Photovoltaic Research in AIST. Koichi Sakuta Research Center for Photovoltaics, AIST

Transcription

1 Photovoltaic Research in AIST Koichi Sakuta Research Center for Photovoltaics, AIST

2 R&D Items Progress of PV R&D in Japan New Sunshine Project Completed Road Map PV2030 Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells (140 JPY/W) New Sunshine Project initiated <1MW Demonstrate PV plant> <Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells> 1980 <II-VI compound Solar cells> <Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells> 1974 <BIPV module> 1997 <CIS solar Cells> <TF-Si Solar Cells > <III-V high eff. Solar cells> <PV System Demonstration > <Grid Connected PV System> <Hybrid TF-Si Solar Cells > 1993 Residential PV System Technology 500 KW Pilot Production- Line for mc-si Solar Cells Establishment of NEDO Basic Technology for Silicon Solar Cells (wafer, cell-process) Low Cost SOG-Si Production Process Technology for a-si Solar Cells Production 1MW PV Power Plant Sunshine Project initiated 0 Low Cost mc-silicon Solar Cells Production Technology (Efficiency = 17.2%, 189 JPY/W) R&D Results

3 World PV Module Production Producton (MW) Others USA Europe Japan Year (Source: PV News)

4 PV2030 Long-term Roadmap for PV R&D and Introduction 1GW 4.8GW 35GW 102GW Electricity Cost ~50 Yen/kWh 30 Yen/ kwh Bulk Si & Thin Film Si/ Compound <<Cell Technology>> Cost Reduction by Tech. Generation Change Grid-Connected <<System Tech>>> with Higher Degree Less-dependent to Grid of Autonomy from Individual to Clustered Rechargeable Battery Back up system Large System Long Life BOS 23 Yen/kWh 14 Yen/kWh Very-Thin Cell/ Multi-junction New Material/ Structure Ex.: Dye-sensitized Active Grid Control Emergence of New Material 7 Yen/kWh [PV System Deployment Images ] (Examples) Residential Conventional Grid-Connected Community PV- Clusterd Broader Area Clusterd PV Industrial Renewable Energy Network In-Factory High Voltage-Connected/ Captive Load/Building Integrated PV Overseas Solar Home System (SHS) Hydrogen Production Very Large Scale PV (VLS-PV)

5 Mission and Policy Statement of RCPV (1) R&D for new materials and devices Cost reduction, lower environmental impacts (2) Characterization, testing, standardization Infrastructure for industry (3) System operation, evaluation Infra technology for energy source (4) International cooperation Collaboration and competition - Rapid technology transfer using integrating platform - Impartial evaluation and advice to policymakers

6 Organization Chart of RCPV Thin Film Compound semiconductor Novel Silicon Materials Advanced Crystalline Silicon Needs Strategic Industrialization Characterization, Testing and System Advanced Organic Material Seeds Infra for Industries

7 Advanced Crystalline Silicon Team Crystalline Silicon Cells Thinner Cells < 100μm Plasma Slicing Sliced silicon ingot (kerf loss: 120μm ditch depth: 8.2mm) High efficiency thin substrate cells Hetero junction cells, Light trapping structure Single -crystalline (5X5cm, 2X2cm) 200 m 100 m HIT 50 μm cell Poly-crystalline 150 m 120 m 100 m (2X2cm) Commercial cells Cell thickness ( μm )

8 Novel Silicon Materials Team Triple Tandem Solar Cell a-si:h μc-si:h μc-si 1-x Ge x :H Amorphous Si p a-si i n p i μc-si n p μc-si i 1-x Ge x n Microcrystalline Si Small absorption coefficient in infrared region Microcrystalline Si 1-x Ge x QE (a.u.) a-si μc-si AM1.5G μc-si 1-x Ge x Higher IR response with narrower Eg material double η=12-13% triple η= 16% Wavelength (nm) J sc (SiGe) >>30 ma/cm 2

9 Thin Film Compound Semiconductor Team CIGS Cell 18.1% Wide-gap Cell Flexible Cell 17.7% Integrated Sub-module 10cm x 10cm 15.9%

10 Advanced Organic Material Team Polymer Cell (P3HT:PCBM) Sub-module and Flexible Cell C 6 H 13 C6 H 13 S S S S n C 6 H 13 C6 H 13 Current density / ma cm Light Dark ITO 電 極 有 機 層 金 属 電 極 乾 燥 剤 封 止 ガラス Voltage / V PCE = 3.8 1cm 2 J SC = 9.68 ma cm -2 ガラス 基 板 太 陽 光 モジュール 構 造 V OC = 0.62 V, FF = 0.64

11 Strategic Industrialization Team Rapid transfer of basic technologies Practice of Open Innovation Flexible solar-cell substrates consortium Example of Apparatus NIPPON GOHSEI Processing Films Machines Observer: Industrial Research Inst of Ishikawa, PV manufacturer First Phase: Plasma CVD apparatus for thin-film silicon solar cells with a substrate size of 310 mm 410 mm.

12 分 光 感 度 補 正 例 Characterization, Testing and System Team SR measurements of each cell in a module Calibration System for Primary Reference Cell 校 正 証 明 書 Long term reliability test of PV modules AIST Accredited for primary reference cell calibrations required by ISO/IEC17025 in global MRA Combined stresses acceleration test equipment

13 Characterization, Testing and System Team Energy Rating of PV Systems Estimation of PV Introduction Potential Base power + PV < Power Demand Irradiance [kw/m 2 ] OKE, Fine Daily Irradiation: 7.6 [kwh/m 2 ] PV Module Temp.* 43.7 [ o C] Hour PV Module Temperature [ o C] PV Base power power demand Minimum power of coal power of geothermal power of hydro power of nuclear Time [hour] Performance Diagnostic of PV Systems Detection of failure by Passive Diagnostic (compare mes. vs calc.) Separation of problem ( PCS / PV Array ) Identify failure point and type by Active Diagnostic In case of PV array problem

14 Mega-SolarTown

15 Mega-SolarTown: Overview Start operation: April 2004 Total capacity DC: 869kWp (approx. 5,600 PV modules) AC: 844kW (211 units of 4kW power conditioner) First MW-scale PV in Japan (including existing 150kW PV systems) Commercial PV modules / systems showcase Mono-crystalline Si, poly-crystalline Si, amorphous Si and hetero junction Si modules Aggregation of 4kW residential PV systems Power generation: 10 6 kwh / year = 0.8% of total demand in the area = 300 tons of CO 2 reduction / year

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17 Key Innovative Energy Technologies toward Cool Earth 50 Efficiency improvement Low carbon Tech Supply side Power generation/ transmission Efficient LNG-fired plants Transport ITS Oil LNG Coal Efficient coal-fired power plant CCS Superconducting power transmission FCV PHEV/EV Nuclear Power Biomass Solar Wind Advanced nuclear power Innovative Photovoltaics Biofuel Demand side Industry Innovative materials/ manufacturing process Steel-making process with hydrogen Residence Efficient Efficient Fuel cells for /Building houses/bldgs. lighting residential use Super Low energy IT heat pumps devices/networks HEMS/BEMS/Regional EMS Crosssectoral Hydrogen production/ Power storage Power electronics storage/transport

18 Overview of NEDO s PV R&D program Year Short term program PV Sys. Advanced Manufacturing Technology PV Sys. Adv. Practical Tech. PV sys. Promoted Practical Tech. Mid-Long term program Advanced Solar Cell Tech. (target at 2010) Innovative PV Tech. (target at 2020, 2030) R&D for Next Generation PV Sys. (target at 2030) R&D on Innovative Solar Cells (for 2050) Grid Connection Grid-interconnection of clustered Photovoltaic Power Generation Verification of Grid Stabilization with Large-scale PV Power Generation Systems

19 R&D on Innovative Solar Cells (International COE Program) Period: FY FY2014 (7 years) Budget: 2.2 billion yen / 14 million euro (FY2008) Objective: To achieve a photovoltaic power generation with a conversion efficiency of more than 40% and an electricity generation cost of 7 JPY/kWh or less in around Scheme: Three Core Research Centers were selected (July 2008). 1. RC for Adv. Sci. & Tech., The University of Tokyo 2. RC for Photovoltaics, AIST 3. Tokyo Institute of Technology

20 R&D on Innovative Solar Cells (FY ) Univ. Tokyo Group: Prof. Y. Nakano Post-silicon solar cells for ultra-high efficiencies Multi Junction, High concentrator, III-V Compounds, Intermediate Band, Quantum dots, New Concepts, New Materials AIST Group: Dr. M. Kondo Exploring novel thin multi-junction solar cells with highly-ordered structure Multi Junction, No concentrator, Thin (μ)c-si(ge), CIS, Light Management and TCO, Quantum dots, New Concepts, New Materials Tokyo Tech Group: Prof. M. Konagai Thin film full spectrum solar cells with low concentration ratios Multi Junction, Low concentrator, Thin Films, Light Management and TCO, Quantum dots, New Concepts, New Materials

21 AIST Group: Dr. M. Kondo Exploring novel thin multi-junction solar cells with highly-ordered structure Multi Junction, No concentrator, Thin (μ)c-si(ge), CIS, Light Management and TCO, Quantum dots, New Concepts, New Materials Target Solar cells with efficiency over 40% and Solar cells with cost below 7 yen/kwh by 2050 with international collaboration. Target Over 25% efficiencies in 2015 for Si-based triple-junction and compound-semiconductor-based four-junction thin-film solar cells 10% efficiencies in 2015 for single-junction solar cells using new concepts. Usefulness of light-management technologies will be shown by fabricating solar cells.

22 Smart stack structure Mechanical stack Monolithic (lattice matching) Top cell bonding TCO Intermediate substrate Mechanically Optically Electrically bonded hν> 1.8 ev middle cell 1.8 >hν> 1eV bonding bottom cell Back contact Materials Component cells Stacked cell smart stack structure 1 >hν> 0.7 ev 22

23 Structure of project Wide and narrow-gap materials 1 Si-based 3J cells 4 Advanced light management 2 CIS-based 4Jcells 3Novel concepts and materials

24 Scenario for industrialization Wafer base c-si Feedback to current technology This project Wafer base MJ Thin film (Si, CIGS, CdTe) Thin film base MJ New comers Before c-si B.C. 1 st Gen. 2 nd Gen. 3.1 Gen. 3.2 Gen. X