU B Result replaces old value in accumulator Accumulator (A) Memory data bus Control and status bus 19

20 Goal: 8052 adding numbers Add value in register 0 and 1 Put result in register 2 One- liner in C: r2 = r0 + r1; 20

21 Opcode ADD Adds values Example 8052 opcode InstrucDons OpCode Bytes Cycles Flags ADD A,#data 0x C, AC, OV ADD A,direct 0x C, AC, OV ADD A,@R0 0x C, AC, OV ADD A,@R1 0x C, AC, OV ADD A,R0 0x C, AC, OV ADD A,R1 0x C, AC, OV ADD A,R2 0x2A 1 1 C, AC, OV ADD A,R3 0x2B 1 1 C, AC, OV ADD A,R4 0x2C 1 1 C, AC, OV ADD A,R5 0x2D 1 1 C, AC, OV ADD A,R6 0x2E 1 1 C, AC, OV ADD A,R7 0x2F 1 1 C, AC, OV 21

22 Opcode MOV Example 8052 opcode Move memory InstrucDons OpCode Bytes Cycles Flags MOV A,R0 0xE8 1 1 None MOV A,R1 0xE9 1 1 None MOV A,R2 0xEA 1 1 None MOV A,R3 0xEB 1 1 None MOV A,R4 0xEC 1 1 None MOV A,R5 0xED 1 1 None MOV A,R6 0xEE 1 1 None MOV A,R7 0xEF 1 1 None MOV R0,A 0xF8 1 1 None MOV R1,A 0xF9 1 1 None MOV R2,A 0xFA 1 1 None MOV R3,A 0xFB 1 1 None 22

23 Goal: 8052 adding numbers Add value in register 0 and 1 Put result in register 2 Takes sequence of 3 instruc<ons in 8052 assembly: MOV A, R0 ADD A, R1 MOV R2, A Reflec<on of the underlying hardware reali<es 23

24 Control Unit (CU) Control Unit Fetches instruc<ons from memory Decodes instruc<ons Executes instruc<ons Sequence of data transfers & opera<ons Control Unit (CU) Program Counter (PC) Memory address register Address bus InstrucDon Register (IR) Memory data register Data bus InstrucDon decoder Control and status bus 24

25 Fetch- execute cycle Fetch Get the next instruc<on from memory Execute Perform data transfers and opera<ons Program counter (PC) provides the loca<on Retrieve addi<onal bytes as required by desired instruc<on 25

26 Fetch phase Fetch phase Control unit (CU) places program counter (PC) on memory address bus Starts memory read opera<on Increments program counter (PC) Wait for memory read to finish Copy value on memory data bus to instruc<on register (IR) Fetch Execute 26

27 Execute phase Execute phase First byte of instruc<on contains opera<on code (opcode) CU decodes opcode Details opcode specific May load addi<onal data from memory May place constants on data bus Put values on status and control bus (e.g. desired ALU opera<on) Fetch Execute 27

28 Memory architecture Harvard architecture Code and data stored in separate areas Program cannot accidently modify itself Example: bytes data memory (on chip) Code memory, EPROM or Flash (AT89S KB flash) Von Neumann architecture Code and data in same area Loaded at boot <me from device (e.g. hard drive) Example: modern PCs 28

29 8052 memory architecture bytes Port 0-3, serial port, <mers, interrupts AT89S KB flash 29

30 8052 memory addresses 30

31 Building a computer Summary Raw materials switches gates circuits components computer Computer CPU + memory + I/O Fetch- and- execute cycle Assembly programming 8052 Some<mes tedious, but reflects hardware reali<es inside computer! 31

Chapter 2 Logic Gates and Introduction to Computer Architecture

Chapter 2 Logic Gates and Introduction to Computer Architecture Chapter 2 Logic Gates and Introduction to Computer Architecture 2.1 Introduction The basic components of an Integrated Circuit (IC) is logic gates which made of transistors, in digital system there are

More information

MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER BASICS

MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER BASICS Introduction MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER BASICS At present there are many types and sizes of computers available. These computers are designed and constructed based on digital and Integrated Circuit

More information

Computer System: User s View. Computer System Components: High Level View. Input. Output. Computer. Computer System: Motherboard Level

Computer System: User s View. Computer System Components: High Level View. Input. Output. Computer. Computer System: Motherboard Level System: User s View System Components: High Level View Input Output 1 System: Motherboard Level 2 Components: Interconnection I/O MEMORY 3 4 Organization Registers ALU CU 5 6 1 Input/Output I/O MEMORY

More information

Chapter 01: Introduction. Lesson 02 Evolution of Computers Part 2 First generation Computers

Chapter 01: Introduction. Lesson 02 Evolution of Computers Part 2 First generation Computers Chapter 01: Introduction Lesson 02 Evolution of Computers Part 2 First generation Computers Objective Understand how electronic computers evolved during the first generation of computers First Generation

More information

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Central Processing Unit (CPU) Central Processing Unit (CPU) CPU is the heart and brain It interprets and executes machine level instructions Controls data transfer from/to Main Memory (MM) and CPU Detects any errors In the following

More information

150127-Microprocessor & Assembly Language

150127-Microprocessor & Assembly Language Chapter 3 Z80 Microprocessor Architecture The Z 80 is one of the most talented 8 bit microprocessors, and many microprocessor-based systems are designed around the Z80. The Z80 microprocessor needs an

More information

PART B QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UNIT I

PART B QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UNIT I PART B QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UNIT I 1. Explain the architecture of 8085 microprocessor? Logic pin out of 8085 microprocessor Address bus: unidirectional bus, used as high order bus Data bus: bi-directional

More information

CS101 Lecture 26: Low Level Programming. John Magee 30 July 2013 Some material copyright Jones and Bartlett. Overview/Questions

CS101 Lecture 26: Low Level Programming. John Magee 30 July 2013 Some material copyright Jones and Bartlett. Overview/Questions CS101 Lecture 26: Low Level Programming John Magee 30 July 2013 Some material copyright Jones and Bartlett 1 Overview/Questions What did we do last time? How can we control the computer s circuits? How

More information

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture. Function. Data Storage. Data Processing. Data movement to a peripheral. Data Movement

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture. Function. Data Storage. Data Processing. Data movement to a peripheral. Data Movement CSCI 4717/5717 Computer Architecture Topic: Functional View & History Reading: Sections 1.2, 2.1, & 2.3 Function All computer functions are comprised of four basic operations: Data processing Data storage

More information

CPU Organisation and Operation

CPU Organisation and Operation CPU Organisation and Operation The Fetch-Execute Cycle The operation of the CPU 1 is usually described in terms of the Fetch-Execute cycle. 2 Fetch-Execute Cycle Fetch the Instruction Increment the Program

More information

(Refer Slide Time: 00:01:16 min)

(Refer Slide Time: 00:01:16 min) Digital Computer Organization Prof. P. K. Biswas Department of Electronic & Electrical Communication Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture No. # 04 CPU Design: Tirning & Control

More information

Let s put together a Manual Processor

Let s put together a Manual Processor Lecture 14 Let s put together a Manual Processor Hardware Lecture 14 Slide 1 The processor Inside every computer there is at least one processor which can take an instruction, some operands and produce

More information

We r e going to play Final (exam) Jeopardy! "Answers:" "Questions:" - 1 -

We r e going to play Final (exam) Jeopardy! Answers: Questions: - 1 - . (0 pts) We re going to play Final (exam) Jeopardy! Associate the following answers with the appropriate question. (You are given the "answers": Pick the "question" that goes best with each "answer".)

More information

MICROPROCESSOR. Exclusive for IACE Students www.iace.co.in iacehyd.blogspot.in Ph: 9700077455/422 Page 1

MICROPROCESSOR. Exclusive for IACE Students www.iace.co.in iacehyd.blogspot.in Ph: 9700077455/422 Page 1 MICROPROCESSOR A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer s central processing unit (CPU) on a single Integrated (IC), or at most a few integrated circuit. It is a multipurpose, programmable

More information

Lecture N -1- PHYS 3330. Microcontrollers

Lecture N -1- PHYS 3330. Microcontrollers Lecture N -1- PHYS 3330 Microcontrollers If you need more than a handful of logic gates to accomplish the task at hand, you likely should use a microcontroller instead of discrete logic gates 1. Microcontrollers

More information

CHAPTER 7: The CPU and Memory

CHAPTER 7: The CPU and Memory CHAPTER 7: The CPU and Memory The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software & Networking: An Information Technology Approach 4th Edition, Irv Englander John Wiley and Sons 2010 PowerPoint slides

More information

Learning Outcomes. Simple CPU Operation and Buses. Composition of a CPU. A simple CPU design

Learning Outcomes. Simple CPU Operation and Buses. Composition of a CPU. A simple CPU design Learning Outcomes Simple CPU Operation and Buses Dr Eddie Edwards eddie.edwards@imperial.ac.uk At the end of this lecture you will Understand how a CPU might be put together Be able to name the basic components

More information

Chapter 4 Register Transfer and Microoperations. Section 4.1 Register Transfer Language

Chapter 4 Register Transfer and Microoperations. Section 4.1 Register Transfer Language Chapter 4 Register Transfer and Microoperations Section 4.1 Register Transfer Language Digital systems are composed of modules that are constructed from digital components, such as registers, decoders,

More information

Digital Logic Design. Basics Combinational Circuits Sequential Circuits. Pu-Jen Cheng

Digital Logic Design. Basics Combinational Circuits Sequential Circuits. Pu-Jen Cheng Digital Logic Design Basics Combinational Circuits Sequential Circuits Pu-Jen Cheng Adapted from the slides prepared by S. Dandamudi for the book, Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design. Introduction

More information

Central Processing Unit

Central Processing Unit Chapter 4 Central Processing Unit 1. CPU organization and operation flowchart 1.1. General concepts The primary function of the Central Processing Unit is to execute sequences of instructions representing

More information

Chapter 02: Computer Organization. Lesson 04: Functional units and components in a computer organization Part 3 Bus Structures

Chapter 02: Computer Organization. Lesson 04: Functional units and components in a computer organization Part 3 Bus Structures Chapter 02: Computer Organization Lesson 04: Functional units and components in a computer organization Part 3 Bus Structures Objective: Understand the IO Subsystem and Understand Bus Structures Understand

More information

Computer Organization. and Instruction Execution. August 22

Computer Organization. and Instruction Execution. August 22 Computer Organization and Instruction Execution August 22 CSC201 Section 002 Fall, 2000 The Main Parts of a Computer CSC201 Section Copyright 2000, Douglas Reeves 2 I/O and Storage Devices (lots of devices,

More information

MICROPROCESSOR BCA IV Sem MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

MICROPROCESSOR BCA IV Sem MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS MICROPROCESSOR BCA IV Sem MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1) Which is the microprocessor comprises: a. Register section b. One or more ALU c. Control unit 2) What is the store by register? a. data b. operands

More information

MACHINE ARCHITECTURE & LANGUAGE

MACHINE ARCHITECTURE & LANGUAGE in the name of God the compassionate, the merciful notes on MACHINE ARCHITECTURE & LANGUAGE compiled by Jumong Chap. 9 Microprocessor Fundamentals A system designer should consider a microprocessor-based

More information

CSE 141L Computer Architecture Lab Fall 2003. Lecture 2

CSE 141L Computer Architecture Lab Fall 2003. Lecture 2 CSE 141L Computer Architecture Lab Fall 2003 Lecture 2 Pramod V. Argade CSE141L: Computer Architecture Lab Instructor: TA: Readers: Pramod V. Argade (p2argade@cs.ucsd.edu) Office Hour: Tue./Thu. 9:30-10:30

More information

what operations can it perform? how does it perform them? on what kind of data? where are instructions and data stored?

what operations can it perform? how does it perform them? on what kind of data? where are instructions and data stored? Inside the CPU how does the CPU work? what operations can it perform? how does it perform them? on what kind of data? where are instructions and data stored? some short, boring programs to illustrate the

More information

Computer organization

Computer organization Computer organization Computer design an application of digital logic design procedures Computer = processing unit + memory system Processing unit = control + datapath Control = finite state machine inputs

More information

Memory Elements. Combinational logic cannot remember

Memory Elements. Combinational logic cannot remember Memory Elements Combinational logic cannot remember Output logic values are function of inputs only Feedback is needed to be able to remember a logic value Memory elements are needed in most digital logic

More information

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING Question Bank Subject Name: EC6504 - Microprocessor & Microcontroller Year/Sem : II/IV

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING Question Bank Subject Name: EC6504 - Microprocessor & Microcontroller Year/Sem : II/IV DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING Question Bank Subject Name: EC6504 - Microprocessor & Microcontroller Year/Sem : II/IV UNIT I THE 8086 MICROPROCESSOR 1. What is the purpose of segment registers

More information

The Central Processing Unit:

The Central Processing Unit: The Central Processing Unit: What Goes on Inside the Computer Chapter 4 Objectives Identify the components of the central processing unit and how they work together and interact with memory Describe how

More information

SECTION C [short essay] [Not to exceed 120 words, Answer any SIX questions. Each question carries FOUR marks] 6 x 4=24 marks

SECTION C [short essay] [Not to exceed 120 words, Answer any SIX questions. Each question carries FOUR marks] 6 x 4=24 marks UNIVERSITY OF KERALA First Degree Programme in Computer Applications Model Question Paper Semester I Course Code- CP 1121 Introduction to Computer Science TIME : 3 hrs Maximum Mark: 80 SECTION A [Very

More information

BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN

BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN 1 BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN Instruction Codes Computer Registers Computer Instructions Timing and Control Instruction Cycle Memory Reference Instructions Input-Output and Interrupt Complete

More information

TIMING DIAGRAM O 8085

TIMING DIAGRAM O 8085 5 TIMING DIAGRAM O 8085 5.1 INTRODUCTION Timing diagram is the display of initiation of read/write and transfer of data operations under the control of 3-status signals IO / M, S 1, and S 0. As the heartbeat

More information

Chapter 6. Inside the System Unit. What You Will Learn... Computers Are Your Future. What You Will Learn... Describing Hardware Performance

Chapter 6. Inside the System Unit. What You Will Learn... Computers Are Your Future. What You Will Learn... Describing Hardware Performance What You Will Learn... Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Understand how computers represent data Understand the measurements used to describe data transfer rates and data storage capacity List the components

More information

Logical Operations. Control Unit. Contents. Arithmetic Operations. Objectives. The Central Processing Unit: Arithmetic / Logic Unit.

Logical Operations. Control Unit. Contents. Arithmetic Operations. Objectives. The Central Processing Unit: Arithmetic / Logic Unit. Objectives The Central Processing Unit: What Goes on Inside the Computer Chapter 4 Identify the components of the central processing unit and how they work together and interact with memory Describe how

More information

8051 hardware summary

8051 hardware summary 8051 hardware summary 8051 block diagram 8051 pinouts + 5V ports port 0 port 1 port 2 port 3 : dual-purpose (general-purpose, external memory address and data) : dedicated (interfacing to external devices)

More information

ECE410 Design Project Spring 2008 Design and Characterization of a CMOS 8-bit Microprocessor Data Path

ECE410 Design Project Spring 2008 Design and Characterization of a CMOS 8-bit Microprocessor Data Path ECE410 Design Project Spring 2008 Design and Characterization of a CMOS 8-bit Microprocessor Data Path Project Summary This project involves the schematic and layout design of an 8-bit microprocessor data

More information

Advanced Computer Architecture-CS501. Computer Systems Design and Architecture 2.1, 2.2, 3.2

Advanced Computer Architecture-CS501. Computer Systems Design and Architecture 2.1, 2.2, 3.2 Lecture Handout Computer Architecture Lecture No. 2 Reading Material Vincent P. Heuring&Harry F. Jordan Chapter 2,Chapter3 Computer Systems Design and Architecture 2.1, 2.2, 3.2 Summary 1) A taxonomy of

More information

COMPUTERS ORGANIZATION 2ND YEAR COMPUTE SCIENCE MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING JOSÉ GARCÍA RODRÍGUEZ JOSÉ ANTONIO SERRA PÉREZ

COMPUTERS ORGANIZATION 2ND YEAR COMPUTE SCIENCE MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING JOSÉ GARCÍA RODRÍGUEZ JOSÉ ANTONIO SERRA PÉREZ COMPUTERS ORGANIZATION 2ND YEAR COMPUTE SCIENCE MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING UNIT 1 - INTRODUCTION JOSÉ GARCÍA RODRÍGUEZ JOSÉ ANTONIO SERRA PÉREZ Unit 1.MaNoTaS 1 Definitions (I) Description A computer is: A

More information

l C-Programming l A real computer language l Data Representation l Everything goes down to bits and bytes l Machine representation Language

l C-Programming l A real computer language l Data Representation l Everything goes down to bits and bytes l Machine representation Language 198:211 Computer Architecture Topics: Processor Design Where are we now? C-Programming A real computer language Data Representation Everything goes down to bits and bytes Machine representation Language

More information

Systems I: Computer Organization and Architecture

Systems I: Computer Organization and Architecture Systems I: Computer Organization and Architecture Lecture 9 - Register Transfer and Microoperations Microoperations Digital systems are modular in nature, with modules containing registers, decoders, arithmetic

More information

A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e. Chapter 1 Introducing Hardware

A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e. Chapter 1 Introducing Hardware A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e Chapter 1 Introducing Hardware Objectives Learn that a computer requires both hardware and software to work Learn about the many different hardware components

More information

ADVANCED PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES AND MEMORY ORGANISATION Lesson-17: Memory organisation, and types of memory

ADVANCED PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES AND MEMORY ORGANISATION Lesson-17: Memory organisation, and types of memory ADVANCED PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES AND MEMORY ORGANISATION Lesson-17: Memory organisation, and types of memory 1 1. Memory Organisation 2 Random access model A memory-, a data byte, or a word, or a double

More information

CHAPTER 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer

CHAPTER 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer CHAPTER 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer 4.1 Introduction 195 4.2 CPU Basics and Organization 195 4.2.1 The Registers 196 4.2.2 The ALU 197 4.2.3 The Control Unit 197 4.3 The Bus 197 4.4 Clocks

More information

Chapter 2 Basic Structure of Computers. Jin-Fu Li Department of Electrical Engineering National Central University Jungli, Taiwan

Chapter 2 Basic Structure of Computers. Jin-Fu Li Department of Electrical Engineering National Central University Jungli, Taiwan Chapter 2 Basic Structure of Computers Jin-Fu Li Department of Electrical Engineering National Central University Jungli, Taiwan Outline Functional Units Basic Operational Concepts Bus Structures Software

More information

1. True or False? A voltage level in the range 0 to 2 volts is interpreted as a binary 1.

1. True or False? A voltage level in the range 0 to 2 volts is interpreted as a binary 1. File: chap04, Chapter 04 1. True or False? A voltage level in the range 0 to 2 volts is interpreted as a binary 1. 2. True or False? A gate is a device that accepts a single input signal and produces one

More information

CHAPTER 3 Boolean Algebra and Digital Logic

CHAPTER 3 Boolean Algebra and Digital Logic CHAPTER 3 Boolean Algebra and Digital Logic 3.1 Introduction 121 3.2 Boolean Algebra 122 3.2.1 Boolean Expressions 123 3.2.2 Boolean Identities 124 3.2.3 Simplification of Boolean Expressions 126 3.2.4

More information

The WIMP51: A Simple Processor and Visualization Tool to Introduce Undergraduates to Computer Organization

The WIMP51: A Simple Processor and Visualization Tool to Introduce Undergraduates to Computer Organization The WIMP51: A Simple Processor and Visualization Tool to Introduce Undergraduates to Computer Organization David Sullins, Dr. Hardy Pottinger, Dr. Daryl Beetner University of Missouri Rolla Session I.

More information

Computer Performance. Topic 3. Contents. Prerequisite knowledge Before studying this topic you should be able to:

Computer Performance. Topic 3. Contents. Prerequisite knowledge Before studying this topic you should be able to: 55 Topic 3 Computer Performance Contents 3.1 Introduction...................................... 56 3.2 Measuring performance............................... 56 3.2.1 Clock Speed.................................

More information

The components. E3: Digital electronics. Goals:

The components. E3: Digital electronics. Goals: E3: Digital electronics Goals: Basic understanding of logic circuits. Become familiar with the most common digital components and their use. Equipment: 1 st. LED bridge 1 st. 7-segment display. 2 st. IC

More information

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. EEC180B Lab 7: MISP Processor Design Spring 1995

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. EEC180B Lab 7: MISP Processor Design Spring 1995 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering EEC180B Lab 7: MISP Processor Design Spring 1995 Objective: In this lab, you will complete the design of the MISP processor,

More information

Chapter 13. PIC Family Microcontroller

Chapter 13. PIC Family Microcontroller Chapter 13 PIC Family Microcontroller Lesson 01 PIC Characteristics and Examples PIC microcontroller characteristics Power-on reset Brown out reset Simplified instruction set High speed execution Up to

More information

Gates, Circuits, and Boolean Algebra

Gates, Circuits, and Boolean Algebra Gates, Circuits, and Boolean Algebra Computers and Electricity A gate is a device that performs a basic operation on electrical signals Gates are combined into circuits to perform more complicated tasks

More information

A s we saw in Chapter 4, a CPU contains three main sections: the register section,

A s we saw in Chapter 4, a CPU contains three main sections: the register section, 6 CPU Design A s we saw in Chapter 4, a CPU contains three main sections: the register section, the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), and the control unit. These sections work together to perform the sequences

More information

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE. Input/Output

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE. Input/Output HUMBOLDT-UNIVERSITÄT ZU BERLIN INSTITUT FÜR INFORMATIK COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE Lecture 17 Input/Output Sommersemester 2002 Leitung: Prof. Dr. Miroslaw Malek www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/rok/ca CA - XVII -

More information

Serial Communications

Serial Communications Serial Communications 1 Serial Communication Introduction Serial communication buses Asynchronous and synchronous communication UART block diagram UART clock requirements Programming the UARTs Operation

More information

Chapter 1 Computer System Overview

Chapter 1 Computer System Overview Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles Chapter 1 Computer System Overview Eighth Edition By William Stallings Operating System Exploits the hardware resources of one or more processors Provides

More information

CTNET Field Protocol Specification November 19, 1997 DRAFT

CTNET Field Protocol Specification November 19, 1997 DRAFT CTNET Field Protocol Specification November 19, 1997 DRAFT Introduction Version 1.0 of CTNET will support the AB3418 protocol for communication to field controllers. AB3418 is a point-topoint protocol

More information

TYPES OF COMPUTERS AND THEIR PARTS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TYPES OF COMPUTERS AND THEIR PARTS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. What is a computer? a. A programmable electronic device that processes data via instructions to output information for future use. b. Raw facts and figures that has no meaning

More information

CHAPTER 6: Computer System Organisation 1. The Computer System's Primary Functions

CHAPTER 6: Computer System Organisation 1. The Computer System's Primary Functions CHAPTER 6: Computer System Organisation 1. The Computer System's Primary Functions All computers, from the first room-sized mainframes, to today's powerful desktop, laptop and even hand-held PCs, perform

More information

COMPUTER HARDWARE. Input- Output and Communication Memory Systems

COMPUTER HARDWARE. Input- Output and Communication Memory Systems COMPUTER HARDWARE Input- Output and Communication Memory Systems Computer I/O I/O devices commonly found in Computer systems Keyboards Displays Printers Magnetic Drives Compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM)

More information

Systems I: Computer Organization and Architecture

Systems I: Computer Organization and Architecture Systems I: Computer Organization and Architecture Lecture : Microprogrammed Control Microprogramming The control unit is responsible for initiating the sequence of microoperations that comprise instructions.

More information

Lecture 8: Synchronous Digital Systems

Lecture 8: Synchronous Digital Systems Lecture 8: Synchronous Digital Systems The distinguishing feature of a synchronous digital system is that the circuit only changes in response to a system clock. For example, consider the edge triggered

More information

Microprocessor and Microcontroller Architecture

Microprocessor and Microcontroller Architecture Microprocessor and Microcontroller Architecture 1 Von Neumann Architecture Stored-Program Digital Computer Digital computation in ALU Programmable via set of standard instructions input memory output Internal

More information

EE 42/100 Lecture 24: Latches and Flip Flops. Rev B 4/21/2010 (2:04 PM) Prof. Ali M. Niknejad

EE 42/100 Lecture 24: Latches and Flip Flops. Rev B 4/21/2010 (2:04 PM) Prof. Ali M. Niknejad A. M. Niknejad University of California, Berkeley EE 100 / 42 Lecture 24 p. 1/20 EE 42/100 Lecture 24: Latches and Flip Flops ELECTRONICS Rev B 4/21/2010 (2:04 PM) Prof. Ali M. Niknejad University of California,

More information

8085 INSTRUCTION SET

8085 INSTRUCTION SET DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS Opcode Operand Description 8085 INSTRUCTION SET INSTRUCTION DETAILS Copy from source to destination OV Rd, Rs This instruction copies the contents of the source, Rs register

More information

How It All Works. Other M68000 Updates. Basic Control Signals. Basic Control Signals

How It All Works. Other M68000 Updates. Basic Control Signals. Basic Control Signals CPU Architectures Motorola 68000 Several CPU architectures exist currently: Motorola Intel AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) PowerPC Pick one to study; others will be variations on this. Arbitrary pick: Motorola

More information

Management Challenge. Managing Hardware Assets. Central Processing Unit. What is a Computer System?

Management Challenge. Managing Hardware Assets. Central Processing Unit. What is a Computer System? Management Challenge Managing Hardware Assets What computer processing and storage capability does our organization need to handle its information and business transactions? What arrangement of computers

More information

Digital Systems Based on Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering/Rizzoni (McGraw Hill

Digital Systems Based on Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering/Rizzoni (McGraw Hill Digital Systems Based on Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering/Rizzoni (McGraw Hill Objectives: Analyze the operation of sequential logic circuits. Understand the operation of digital counters.

More information

1. Convert the following base 10 numbers into 8-bit 2 s complement notation 0, -1, -12

1. Convert the following base 10 numbers into 8-bit 2 s complement notation 0, -1, -12 C5 Solutions 1. Convert the following base 10 numbers into 8-bit 2 s complement notation 0, -1, -12 To Compute 0 0 = 00000000 To Compute 1 Step 1. Convert 1 to binary 00000001 Step 2. Flip the bits 11111110

More information

TEACHING COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE THROUGH SIMULATION (A BRIEF EVALUATION OF CPU SIMULATORS) *

TEACHING COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE THROUGH SIMULATION (A BRIEF EVALUATION OF CPU SIMULATORS) * TEACHING COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE THROUGH SIMULATION (A BRIEF EVALUATION OF CPU SIMULATORS) * Timothy Stanley, PhD Computer and Network Sciences, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah 84058, 801 863-8978, TStanley@uvu.edu

More information

Module 2. Embedded Processors and Memory. Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur 1

Module 2. Embedded Processors and Memory. Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur 1 Module 2 Embedded Processors and Memory Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur 1 Lesson 5 Memory-I Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur 2 Instructional Objectives After going through this lesson the student would Pre-Requisite

More information

456 26 Microcontrollers Figure 26-1 Objectives Key Words and Terms 26.1 OVERVIEW OF THE MICROCONTROLLER microcontroller

456 26 Microcontrollers Figure 26-1 Objectives Key Words and Terms 26.1 OVERVIEW OF THE MICROCONTROLLER microcontroller This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved. 456 Electronic Communication and Data Systems Objectives After studying this chapter, you

More information

LSN 2 Computer Processors

LSN 2 Computer Processors LSN 2 Computer Processors Department of Engineering Technology LSN 2 Computer Processors Microprocessors Design Instruction set Processor organization Processor performance Bandwidth Clock speed LSN 2

More information

CSE140 Homework #7 - Solution

CSE140 Homework #7 - Solution CSE140 Spring2013 CSE140 Homework #7 - Solution You must SHOW ALL STEPS for obtaining the solution. Reporting the correct answer, without showing the work performed at each step will result in getting

More information

EMBEDDED SYSTEM BASICS AND APPLICATION

EMBEDDED SYSTEM BASICS AND APPLICATION EMBEDDED SYSTEM BASICS AND APPLICATION TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED System Embedded System Components Classifications Processors Other Hardware Software Applications 2 INTRODUCTION What is a system? A system

More information

COMBINATIONAL and SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUITS Hardware implementation and software design

COMBINATIONAL and SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUITS Hardware implementation and software design PH-315 COMINATIONAL and SEUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUITS Hardware implementation and software design A La Rosa I PURPOSE: To familiarize with combinational and sequential logic circuits Combinational circuits

More information

8-Bit Flash Microcontroller for Smart Cards. AT89SCXXXXA Summary. Features. Description. Complete datasheet available under NDA

8-Bit Flash Microcontroller for Smart Cards. AT89SCXXXXA Summary. Features. Description. Complete datasheet available under NDA Features Compatible with MCS-51 products On-chip Flash Program Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles On-chip EEPROM Data Memory Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles 512 x 8-bit RAM ISO 7816 I/O Port

More information

CPU Organization and Assembly Language

CPU Organization and Assembly Language COS 140 Foundations of Computer Science School of Computing and Information Science University of Maine October 2, 2015 Outline 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Homework and announcements Reading: Chapter 12 Homework:

More information

Chapter 7 Memory and Programmable Logic

Chapter 7 Memory and Programmable Logic NCNU_2013_DD_7_1 Chapter 7 Memory and Programmable Logic 71I 7.1 Introduction ti 7.2 Random Access Memory 7.3 Memory Decoding 7.5 Read Only Memory 7.6 Programmable Logic Array 77P 7.7 Programmable Array

More information

Counters and Decoders

Counters and Decoders Physics 3330 Experiment #10 Fall 1999 Purpose Counters and Decoders In this experiment, you will design and construct a 4-bit ripple-through decade counter with a decimal read-out display. Such a counter

More information

Chapter 4 System Unit Components. Discovering Computers 2012. Your Interactive Guide to the Digital World

Chapter 4 System Unit Components. Discovering Computers 2012. Your Interactive Guide to the Digital World Chapter 4 System Unit Components Discovering Computers 2012 Your Interactive Guide to the Digital World Objectives Overview Differentiate among various styles of system units on desktop computers, notebook

More information

Having read this workbook you should be able to: recognise the arrangement of NAND gates used to form an S-R flip-flop.

Having read this workbook you should be able to: recognise the arrangement of NAND gates used to form an S-R flip-flop. Objectives Having read this workbook you should be able to: recognise the arrangement of NAND gates used to form an S-R flip-flop. describe how such a flip-flop can be SET and RESET. describe the disadvantage

More information

To design digital counter circuits using JK-Flip-Flop. To implement counter using 74LS193 IC.

To design digital counter circuits using JK-Flip-Flop. To implement counter using 74LS193 IC. 8.1 Objectives To design digital counter circuits using JK-Flip-Flop. To implement counter using 74LS193 IC. 8.2 Introduction Circuits for counting events are frequently used in computers and other digital

More information

Von der Hardware zur Software in FPGAs mit Embedded Prozessoren. Alexander Hahn Senior Field Application Engineer Lattice Semiconductor

Von der Hardware zur Software in FPGAs mit Embedded Prozessoren. Alexander Hahn Senior Field Application Engineer Lattice Semiconductor Von der Hardware zur Software in FPGAs mit Embedded Prozessoren Alexander Hahn Senior Field Application Engineer Lattice Semiconductor AGENDA Overview Mico32 Embedded Processor Development Tool Chain HW/SW

More information

Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan

Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan 1-1 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine Computer Systems Design and Architecture Vincent P. Heuring and Harry F. Jordan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Colorado - Boulder

More information

ADVANCED PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES AND MEMORY ORGANISATION Lesson-12: ARM

ADVANCED PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES AND MEMORY ORGANISATION Lesson-12: ARM ADVANCED PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES AND MEMORY ORGANISATION Lesson-12: ARM 1 The ARM architecture processors popular in Mobile phone systems 2 ARM Features ARM has 32-bit architecture but supports 16 bit

More information

1. Computer System Structure and Components

1. Computer System Structure and Components 1 Computer System Structure and Components Computer System Layers Various Computer Programs OS System Calls (eg, fork, execv, write, etc) KERNEL/Behavior or CPU Device Drivers Device Controllers Devices

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICE FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS World ORT Union I n p u t d e v i c e s Where would you find the letters QUERTY? A. Mouse B. Keyboard C.Numeric Keypad How did the computer mouse get its name? A.

More information

Sequential Logic. (Materials taken from: Principles of Computer Hardware by Alan Clements )

Sequential Logic. (Materials taken from: Principles of Computer Hardware by Alan Clements ) Sequential Logic (Materials taken from: Principles of Computer Hardware by Alan Clements ) Sequential vs. Combinational Circuits Combinatorial circuits: their outputs are computed entirely from their present

More information

BINARY CODED DECIMAL: B.C.D.

BINARY CODED DECIMAL: B.C.D. BINARY CODED DECIMAL: B.C.D. ANOTHER METHOD TO REPRESENT DECIMAL NUMBERS USEFUL BECAUSE MANY DIGITAL DEVICES PROCESS + DISPLAY NUMBERS IN TENS IN BCD EACH NUMBER IS DEFINED BY A BINARY CODE OF 4 BITS.

More information

Computer Architecture Lecture 2: Instruction Set Principles (Appendix A) Chih Wei Liu 劉 志 尉 National Chiao Tung University cwliu@twins.ee.nctu.edu.

Computer Architecture Lecture 2: Instruction Set Principles (Appendix A) Chih Wei Liu 劉 志 尉 National Chiao Tung University cwliu@twins.ee.nctu.edu. Computer Architecture Lecture 2: Instruction Set Principles (Appendix A) Chih Wei Liu 劉 志 尉 National Chiao Tung University cwliu@twins.ee.nctu.edu.tw Review Computers in mid 50 s Hardware was expensive

More information

Discovering Computers 2011. Living in a Digital World

Discovering Computers 2011. Living in a Digital World Discovering Computers 2011 Living in a Digital World Objectives Overview Differentiate among various styles of system units on desktop computers, notebook computers, and mobile devices Identify chips,

More information

Multiple Choice Questions(Computer)

Multiple Choice Questions(Computer) Multiple Choice Questions(Computer) 1. Which of the following is the product of data processing a. information b. data c. software program d. system 2. The process of putting data into a location is called

More information

CHAPTER 11: Flip Flops

CHAPTER 11: Flip Flops CHAPTER 11: Flip Flops In this chapter, you will be building the part of the circuit that controls the command sequencing. The required circuit must operate the counter and the memory chip. When the teach

More information

NAND Flash FAQ. Eureka Technology. apn5_87. NAND Flash FAQ

NAND Flash FAQ. Eureka Technology. apn5_87. NAND Flash FAQ What is NAND Flash? What is the major difference between NAND Flash and other Memory? Structural differences between NAND Flash and NOR Flash What does NAND Flash controller do? How to send command to

More information

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS Unit code: A/601/1625 QCF level: 4 Credit value: 15 OUTCOME 3 PART 1

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS Unit code: A/601/1625 QCF level: 4 Credit value: 15 OUTCOME 3 PART 1 UNIT 22: PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS Unit code: A/601/1625 QCF level: 4 Credit value: 15 OUTCOME 3 PART 1 This work covers part of outcome 3 of the Edexcel standard module: Outcome 3 is the most demanding

More information

Chapter 9 Latches, Flip-Flops, and Timers

Chapter 9 Latches, Flip-Flops, and Timers ETEC 23 Programmable Logic Devices Chapter 9 Latches, Flip-Flops, and Timers Shawnee State University Department of Industrial and Engineering Technologies Copyright 27 by Janna B. Gallaher Latches A temporary

More information

Lecture-3 MEMORY: Development of Memory:

Lecture-3 MEMORY: Development of Memory: Lecture-3 MEMORY: It is a storage device. It stores program data and the results. There are two kind of memories; semiconductor memories & magnetic memories. Semiconductor memories are faster, smaller,

More information

Instruction Set Architecture. Datapath & Control. Instruction. LC-3 Overview: Memory and Registers. CIT 595 Spring 2010

Instruction Set Architecture. Datapath & Control. Instruction. LC-3 Overview: Memory and Registers. CIT 595 Spring 2010 Instruction Set Architecture Micro-architecture Datapath & Control CIT 595 Spring 2010 ISA =Programmer-visible components & operations Memory organization Address space -- how may locations can be addressed?

More information