Project Coordinator Akif KOÇY T Project Consultants Aziz ELBAS Ahmet Ö. ERDÖNMEZ Text Consultant Raif KAPLANO LU

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2 Project Coordinator Akif KOÇY T Project Consultants Aziz ELBAS Ahmet Ö. ERDÖNMEZ Text Consultant Raif KAPLANO LU Edited / Prepared By smail CENG Z Visual Director Y ld z METAN Cover Design Yi it SUBAfiIO LU English Editor Hülya SÜNGÜ Translation Umut fian Pictures & Photos Archive of Bursa Culture Co. Archive of Osmangazi Municipality Archive of Bursa Metropolitan Mu nicipality Contributors BKSTV / BUFSAD / Bursa Hakimiyet Newspaper / Bursa Research Foundation City Library / BTSO / AKMED / Olay Newspaper / City Museum Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kara / Prof. Dr. Mefail H zl / Abdullah Eker Murat Ayd nl lar / Hakan Ayd n / Ömer Ya l dere / Nilay Kabal A. Bar fl Ifl tan / Derya Duyar / Müberra Öz / Seçkin Yalç n / Demet Argun Produced By Kültürpark çi, Aç k Hava Tiyatrosu Alt Çekirge / BURSA Tel: (pbx) Fax: bilgi@bursakultur.com / ISBN Extended 5 th Edition, stanbul, May 2009 Printing and Binding Elma Bas m

3 The door of Y ld r m Bayezid Mauseloum.

4 CONTENTS FOREWORD INTRODUCTION Importance and Location of Bursa CHAPTER 1: BURSA; THE GATEWAY OF CIVILIZATIONS / 21 The First Traces of Civilization / Bursa; In Mythology / The Foundation of Prusa / Whose City is Bursa Turks Entering the Bursa Region / From Dynasty to a Regular State / Conquest of Bursa / An Empire is Born in Bursa / The First Martyr Sultan / A Sultan Like the Lightning / Civil Wars / The Sultan that Re- Established the State / A Sultan Like A Dervish / The Spiritual Capital Bursa / Depression Years of Bursa Problems of the Bursa in Republic Days / Bursa Survived Many Catastrophes / Atatürk and Bursa CHAPTER 2: THE GOVERNORS OF BURSA AND THE DISTRICTS / 61 Province Administration from Hudavendigâr till Today / Municipality Administration from Çardak to Metropolitan / Districts of Bursa: Osmangazi / Y ld r m / Nilüfer / Gürsu / Kestel / Gemlik / Mudanya Büyükorhan / Harmanc k / negöl / znik / Karacabey / Keles / Mustafakemalpafla / Orhaneli Orhangazi / Yeniflehir CHAPTER 3: BURSA; TRANSFORMING THOROUGH LIFE / 109 A City of Immigrants / Contribution of the Non-Muslims / The City where Cultures are Kneaded Everything Starts with Well-Being / From Madrasa to School / Bursa Becomes Civil / Trademark City Bursa CHAPTER 4: BURSA FOLKLORE "Being Born and Living in Bursa" / 129 Customs of Birth / Customs of Wedding / Customs of Death / Traditional Folk Dances / Local Clothing Cookery / Traditional Handicrafts / Artisans of Bursa / Tamiyes of Bursa Ramadan Culture in Bursa and Ulu Mosque CHAPTER 5: FIRSTS OF BURSA / 157 The City of Initiations / The First Consul of the Christianity / The First Coin of Ottomans / First Madrasa First Bridge / First Mosque with University / First Hospital / First Minaret with Fountain / First Workshop of Wool and Silk Weaving / First Bridge with a Bazaar / First Small Mosque with Fountain / The First Standard of the World / First Silk Factory / First School of Sericulture / The First and the Only Folk Dance without Music First Döner Kebab / First Mineral Water / First Theatre Building / First Museum of Anatolia First Interurban Transportation / First Mountaineering Club / First Aerial Railway of Turkey CHAPTER 6: FAMOUS FACES OF BURSA / 171 Ahmed Pasha / Behice Boran / Celal Bayar / Cemal Nadir Güler / Dio Chrysostom / Duhani / Emir Sultan Erdinç Çelikol / Fahri Çelebi / Hac vaz Pasha / brahim Balaban / lhan rem / smail Beli / smail Hakk Butak / smail Hakk Bursevi / smet Bozda / Kamil Koç / Kaz m Baykal / Lami Çelebi / Mehmet fiakir Feraicizade / Mehmet fiemsettin Ulusoy / Mehmed Tahir of Bursa / Müzeyyen Senar / Oruç Bey / Procopios of Caesarea / Sabiha Gökçen / Süleyman Çelebi / fiefik Bursal / Üftade Mehmet Muhiyiddin Efendi / Y ld r m Gürses / Zeki Müren / Artists of Bursa / Writers and Intellectuals of Bursa CHAPTER 7: SYMBOLS OF BURSA / 185 Values that Constitutes Bursa / Green Bursa / Monumental Trees / Erguvan (Redbud) Festival; From Past; to Present / From Olympos to Monk Mountain; Uludag / After all Bursa is Water / Thermal Springs of Bursa Velvet Fruit of Bursa; Peach / Good Deed to Eat; Roasted Chestnut / Delight Invented by Bursa; Chestnut Candy / Kebab Known Worldwide: Bursa Iskender / Kayhan Kebab with Pita / Inegol Meat Balls / Wonderful Smelling Wild Strawberry / Kemalpafla Dessert / Cheese Loaf; Mahlaç / Gemlik Olives Hacivat and Karagöz Sword and Shield Dance / Aerial Railway / znik Pottery / Bursa Knives / Bursa Cloth Arap fiükrü Street Covered Bazaar

5 CHAPTER 8: BRANDS OF BURSA / 227 Brands that Enrich Bursa / Uluda Fizzy Drinks / Uluda Mineral Water / Kamil Koç / pekifl Company Tolon Washing Machines / Özdilek Towels / Unmatched Brand in Chestnut: Kafkas / Swivel Kebab of skender / K rc lar Leather / Sönmez Holding / Bursa Cement / Baykal Machinery / A World's Brand in Klaxon: Seger / The Address of the Kitchens: noksan / Renault / Sayat Milk Powder / Vatan Canned Foods Tamek Canned Foods / Tat Canned Foods / Tofafl / Bursa Birlik Shipping / Pirlant Watches / Aroma / Green Alligator; Bursaspor CHAPTER 9: BURSA; THE CITY OF TOURISM / 243 Tourism / Green Bursa / Living Ottoman Village: Cumal k z k / Misi Village of 2000 Years Old Derek zl k Village / Saitabat Waterfall / Alaçam Canyon and Waterfall / Aras Waterfall / Do anc Dam Trilye (Zeytinba ) / Kumkaya / Uluabat Lake / Gölyaz Village / Ulubat Bird Sanctuary / znik Lake Land of Mosaic; znik / Su Uçtu Waterfall / Ayvaini Cave / Bursa Beaches Recreation Spots of Bursa Nature Walk Tracks / Youth Camps / Botanical Park / Bursa Zoo / Water-Skiing Lagoon Alternative Tourism Thermal Tourism / Hunting Tourism / Belief Tourism / Expo Tourism / Entertainment and Festival Tourism CHAPTER 10: BURSA ARCHITECTURE / 267 Bursa Between Two Gates / Monuments of Bursa / Synthesis in Architecture / Materials Used in Monuments / Technique of Bursa Archway and Bursa Monuments / Ornamentation / Castles and Monuments / Mosques and Prayer Places / Ulu Mosque / Churches and Temples / Tombs / Tophane; The Sol Silvered Dome / Islamic Monasteries and Dervish Lodges / Madrasas / Khans and Covered Bazaars Bridges Hamams and Hot Springs / Fountains / Natural Monuments CHAPTER 11: BURSA KULLIYAS (ISLAMIC SOCIAL COMPLEXES) / 317 Orhan Gazi Kulliya / Hüdavendigâr Kulliya / Yildirim Kulliya / Emir Sultan Kulliya / Yesil Kulliya Muradiye Kulliya CHAPTER 12: BURSA MUSEUMS / 363 Bursa City Museum / Museum of Archaeology / Karagöz Museum / Museum of Forestry / Museum of Atatürk Mansion / Museum of Hüsnü Züber House / Ulumay Traditional Clothing and Jewellery Museum 17th Century Ottoman House Museum / Bursa Sanitarian Museum / Museum of Turk-Islam Works Museum of Tofafl Anatolian Cars / Hünkar Villa Museum / Bursa Press Museum / Cumal k z k Museum of Ethnography / Museum of Mudanya Armistice House / Museum of Yeniflehir Semaki House / Celal Bayar Museum / znik Museum / Hagia Sophia Museum / negöl City Museum CHAPTER 13: BURSA ECONOMICS / 393 Bursa as Manufacturer / Historical Development of Industry in Bursa / Today's Industry of Bursa / Textile Industry / Automotive Industry / Agricultural Structure / Commerce / Bursa as the Exporting Base CHAPTER 14: BURSA AS BECOMING A METROPOL ON THE ROAD TO EUROPE / 413 Bursa in Figures / Population of Bursa Grows Continuously / Step by Step to Modern Bursa / Bursa in the Process of Urbanization / Steps Taken on the Way to Planned Urbanization / From Field Road to Subway Turkey Association of Healthy Cities; Target: To Create "Healthy Cities" / Contemporary Bursa / Sisters of Bursa on the Road to Europe / Capital of Europe in 1991: Bursa / Eyes of Europe on Bursa / Future of Bursa is being Constructed / New Centres of Attraction in Bursa / Trademark City Bursa / History Comes to Light City of Festivals; Bursa CHAPTER 15: BURSA; THE CITY OF ART AND CULTURE / 449 Midpoint of Bursa is a Theatre / Contemporary Theatre Works / Theatre Stages in Bursa / Cinema Culture in Bursa / Movie Houses in Bursa / Coffee and Coffeehouse Culture in Bursa / Literature in Bursa; Bursa in Literature / Contributions of Bursa to Literature / Bursa Press / Cultural Places of Bursa / Ahmet Vefik Pasha Theatre / Tayyare Cultural Centre / Open Air Theatre / City Museum Movie Theatres / Libraries / City Library City Theatre / Gökdere Cultural Centre / Haraçc o lu Madrasa Cultural Centre / Karabafl- Veli Art and Cultural Centre / Ordekli Hammmam Art and Cultural Centre / Bar fl Manço Cultural Centre / Uluda University Cultural Centre / Konak Culture and Art House Centre / Fethiye Cultural Centre / U ur Mumcu Cultural Centre / Molla Yegan Cultural Centre / Atatürk Congress and Convention Centre CHAPTER 16: FESTIVAL TOURISM / 489 Every Corner of Bursa is a Festival / Bursa Culture Co. / The Art Event That Became A Classical; Bursa Festival / International Golden Karagöz Folk Dances Festival / International Festival of Children and Youth Theatre / International Pupped and Shadow Plays Festival / International Bursa Silk Road Film Festival The Green-White Bursa Concerts / Ramadan Activities and Events / Bursa Photography Days Bursa Literature Days / From Turkish Classical Music to Symphony / Festival of Street Plays of Children The Redbud Festival / Blues Music Festival / The Festival Goes on in Bursa