COMPUTERS ORGANIZATION 2ND YEAR COMPUTE SCIENCE MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING JOSÉ GARCÍA RODRÍGUEZ JOSÉ ANTONIO SERRA PÉREZ
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1 COMPUTERS ORGANIZATION 2ND YEAR COMPUTE SCIENCE MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING UNIT 1 - INTRODUCTION JOSÉ GARCÍA RODRÍGUEZ JOSÉ ANTONIO SERRA PÉREZ Unit 1.MaNoTaS 1
2 Definitions (I) Description A computer is: A complex electronic system, made up of a huge number of basic electronic devices A complex hierarchy system Unit 1.MaNoTaS 2
3 Definitions (II) Description We can define: structure as the way in which components are related ones to each others function as the operation done by each component as part of the structure Unit 1.MaNoTaS 3
4 Functions (I) Description Computer Basic Functions: Data processing Data storage Data transfer Control Unit 1.MaNoTaS 4
5 Functions (II) Blocks Data Processing Data input/output Data Transfer Control Data Storage Unit 1.MaNoTaS 5
6 Structures (I) Description Computer Basic Structures: Central Processing Unit Main Memory I/O Unit Data path Unit 1.MaNoTaS 6
7 Structures (II) Blocks COMPUTER Memory CPU Data Path I/O Unit 1.MaNoTaS 7
8 Structures (III) Blocks C.P.U. A.L.U. C.U. C.U. Data Path Registers Unit 1.MaNoTaS 8
9 von Neumann Machine (I) Premises It is based on three concepts: Only one read/write memory. Access to memory indicating its address. Continuous program execution. Unit 1.MaNoTaS 9
10 von Neumann Machine (II) Blocks C.U. MEMORY A.L.U. I/O C.P.U. Unit 1.MaNoTaS 10
11 MaNoTaS (I) Description Resources ALU capable of do A/L operations. 64Kbytes memory. Reduced Instructions Set. Four addressing modes. A register bank. State register (Z,C,O,I) Unit 1.MaNoTaS 11
12 MaNoTaS. (II) Memory Capacity 64Kbytes 16 lines for address 8 lines for data Two paths for the information Bidirectional for data Unidirectional for instructions Unit 1.MaNoTaS 12
13 MaNoTaS. (III) Memory ADDRESS BUS 16 MEMORY 64Kx8 8 DATA BUS Unit 1.MaNoTaS 13
14 MaNoTaS. (IV) Addressing Modes MaNoTaS has 4 addressing modes Immediate. Direct to memory. Direct to register. Indirect to register. Unit 1.MaNoTaS 14
15 MaNoTaS. (V) Addressing Modes Immediate. The data is specified after the operation code. It consists of 2 bytes, one used for the operation code and the other for the data. Direct to memory. The operand is defined using the memory address that store it. This mode consists of 3 bytes, one used by the operation code and the two others used for the address. Direct to register. The operand is stored in the specified register. This mode consists of 1 byte. Indirect to register. The operand is stored at the address given by the specified register. This mode consists of 1 byte Unit 1.MaNoTaS 15
16 MaNoTaS. (VI) Instructions Set Transfer Arithmetic Logic Control I/O ADD r1 ANA r1 JMP addr IN #n ADI data ANI data JZ addr OUT #n INR r1 ORA r1 JO addr DER r1 ORI data JC addr SUB r1 XRA r1 CALL addr SUI data XRI data RET CMP r1 CMA INT #n CPI data IRET LDA addr STA addr LDAX STAX LFA SFA MOV r1,r2 MVI data8,r1 MVIL lbl_name,r1 MVIH lbl_name,r1 PUSH r1 POP r1 PUSHF POPF CLI STI NOP Unit 1.MaNoTaS 16
17 MaNoTaS. (VII) Instructions Description Transfer. LDA addr A M(addr) STA addr M(addr) A LDAX A M(D-E) STAX M(D-E) A MOV r1,r2 r2 r1 MVI data,r1 r1 data Unit 1.MaNoTaS 17
18 MaNoTaS. (VIII) Instructions Description Arithmetic. ADD r1 A A+r1 ADI data A A + data INR r1 r1 r1 + 1 SUB r1 A A r1 SUI data A A data CMP r1 A r1 if A=r1 then FZ=1 if A < r1 FC=1 CPI data A data if A=data then FZ=1 if A < data FC=1 Unit 1.MaNoTaS 18
19 MaNoTaS. (IX) Instructions Description Logic. ANA r1 A A and r1 ANI data A A and data ORA r1 A A or r1 ORI data A A or data XRA r1 A A r1 XRI data A A data CMA A C1(A) Flags handle. LFA A flags SFA flags A Unit 1.MaNoTaS 19
20 MaNoTaS. (X) Instructions Description Program sequence break. JMP addr PC addr JZ addr if FZ=1; PC addr JC addr if FC=1; PC addr JO addr if FO=1; PC addr CALL addr M(SP) PC L ; SP SP+1 M(SP) PC H ; SP SP+1 PC addr RET SP SP 1; PC H M(SP) SP SP 1 PC L M(SP) IRET SP SP 1; PC H M(SP); SP SP 1; PC L M(SP); I 1 Unit 1.MaNoTaS 20
21 MaNoTaS. (X) Instructions Encoding One byte wide MOV A, A 44h MOV B, A 00h MOV C, A 01h MOV A, B 40h MOV B, B 04h MOV C, B 05h MOV A, C 41h MOV B, C 08h MOV C, C 09h MOV A, D 42h MOV B, D 0Ch MOV C, D 0Dh MOV A, C 43h MOV B, E 10h MOV C, E 11h MOV D, A 02h MOV D, B 06h MOV D, C 0Ah MOV D, D0Eh MOV D, E 12h MOV E, A 03h MOV E, B 07h MOV E, C 0Bh MOV E, D 0Eh MOV E, E 13h Unit 1.MaNoTaS 21
22 MaNoTaS. (XI) Instructions Encoding One byte wide LDAX B0h STAX 90h STI AAh LFA 81h CLI ABh SFA 82h ADD A 45h SUB A 46h CMP A 47h ADD B 30h SUB B 18h CMP B 1Ch ADD C 31h SUB C 19h CMP C 1Dh ADD F 32h SUB D 1Ah CMP D 1Eh ADD E 33h SUB E 1Bh CMP E 1Fh INR A 4Bh DER A A0h CMA 80h INR B 2Ch DER B A1h INR C 2Dh DER C A2h INR D 2Eh DER D A3h INR E 2Fh DER E A4h Unit 1.MaNoTaS 22
23 MaNoTaS. (XII) Instructions Encoding One byte wide ANA A 48h ORA A 49h XRA A 4Ah ANA B 20h ORA B 24h XRA B 28h ANA C 21h ORA C 25h XRA C 29h ANA D 22h ORA D 26h XRA D 2Ah ANA E 23h ORA E 27h XRA E 2Bh PUSH A 55h POP A 5Ah PUSHF 50h PUSH B 56h POP B 5Bh POPF 51h PUSH C 57h POP C 5Ch RET 7Bh PUSH D 58h POP D 5Dh IRET 7Ch PUSH E 59h POP E 5Eh NOP FFh Unit 1.MaNoTaS 23
24 MaNoTaS. (XIII) Instructions Encoding Two bytes wide MVI data, A 64h data MVI data, B 60h data MVI data, C 61h data MVI data, D 62h data MVI data, E 63h data ADI data 35h data SUI data 36h data CPI data 37h data ANI data ORI data XRI data 68h data 69h data 6Ah data INT #n IN #n OUT #n 54h interruptnumber 52h portnumber 53h portnumber Unit 1.MaNoTaS 24
25 MaNoTaS. (XIV) Instructions Descriptions Three bytes wide MVI addr, SP LDA addr STA addr JMP addr JZ addr JC addr JO addr 65h dl dh 70h dl dh 71h dl dh 74h dl dh 72h dl dh 73h dl dh 75h dl dh CALL addr 7Ah dl dh Unit 1.MaNoTaS 25
26 MaNoTaS. (XV) A.L.U. It performs the following operations Addition, subtraction, comparison And, Or, Xor, Not, Increment and Decrement Status register has Zero (Z). It is set to 1 when the last ALU operation is equal to zero. Carry (C). It is set to 1 when the operands two most significant bits addition causes a carry on. Interruption (I). It is set to 1 to enable interruptions. Overflow (O). It is set to 1 when the last ALU operation is greater than the maximum number allowed for the specified word width. Unit 1.MaNoTaS 26
27 MaNoTaS. (XVI) A.L.U. DATA 1 DATA FR Z C O I + CM - A.L.U. 8 RESULT Unit 1.MaNoTaS 27
28 MaNoTaS. (XVII) Registers Bank The instructions definition forces to provide a register bank in MaNoTaS. DATA INPUT/OUTPUT 8 2 REG. SEL. DEC B D C E Unit 1.MaNoTaS 28
29 MaNoTaS. (XVII) Registers Bank 74ALS574 Specifications Unit 1.MaNoTaS 29
30 MaNoTaS. (XVII) Registers Bank 74F139 Specifications Unit 1.MaNoTaS 30
31 MaNoTaS. (XVIII) Address Selection To select the sources for the address bus, a multiplexor is needed. PC SP MX 16 ADDRESS BUS HL 2 Sel Unit 1.MaNoTaS 31
32 MaNoTaS. (XIX) C.U. It does the following operations: It loads the instructions, that are located in the memory, into a register which is named as Instruction Register. It controls a register named as Program Counter, which control what instruction will be executed. It decodes the instruction. It controls the instructions execution and the peripherals communication. Unit 1.MaNoTaS 32
33 MaNoTaS. (XX) Data Path Unit 1.MaNoTaS 33
34 MaNoTaS Simulator. (I) Simulator Unit 1.MaNoTaS 34
35 MaNoTaS Simulator. (II) Simulator Trace Unit 1.MaNoTaS 35
36 MaNoTaS Simulator. (III) Simulator Editor Unit 1.MaNoTaS 36
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