Negative refraction, perfect lenses, invisibility and. metamaterials. The state after twelve years

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1 Negative refraction, perfect lenses, invisibility and metamaterials. The state after twelve years Manuel Nieto-Vesperinas Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, C.S.I.C. November 27, 2012

2 The highway to invisibility By KENNETH CHANG Published: August 11, 2008 Using tiny wires and fishnet structures, researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, have found new ways to bend light backward, something that never occurs in nature. This technology could lead to microscopes able to peer more deeply and clearly into living cells. And the same kind of structures might one day be adapted to bend light in other unnatural ways, creating a Harry Potter-like invisibility cloak.

3 METAMATERIAL CONCEPT: Harnessing light: Take advantage of new techniques to growing and ensembling micro and nano-structures to play with electromagnetic waves and light, their wavefronts and directions of propagation by introducing appropriate geometry on propagation = built in convenient variations of macroscopic constitutive parameters ε and µ. -Artificial dielectrics, (W.E. Kock, 1948), radar, microwaves.

4 Examples of metamaterials. Left: giant gyrotropic power. Right: slow light Zheludev et al. Phys Rev Lett. 97, (2006) Dielectric d= 1.5 mm Copper film thickness: 35 µm W= 0.4 mm L= 53 mm GHz (λ = cm).

5 DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) %2FWorkArea%2FDownloadAsset.aspx%3Fid %3D &ei=mCGpUILoIpSRhQfq5YCoAQ&usg=AFQjCNF5FYEcO9HPUxK1Hsr1vVq1KmmPQ&sig2=SRjD_3xqh7UKS64SHnd-Zw

6 DARPA sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0cceqfjaa&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.darpa.mil%2fworkarea %2FDownloadAsset.aspx%3Fid%3D &ei=mCGpUILoIpSRhQfq5YCoAQ&usg=AFQjCNF5FYEcO9HPUxK1Hsr1vVq1KmmPQ&sig2=SRjD_3xqh7UKS64SHnd-Zw

7 Re ε < 0, Re µ < 0, n= ε µ < 0 Rot E= -(1/c) B/ t, k x E= (ω/c) µ H Rot H= (1/c) D/ t, k x H= - (ω/c) ε E B = µ H, D = ε E. Energy flow: S= (c/4π) E x H H H k E E S k Ordinary medium S Left-handed material (LHM)

8 Negative refraction: x z y UNIFORM MEDIA S k k S k air Ki=k0 sinθi Kt=k0 n sinθt Ki=Kt ki z= - ktz LHM S Other phenomena: Reversal of Cerenkov and Doppler effects. Reversal of radiation pressure (still controversial)

9 Some ancests : Mandel'shtam L I Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz (1945)

10 Rediscovered by: - S. Maslovski, S. Tretyakov, J. Appl. Phys. 94, 4241 (2003) - J. B. Pendry, et al. Time Reversal and Negative Refraction Science 322, 71 (2008)

11 4534 citas Google Scholar

12 The new idea (with permission of antennists): Magnetism induced by an incident electromagnetic wave, or light, in the elements ( meta-atoms ) of a frabricated composite material. E B B Seek behavior of the composite as an EFFETIVE CONTINUOUS medium at the excitation frequencies.

13 Condition for Re µ < 0 : Re µ Im µ THE WAVE INDUCES MAGNETIC RESONANCE Near resonant frequency ωres ωres Re µ ω Incident wavelength λ=30 mm Unit cell a=5 mm HUGE ABSORPTION E Estimated effective refractive index neff = -2.7 Effective wavelength λeff = 11 mm Effective medium?? 10 GHz D. Smith et al., UCSD, San Diego, 2002, R.A. Shelby et al., Science 292, 77 (2001). H S

14 4542 citas -METAL-LIKE LOSSES 5165 citas Google scholar -NO CONTINUOUS MEDIUM

15 Author=(Von Neumann j* Índice h Title: The logic of quantum mechanics Author(s): Birkhoff, G; von Neumann, JSource: ANNALS OF MATHEMATICS Volume: 37 Pages: DOI: / Published: 1936 Times Cited: 762 (from Web of Science) Índice h 70 Título / Autor Citado por Año Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Commemorative Edition)(Princeton Classic Editions) J von Neumann, O Morgenstern Princeton University Press} Theory of self-reproducing automata J Von Neumann, AW Burks The logic of quantum mechanics G Birkhoff, J Von Neumann Annals of mathematics,

16 A terrific application of LHMs? (evanescent wave amplification, and hence, recovery with unlimited detail). ε=µ= - 1

17 6510 citas -INVOLVES INFINITE ENERGY. -ONLY PHYSICAL WITH ABSORPTION. BUT THEN, FAR FROM PERFECT.

18 Predicciones de Thomson Reuters para los Premios Nobel de HALL OF CITATION LAUREATES Sir John B. Pendry FRS, Professor of Theoretical Solid State Physics and Head of the Condensed Matter Theory Group, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, UK David R. Smith William Bevan Professor of Electrical and Computer Engieering and Director of the Center for Metamaterial and Integrated Plasmonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

19 PROBLEMS AND PATHOLOGIES: Opt.Lett. 27, (2002).

20 MIÉRCOLES, 15 de mayo de 2002 ÓPTICA MATERIALES Polémica sobre las propiedades ópticas de los materiales 'zurdos' explica Katie Pennicott, directora del servicio de noticias Physics Web Sin embargo, el científico británico John Pendry, del Imperial College, mantiene sus simulaciones, que indican que se puede producir refracción negativa en delgadas láminas de plata Afirma que G. y N-V hicieron mal los cálculos

21 Physicsworld.com Doubt cast on "left-handed" materials May 8, 2002 Focus: Left-Handed Materials Debate Heats Up Published May 3, 2002 Phys. Rev. Focus 9, 23 (2002) DOI: /PhysRevFocus.9.23 But perfect lens negated by Veselago himself Veselago/Trudy/Negative%20Refractive%20Index %20Materials.pdf December 16, 2002 Heat and Light Does negative refraction really exist?

22 Here: Phase conjugated of field wavefront here THE PERFECT LENS : Here evanescent component: exp[ kz (z-z0)] z Inverse diffraction propagator ANALOGIC INVERSE DIFFRACTION FILTER

23 Resolution of image: I.e., absorption n2 as small as: MN-V, JOSA A 21, 491 (2004). Logarithmic dependence. Requires exponential decrease in data uncertainty to obtain linear increase in resolution MN-V, Scattering and Diffraction in Physical Optics, (2nd ed., World Sci., 2006), Ch.9

24 Ultimately, why is the performance of the SLAB SUPERLENS so sensitive to absorption? (M.N-V., unpublished)

25 Transport of Information M. Von Laue, Ann Phys.,1914 D. Gabor, Prog. Opt. Vol.1, 1961 G. Toraldo di Francia, JOSA, 1969 Shannon number of degrees of freedom: Invariant at any plane z=const of propagation Huygens principle

26 The perfect lens is an analogic inverse propagator: (Signal recovery after propagation as an inverse problem) eigenvalues WIENER S Ill-posed nature of the recovery

27 Series in Optics and Optoelectronics Fast Light, Slow Light and Left-Handed Light P W Milonni Los Alamos, New Mexico Institute of Physics Publishing Bristol and Philadelphia Copyright 2005 IOP Publishing Ltd. That the diffraction limit is not a fundamentally unbreakable one can also be seen from a purely formal standpoint. The Fourier transform of a finite twodimensional source is an analytic function of the spatial frequencies kx, ky and, if this function is given in any finite region of the kxky plane, it can be determined over the entire plane. In particular, there is no upper limit to the spatial frequencies at which this function can, in principle, be determined and, therefore, no limit, in principle, to resolution.

28 There are two basic theorems: -The Divine Theorem: Analyticity allows data extrapolation. -The Diabolic Theorem: Extrapolation is highly unstable. D. Atkinson, (1978). Lect. Not. Phys. 85 G. Ross, Opt. Acta 29, 1523 (1982). G.Ross, M.A.Fiddy, MN-V, Topics. Curr. Phys. 20 (1980).

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31 Optics & Photonics News January 2012 It is true that perfect imaging with positive refraction is hotly debated just have a look at the December 1st News and Views Forum of Nature but so was negative refraction itself around This debate is mostly a fair, healthy scientific discussion that has helped clarify the issues. I learned a lot from replying to comments or even to comments on replies to comments. I am most grateful to my colleagues for taking the trouble of causing trouble. This is all in the interest of science. However, partly there are also nonscientific arguments caused by vested interests. Much money was invested on negative refraction with little return. So, ironically, the most vicious are those who have experienced the debate on negative refraction first hand. They ought to know that in the long run science always wins. Ulf Leonhardt University of St Andrews, U.K.

32 A distinguished professor of electromagnetics and antenna theory with a radical viewpoint: IEEE - TAP

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34 The highway to invisibility By KENNETH CHANG Published: August 11, 2008 Using tiny wires and fishnet structures, researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, have found new ways to bend light backward, something that never occurs in nature. This technology could lead to microscopes able to peer more deeply and clearly into living cells. And the same kind of structures might one day be adapted to bend light in other unnatural ways, creating a Harry Potter-like invisibility cloak.

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36 Sample: 10 functional layers of 80 nm each. Total thickness of sample at transmittance peak: 20 λ. Figure of merit:

37 Transformation optics Euclidean metrics Free space Riemann metrics Metamaterial space

38 Eikonal approximation for design 10 GHz

39 Copper cylinder ideal simulation ray optics limit 10 GHz experiment

40 LIBERTAD DIGITAL Metamateriales y nanotecnología: el camino hacia la invisibilidad MIGUEL ÁNGEL CAMPOS

41 GRAY MATTER Hiding in Plain Sight By DAVID R. SMITH and NATHAN LANDY Published: November 17, 2012 But research findings over the past decade have shown us how to develop artificially structured metamaterials in which tiny electrical circuits serve as the building blocks in much the same way that atoms and molecules provide the structure of natural substances. By changing the geometry and other parameters of those circuits, we can give these materials properties beyond what nature offers, letting us simultaneously manipulate both the electric and magnetic aspects of light in striking harmony. This year, with one such metamaterial, we built the world s first invisibility cloak capable of managing both components of light A full-parameter unidirectional metamaterial cloak for microwaves Nathan Landy & David R. Smith Nature Materials (2012) doi: /nmat3476 Published online 11 November 2012

42 Nature Materials (2012) doi: /nmat3476 The price of the carpet transformation is that an object can be effectively cloaked only for a narrow range of observation angles about the axis of the transformation.

43 CYLINDER CLOAK E E CYLINDER CLOAK

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45 Negative refraction with photonic crystals M. Notomi, Phys. Rev. B 62, (2000) - Superlensing with photonic crystals has not been demonstrated. -The conclusions by Pendry, Joannopoulos, Soukoulis, Ozbay et al. aren t correct. See X. Wang, Z.F. Ren and K. Kempa, Opt. Express 12, 2919 (2004); Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, (2005). J.L. Garcia Pomar, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ.Complutense, Madrid, 2009: NEGATIVE AND ANOMALOUS REFRACTION IN METAMATERIALS AND PHOTONIC CRYSTALS.

46 CONCEPTOS APROVECHABLES: MAGNETISMO EN META-ÁTOMOS?

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49 Low losses?

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51 Electric dipole Magnetic dipole

52 Kerker coherence and Fano resonance anomalous scattering F. Moreno, J.J. Sáenz et al., J. Nanophoton Vol. 5, 2011

53 Kerker and Fano effects.

54 2012

55 et al

56 2012

57 arxiv: v3 [physics.optics] 3 Feb 2012 Continuous medium Homogeneous medium Cylinders crystal

58 Si rods at random positions -Transmittivity depends on sample shape -There is no effective medium -There are huge scattering losses -No improvement over previous designs

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60 THE REALISTIC PERIOD OF METAMATERIALS? Thermophotovoltaic Solar Cell APL 99, (2011). Opt. Expr. 20, A39 (2012), Opt. Expr. 20, 9784 (2012).

61 2012

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64 µ

65 Negative index Metamaterials Cloaking The metamaterials bubble

66 No se pude mostrar la imagen vinculada. Puede que se haya movido, cambiado de nombre o eliminado el archivo. Compruebe que el vínculo señala al archivo y ubicaciones correctos. US The financial derivatives bubble USD 1 trillion = USD 1000,000,000,000 = 1 billion

67 The subprimes

68 Tuesday, November 6, 2012 the majority of the stock trades in the United States are being made by computers, capable of buying and selling thousands of different securities in the time it takes you to blink an eye. high-speed or high-frequency trading known as H.F.T. was the biggest new thing to hit Wall Street trading, and in the minds of many, the most disruptive. On any given day, this lightning-quick, computer-driven form of trading accounts for half of all of the business transacted on the nation s stock markets. Critics say H.F.T. has contributed to the hair-raising flash crashes and computer hiccups that seem to roil the markets with alarming frequency.

69 -En junio de 2011, el valor total nominal de los derivados (swaps, futuros, opciones, credit default swaps CDS por defecto de crédito, IRS Interest Rate Swaps),,, en circulación en el mundo ascendía a USD 708 billones, alrededor de 12 veces el PIB mundial. -En los EE.UU. el total es de unos 248 billones de dólares (1 billón = 1 millón de millones). A pesar de que sólo tienen el 35% de los derivados financieros mundiales, los EE.UU. tienen la mayor parte de los swaps de incumplimiento crediticio, o el 48% de todo el mundo, Cuatro bancos USA representan el 94% de esa cantidad : JP Morgan Chase (78 billones de dólares), Citibank (56 billones de dólares), Bank of America (US $ 53 billones de dólares) y Goldman Sachs (48 billones de dólares). F.e.: JPMorgan Chase & Co. -NYSE, Market Capitalization: USD 163,000 millions

70 Derivative exposure. US banks. THE END $100 notes $100 notes The White House