THE TRANSFORMATION OF HOSUEHOLDS AND NEIGHBORHOODS IN 19TH CENTURY ISTANBUL

Transcription

1 THE TRANSFORMATION OF HOSUEHOLDS AND NEIGHBORHOODS IN 19TH CENTURY ISTANBUL

2 Covered Bazaar, İstanbul, 15th century onwards

3 Mustafa Ağa and Simon Kalfa, Nuruosmaniye Mosque, Istanbul,

4 Mustafa Ağa and Simon Kalfa, Nuruosmaniye Mosque, Istanbul,

5 Mustafa Ağa and Simon Kalfa, Nuruosmaniye mosque, Istanbul,

6 Mustafa Ağa and Simon Kalfa, Nuruosmaniye Mosque, Istanbul, baroque forms

7 Krikor Balyan, Nusretiye Mosque, Istanbul,

8 Krikor Balyan, Nusretiye mosque, Istanbul, Sultan s entry to a royal lodge above

9 Topkapı Palace, İstanbul, 1466 onwards

10 4th court 3rd court 2nd court Topkapı Palace, İstanbul, 1466 onwards

11 Topkapı Palace, İstanbul Main Entrance Gate (to the second court)

12 Topkapı Palace, İstanbul kitchens in the second court

13 Topkapı Palace, İstanbul Gate to the third court

14 Topkapı Palace, İstanbul Sultan s Audience Chamber in the third court

15 Topkapı Palace, İstanbul Campaign Hall in the third court

16 Topkapı Palace, İstanbul Revan Kiosk in the fourth court

17 Topkapı Palace, İstanbul Kiosk of Abdülmecid I in the fourth courtyard

18 Garabet Balyan, Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, 1853

19 Garabet Balyan, Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, 1853

20 Garabet Balyan, Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, 1853

21 Garabet Balyan, Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, 1853 Imperial Gate

22 Garabet Balyan, Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, 1853 entrance from the south

23 Garabet Balyan, Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, 1853 circular steps leading to Ceremonial Hall

24 Garabet Balyan, Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, 1853 Ceremonial Hall

25 Garabet Balyan, Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, 1853 the crystal staircase

26 Istanbul and Haliç (Golden Horn), Aerial Photos

27 The Golden Horn (Haliç), 19th century

28 The Golden Horn (Haliç), 19th century

29 The Golden Horn (Haliç), Panoramic photos, 19th century

30 The Golden Horn (Haliç) and the dockyards, 19th century. Engravings by Perrault

31 Historical peninsula 18th century Historical peninsula 19th century Henri Prost Proposal for Historical peninsula, 1937 Historical peninsula

32 The idea of creating a modern Istanbul became a central issue that the Ottoman administration took into account during the Tanzimat ( reorganization ) Period ( ). There were mainly two reasons why these urban renovations seemed necessary: 1) Visiting the European cities and seeing wide streets with lines of trees, and tall buildings, the Ottoman bureaucrats tried to create a similarly modern image of Istanbul, which would be appropriated by European visitors. 2) The second reason was the need to re-establish the government s authority in the city. The purpose was to have a better control over a variety of groups that find shelter in the traditional structure of the city as well as to collect taxes more regularly. On the other hand, the municipal solutions to the city s problems were mostly partially applied - beautification of the existing areas, such as widening the streets, regular garbage collecting and making road surfaces available for the use of vehicles.

33 Major urban developments in Istanbul in the 19 th century : 1) The decision on 17 May 1839 to build wide streets and docks and abolish narrow streets and dead-ends. The minimum width of a road was going to be 7.60 meters. At the time, the maximum street width in Istanbul was not more than 6.00 meters (Stefane Yerasimos). 2) commencement of regular ferry services in 1851, the establishment of the first telegraph line in 1853, the production of coal gas for the illumination of some public buildings in 1856, the commencement of first street illumination in 1865 and the construction of an underground railway between Karaköy and Pera in ) The construction of two bridges on the Golden Horn. Their construction contributed to the image of the area as a hub of the city s transportation.

34 Silahtaraga Electric Plant Santral Istanbul Silahtarağa Electric Power Plant: The power plant was founded in 1913 on the western end of Golden Horn by Hungarian Ganz Company, and it began to produce electric energy in 1914.

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36 The Museum of Energy, Santralistanbul, (Original structures first built 1913 and 1921).

37 The Campus Bilgi University

38 Sutluce slaughterhouse Sutluce International congress and cultural center

39 Sütlüce Slaughterhouse: It was built at the beginning of the 1920 s, by three architects, Ahmed Burhaneddin, Osman Fıtri, and Marko Logos. The complex was founded to produce meat in more hygienic conditions and it included biologic water refining system, a cold store and laboratories

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42 Cibali tobacco factory Kadir Has university

43 Cibali Tobacco Factory: The Factory is located between Unkapanı and Cibali, on the southern banks of Golden Horn. In 1884, the Reji İdaresi (Tekel Administration) was granted the rights of collecting and processing tobacco for 30 years.

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47 lengerhane & haskoy dockyards Rahmi Koc Industry Museum

48 Lengerhane and Hasköy Dockyards: Located on Hasköy Avenue, on the northern banks of Haliç, Lengerhane was built to produce anchor and chain for the Ottoman Navy. The construction took place during the Reign of Sultan Ahmet III ( ) and the building was restored during the Reign of Sultan Selim ( ). Hasköy Dockyard was founded in 1861 on the northern banks of Haliç. It was used for repairing and regular maintenance of the ships of the Şirket-i Hayriye (Ottoman Maritime Company). The Dockyard was renovated and also extended in 1884 and in 1910, respectively.

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51 The Turkish/Ottoman House: mahalle/neighborhoods

52 The Turkish/Ottoman/Anatolian House : defines the housing types that were existent in main cities and towns of the Ottoman Empire. The sofa: it is the central hall in the Turkish/Ottoman House where social gatherings took place, guests were received and the family was entertained. It is a function which is common to most upper class houses built in the Ottoman Empire until the end of nineteenth century. According to Sedad Hakkı Eldem, a famous Turkish architect, the sofa was one of the essential, common features characterizing the Turkish House. In his book Türk Evi Plan Tipleri (Plan Types of the Turkish House), Eldem classified traditional Turkish houses according to the presence, location, and different forms of this centralized space. Although varied in type and form, the sofa was usually located in the center of the upper floor, with all rooms having direct access. It could also be positioned directly open to the courtyard (avlu, taşlık), or be T-shaped. If sofa was to be located in the middle of the rooms, then in order to make the light come into the space, smaller spaces were used, which were separated from the main area by a step (seki) and a railing (eyvan) (Stefane Yerasimos).

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54 The Turkish/Ottoman House: life in upper class houses traditional (vernacular) Ottoman House

55 Safranbolu

56 Birgi

57 Çakır Ağa Konağı, Birgi, 1761

58 Çakır Ağa Konağı, Birgi, 17th century

59 Çakır Ağa Konağı, Birgi, 17th century

60 The Turkish/Ottoman House: the sofa/main hall

61 Eski Ankara Evleri (1935) - Sedad Hakkı Eldem: "Anciennes mai sons d'ankara" La Kamâliste Turquie (1935) 7:

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63 Drawings by Sedad Hakkı Eldem identifying main types of the Turkish House according to the size, form and location of the sofa (main sitting/guest hall). Image credits: Esra Akcan, Modernity in Translation, 2005, p. 452

64 The Turkish/Ottoman House: life organized around the sofa and multipurpose rooms Sources: Ugur Tanyeli, p. 140, 143.

65 The emergence of rooms with specific function / changing perception of privacy and domestic life Zeki Pasa and Sarafoglu Apartments, late 19th century, Pera, Istanbul. Source: Ugur Tanyeli, p. 149.

66 The Transformation of large Konaks to small apartments Until the mid-nineteenth century, the spatial order of domestic life in upperclass Ottoman homes was determined by the so-called Haremlik-Selamlık (male-female) distinction. Furthermore, both common gathering spaces (such as the sofa) and multi-functional rooms of the house (which were utilized for daily activities, i.e., having meals, sleeping, and bathing) could provide little space for individuality as most family members used them. Increased individuality, specialization of rooms, and increased access enabled between adjoining rooms were the main transformations that shaped the architectural topography of upper and middle class housing in Istanbul in late nineteenth century. Small flats were no more the site of large meetings or social gatherings; modern living externalized many activities. In other words, most of the functions which took place within the home were now taken outside, and therefore traditional patterns of privacy began to change.

67 The emergence of corridor and the multi story apartment buildings The Ahmet Ratip Pasa Konak, 1910, Çamlıca, Istanbul. Source: Ugur Tanyeli, p. 153.

68 The emergence of corridor and the multi story apartment buildings: examples from Galata

69 Old neighborhoods and the emergence of new means of public transportation

70 Transformation of fashion and dress

71 Transformation of fashion and dress