OPENING THE BACK COUNTRY

Transcription

1 chapter nine 2/26/06 6:22 PM Page 89 chapternine OPENING THE BACK COUNTRY How was the Back Country settled? SELECTED VOCABULARY Back Country Scots-Irish Great Wagon Road Proclamation of 1763 Reservation Regulators Parish OVERVIEW By 1750 there were four regions in the American colonies New England, the Middle colonies, the Southern colonies, and the Back Country. The largest groups of whites who were not English the Germans and the Scots-Irish lived in the Back Country. In America, England and France fought the French and Indian War for control of the Back Country. After the war ended there were struggles between the Back Country and the more settled regions. In South Carolina the Back Country was settled by groups from Europe and from the Middle colonies. These hardy settlers lived on farms with few slaves. The Great Awakening brought the Separate Baptists into the Back Country. In South Carolina the French and Indian War was known as the Cherokee War. After the war the Treaty of Augusta called for an Indian boundary line along the frontier. In 1767 many leaders of the Back Country joined the Regulator movement to protest the lack of law enforcement and courts there.

2 chapter nine 2/26/06 6:22 PM Page 90 TIMELINE UNITED STATES 1750 Germans and Scots-Irish moved south on Great Wagon Road 1754 French and Indian War (Seven Years War) began 1763 Treaty of Paris Royal Proclamation of North Carolina Regulators 1771 Battle of Alamance Settlers in the Back Country built mills along the swift streams of the region. A number of these early mills are still standning. MCS Oliphant Collection Why were these mills so important to the settlers? SOUTH CAROLINA 1754 Scots Irish moved into Back Country 1757 Fort Loudoun completed 1759 Cherokee War began Separate Baptists arrived 1761 Cherokee War ended 1763 Treaty of Augusta 1767 Regulator petition by Charles Woodmason 1768 Circuit Court Act passed 1769 Circuit Court Act approved in London I. TWO WAVES OF MIGRATION IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY What two large groups of non-british whites helped settle the Back Country? By the middle of the eighteenth century the two largest groups of non-english whites in the American colonies were the Germans and the Scots-Irish (sometimes called Scotch-Irish). Their settlements in the Back Country formed a fourth region along with the New England, the Middle, and the Southern colonies. The wave of German settlers came mainly from the Palatinate along the Rhine River. For more than a century wars had swept over the German lands. Then the prince of the region, who was Catholic, said that all of his subjects must became Catholic. William Penn sent circulars written in German into the area. He told the people about the fertile land and freedom of religion in Pennsylvania. Soon groups of Germans were on their way across the Atlantic to Delaware and later Philadelphia. Some settled in Germantown near Philadelphia, and others took up land in the rolling hills of Lancaster County. Religiously, these people were Mennonites, German Reformed, Evangelicals, and German Baptists (Dunkers). Later they were joined by the Moravians. At the same time, thousands of Scots-Irish found their way to America. In 1607 these Scots had settled in Ulster in northern Ireland. They were farmers and weavers. A century later, when the leases on their lands were up, the English landlords raised the rent. British mercantile laws also added a high tax on Irish linen sent to England. The Scots-Irish left Ulster to go to America. Many of them sailed to Philadelphia. They brought with them the strong Presbyterian faith of their Scottish forefathers. By 1750, Pennsylvania was settled as far west as the Appalachian Mountains. So many of the immigrants turned south down the Great Wagon Road to western Maryland and to the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Others moved farther south into the Piedmont areas of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The people who settled the Back Country were of a 90 Chapter 9

3 chapter nine 2/26/06 6:22 PM Page 91 hardy, pioneer stock. They were fiercely independent and ready to challenge even the state if they felt that its policies were unjust. II. THE WAR FOR THE BACK COUNTRY Why did conflicting claims to the Back Country lead to the French and Indian War? The settlement of the Back Country soon brought the British and the French to the brink of war. In Europe it was known as the Seven Years War. The Americans called it the French and Indian War. It raged from 1754 to Both nations claimed the Back Country as part of their empire. In the 1740s fur traders from Virginia and Pennsylvania moved into the Ohio Valley. Then land companies began to move settlers there. In 1753 the governor of New France built a series of forts to hold the land for the French king. Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia sent Major George Washington to tell the French to leave. They refused, and in the spring of 1754 Washington attacked a French force. Washington was defeated, but he became known in much of Europe. In 1755 the new British commander-in-chief for America, General Edward Braddock, was defeated near Fort Duquesne (dyu-cane), the French fort at the site of Pittsburgh. Along the frontier the Indians began to attack English settlements. The next year King George II s leading minister, William Pitt, decided to save North America for the British Empire. The tide of war began to turn. The British seized Fort Duquesne and renamed it Fort Pitt. The French forts in New York fell to the British. At last, in 1759, British General James Wolfe took the city of Quebec in Canada. The war ended in 1763, when the British and French signed the Treaty of Paris. In North America the British were now supreme. The French turned over Canada to the British and Louisiana to the Spanish. The British also gained Florida from Spain. France was put to shame. Fifteen years later the French were eager to join the American colonies in their revolution against Britain. III. DISCONTENT IN THE BACK COUNTRY What were some of the grievances of Back Country settlers? The end of the French and Indian War did not stop the troubles in the Back Country. There was civil strife in Pennsylvania and in North and South Carolina. In Pennsylvania a group on the frontier called the Paxton Boys took the law into their own hands. They massacred the peaceful Conestoga nation when the assembly in Philadelphia would not protect the settlers against Native American attacks. Later they marched in protest on the capital. They turned back only when Benjamin Franklin promised them more protection. In North Carolina, Back Country farmers protested when the assembly would not issue paper money or accept produce for payment of taxes. In 1768 they Many Germans who came to America in the eighteenth century left farms like this one. These farm buildings were brought to the Museum of the American Frontier at Staunton, Virginia. Why did many German Protestants leave home in the eighteenth century? Many Scots-Irish left their farms in Northern Ireland. This cottage is part of the Ulster American Heritage Park in Northern Ireland. Why did the Scots-Irish leave their homes in such great numbers? Back Country 91

4 chapter nine 2/26/06 6:22 PM Page 92 formed the Regulators to stop officials from seizing their lands. In 1771, Governor William Tryon defeated them at the Battle of Alamance. IV. FILLING THE SOUTH CAROLINA BACK COUNTRY Why did the South Carolina Back Country population grow so quickly between 1759 and 1765? The Regulators in North Carolina protested when the legislature would not issue paper money so they could pay taxes. The tax money was used to build this expensive palace for Governor Tryon in New Bern. How did Governor Tryon stop the Regulators? Many Germans and Scots-Irish traveled down the Great Wagon Road from Pennsylvania in Conestoga Wagons. These wagons were named for the Conestoga Valley in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. As settlers from Charles Town and the townships moved north into the Back Country, they found groups of people pushing south into the colony. These groups came down the Great Wagon Road, or the Great Path as the Native Americans called it, to Virginia and then south as far as Charlotte, North Carolina. Entering South Carolina, they first settled along the path as far south as Pine Tree Hill, which was later called Camden. Others moved west to Ninety Six. At Ninety Six some moved north into the valleys of the Enoree, Tyger, and Reedy rivers. When the French and Indian War began in 1754, the Scots-Irish from Pennsylvania and Virginia became afraid of Indian attack. They moved into the vacant lands south of Charlotte. These lands once belonged to the Waxhaw nation. There they formed the Waxhaw Presbyterian Church, the first church in the Back Country. After the American Revolution the settlers gave four counties in this area the names of four counties in Pennsylvania Lancaster, York, Chester, and Chesterfield. In 1761 the assembly agreed to pay the passage of Protestant immigrants from Europe to settle in the Back Country. The next year three new townships were opened west of Ninety Six. They were Boonesborough, in present Abbeville and Greenwood counties, and Hillsborough and Londonborough, in present McCormick County. The Scots-Irish moved into Boonesborough, while the French Huguenots moved into Hillsborough, and the Germans moved into Londonborough. Between 1759 and 1765 the population of the Back Country grew nearly fifty percent, from 7,000 whites and 300 slaves to 10,600 whites and 600 slaves. V. LIFE IN THE BACK COUNTRY Why was life more primitive in the Back Country? This historical marker at Lands Ford on the Catawba River marks the site where thousands of settlers crossed the river on their way into the South Carolina Back Country. Where did the settlers move once they reached South Carolina? Life in the Back Country was very different from that in the Low Country. It began with the trek of settlers into the Piedmont. Some came directly from Europe, but most had lived elsewhere for as much as a generation. There were wealthy families with caravans of Conestoga wagons, filled with family belongings. There were groups of families, often members of a church, who traveled together. There were small farmers with their families, a single wagon, a horse, and a few cows and hogs. The Back Country settlers headed for the creeks and valleys where the soil was rich and cane grew to feed the animals. They applied for grants of land from the province in Charles Town. At first they camped in shelters made of poles and cov- 92 Chapter 9

5 chapter nine 2/26/06 6:22 PM Page 93 ered with brush. Then they built sturdy log houses, like the ones the Swedes and Germans had built in the Middle colonies. Once they built sawmills, some settlers put up large frame houses with wood siding called clapboard. The whole family, and sometimes a few slaves, worked in the fields and at home. At first they planted their crops in the old fields that had been cleared by the Native Americans. They used hoes to grow corn, rye, and indigo and planted gardens of sweet potatoes, turnips, and pumpkins. They set out the pear and apple trees that they had brought with them. Tobacco provided them with snuff to dip and twists to smoke. A little flax and cotton planted in the garden could be made into thread, using the spinning wheels they brought with them, and woven into cloth on hand looms. Stills turned corn into strong drink for local use or for sale. Back Country communities grew up around the churches, the mills, and the stores. The Scots-Irish formed Presbyterian churches wherever they settled. Ministers trained in Scotland or in the Middle colonies preached on Sundays and taught school during the week. Wealthy farmers built sawmills and gristmills where their neighbors had logs cut into timber and corn ground into meal. Stores had pots and crockery and ribbons for sale. Back Country merchants, who were often in partnership with those in Charles Town, had stores in several places. Joseph Kershaw, for example, had stores at Pine Tree Hill, Cheraw Hill, and the Congarees. Robert Goudey had one at Ninety Six and another at the Congarees. This log house is typical of the homes built by settlers in the Back Country. Today it is located in the Ninety Six National Historical Site near Ninety Six. Where did the settlers learn to build log houses? VI. THE GREAT AWAKENING IN THE BACK COUNTRY Why did the Great Awakening lead to the growth of Separate Baptist churches in the Back Country? There were only a few educated Presbyterian ministers to serve the thousands of settlers in the Back Country. The entire Back Country was included in St. Mark s Parish, with only one minister of the Church of England. This shortage left many people without the ministry of the church. Then, in 1759 a new, vigorous group, the Separate Baptists, moved into upper South Carolina. The first Separates, Shubal Stearns and Daniel Marshall, had lived in New England. In 1745 they heard George Whitefield preach and became New Lights. They later joined the Baptists and moved first to Virginia and then to North Carolina. One of their followers, Philip Mulkey, led a group of Separates to South Carolina and settled in the valley of the Broad River. Mulkey and his followers preached in the loud, rapid style of the Revivalists. People came to hear their simple, direct message. Since the Separates did not believe in an educated ministry, they quickly called new ministers who set out to form other congregations. Soon there were Separate Baptist churches all over the Back Country. Walnut Grove was built by Charles Moore about The house is built of logs covered with clapboards. It is located in Spartanburg County. S.C. Department of Transportation Back Country 93

6 chapter nine 2/26/06 6:22 PM Page 94 VII. THE CHEROKEE WAR What factors led to the Cherokee War? The Old Brick Church near Winnsboro was first called Ebenezer Meeting House. It was established by the Scots-Irish Presbyterians who settled the Back Country. Before Governor James Glen left South Carolina in 1756, he made sure that relations with the Native Americans were peaceful. The Catawba, who had only 300 warriors in 1750, were too few to stop the settlement of the Back Country. Nopkehe (NOP-ke-HE), or King Haglar, as the English called him, was their head man from 1749 to He was friendly with the whites and sent warriors to fight the French in Virginia. When the warriors returned, they brought smallpox with them that wiped out two-thirds of the nation---all but 60 fighting men. But there was constant trouble between the Native Americans and the settlers. When a white child was killed by a Catawba, the head man ordered the guilty party put to death. But King Haglar blamed the settlers. There was never trouble, he said, unless his warriors got drunk on the liquor that white men sold them. Governor Glen was followed by William Henry Lyttelton. He was related to the Pitt and Grenville families, who led two major political groups in England. Lyttelton began to build Fort Loudoun near the Tellico and Tennessee rivers, in present-day Tennessee. It was a fort Glen had promised to the Cherokee. When it was finished in April 1757, Lyttelton named it in honor of Lord Loudoun, the British commander in North America who replaced General Braddock. By this time the French and Indian War had become a world war. The French told the Cherokee that the British wanted their land. Meanwhile, the soldiers at Fort Prince George and Fort Loudoun began mistreating the Native Americans. Some of the settlers in the Back Country were cheating the Cherokee. Here and there whites killed and scalped the Indians. But the older head men still trusted the Carolinians, and they sent Cherokee warriors to Virginia to fight the French. But in Virginia the warriors stole some horses, and fighting began between white settlers and the Native Americans. In the late summer of 1759 the Cherokee attacked frontier settlements in North and South Carolina. Governor Lyttelton called out 1,300 militia in Charles Town and marched north in November. Lyttelton ordered that Cherokee hostages be put under arrest at Fort Prince George until the warriors who had attacked the settlers turned themselves in. In February 1760, the Cherokee attacked the fort, and the troops there put the hostages to death. In return, the Cherokee attacked the Back Country along the frontier. The governor asked that the 1,200 British troops under Colonel Archibald Montgomery come to his aid. With Catawba scouts, the troops marched from Charles Town into Cherokee territory. They burned a number of Native American towns before they were ambushed in the mountains of North Carolina. Meanwhile Governor Lyttelton was sent to Jamaica, and Lieutenant Governor William Bull II asked for peace talks. In August the Cherokee attacked the troops at Fort Loudoun. Bull asked for a second British force, this time under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James Grant. In June 1761, Grant burned not only the Cherokee towns but their corn crop as well. The Cherokee head men came to a peace talk in Charles Town. The war ended in December. In London, Lord Bute, the chief minister of the new king, George III, was now sure that no one province could handle Indian affairs alone. 94 Chapter 9

7 chapter nine 2/26/06 6:22 PM Page 95 VIII. THE TREATY OF AUGUSTA How did the British attempt to pacify the Native Americans? Before the Seven Years War was over, the Privy Council had named two Indian superintendents, one for the colonies in the north and one for the colonies in the south. At the end of the Cherokee War, Colonel John Stuart became superintendent of the southern department. His office was in Charles Town. In order to pacify the Native Americans, the king issued a royal proclamation in October The Proclamation of 1763 forbade British citizens to settle in Indian territory. A temporary boundary line was drawn along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains. In November 1763, Colonel Stuart held a meeting at Fort Augusta on the Savannah River. It discussed the issues dividing the British and the Native Americans. The four British colonies in the CIRCUIT COURT DISTRICTS 1769 South and the five major Indian nations sent representatives. They made a number of decisions that affected South Carolina. The Catawba remained within the colony; they were granted a small reservation. It contained fifteen square miles of land near the Waxhaw settlement. The permanent Indian boundary line to the west would be laid off by a joint group of Native Americans and British officials. In 1766 the joint group met at DeWitt s Corner (DEW-it), near the present town of Due West. It surveyed the boundary from the Savannah River to the Reedy River. It is the present boundary line between Anderson and Abbeville counties. The next year the line was surveyed north. Since the land north of the Reedy River was thought to be in North Carolina, Governor William Tryon of North Carolina laid off the line from the Reedy River north to Tryon Mountain. Today it is the line between Greenville and Spartanburg counties. Settlers were forced to live south and east of the line. They begin to build forts every few miles along the line. They could gather in the forts in case of an attack. Circuit Court Districts of How many circuit courts were created in the Back Country? IX. THE REGULATOR MOVEMENT What was the significance of the Regulator movement? Peace came to the frontier at last. But the settlers now had time to focus on their differences with the people in the Low Country. Their discontent almost brought South Carolina to civil war. The people in the Back Country paid taxes on their land at the same rate as the wealthy planters on the coast. Their trade added wealth to Charles Town. If the Native Americans attacked the province again, the Back Country 95

8 chapter nine 2/26/06 6:22 PM Page 96 Fort Prince George was built by the South Carolina government in Today the site lies under Lake Keowee. Keowee-Toxaway State Natural Area What important event occurred at the fort during the Cherokee War in 1760? Back Country would be hit first. But the government gave little help to the Back Country. The settlers had no members to represent them in the Commons House. There were no parish churches, no courts, and no jails. Land grants had to be registered in Charles Town. With the coming of peace, more people flooded into the Back Country. Many of the newcomers were drifters who owned no land. They robbed and plundered landowners and storekeepers. William Bull II, the lieutenant governor, said that the Back Country was infected with horse thieves and robbers. Since the office of the provost marshal was in Charles Town, there was no way to stop the outlaws. So in the summer of 1767 between 600 and 700 Back Country settlers banded together to stop them. They called themselves the Regulators. By the end of the summer the Regulators had killed a number of the outlaws. A remarkable man took up the cause of the Back Country. He was Charles Woodmason, the minister of the Church of England who served St. Mark s Parish. At that time St. Mark s Parish was supposed to serve the needs of the entire Back Country. On March 7, 1767, Woodmason brought a petition to the Commons House. He said that he spoke for 4,000 settlers in the Back Country. We are Free-Men, the petition said, British Subjects Not Born Slaves We Contribute our Proportion in all Public Taxations.Yet we do not participate with [our fellow citizens] in the Rights and Benefits which they enjoy tho Equally entitled to them. The petition asked for representatives in the Commons House, circuit courts, churches, and schools. At first, members of the Commons House said they would arrest those who signed the petition. Then they passed the Circuit Court Act in April The colony was split into seven circuit court districts. Charles Town, Beaufort, and Georgetown were set up on the coast. Cheraw, Camden, Orangeburg, and Ninety Six districts were set up in the Middle and Back country. The office of provost marshal in Charles Town was abolished. A sheriff was appointed for each district. Two new parishes, St. Matthew s (1765) and St. David s (1768), were formed. They could elect members to the Commons House. Not until 1769 did the Privy Council approve the act. It was 1772 before the first session of court was held outside Charles Town. In the meantime, in 1768, Moses Kirkland was elected to the Commons House for St. Mark s. He was the first Back Country member. The next year Patrick Calhoun, the father of John C. Calhoun, was elected from Ninety Six. The Regulator crisis ended with the adoption of the Circuit Court Act and the creation of new parishes. But the bad feelings between the Low Country and the Back Country did not cease. They would play a major role in the Revolution against Great Britain. The valley of the Reedy River was attractive to many of the new settlers. MCS Oliphant Collection 96 Chapter 9

9 chapter nine 2/26/06 6:22 PM Page 97 EYEWITNESS TO HISTORY: Thomas Griffiths s Trip through the Back Country, 1767 Josiah Wedgwood was a famous maker of china in England. He used only the finest clay to make his china. In 1767 he sent Thomas Giffiths to buy some white clay he had heard of in the Cherokee nation in North Carolina. Griffiths wrote an account of his trip through the Back Country. [N]othing materiall happen d, till our arrival in Charlestown Bay on the twentyfirst of September, being a miserable, hot and sickly time. In this port I remain d, till Sunday the fourth of October, and then went off for the Cherokee Nation.... I came to... Oringburg [sic], which is a considerable large neighborhood, and afoards a tavern, a shop or storekeeper and a man that pretended to preach; here my horse obliged me to stay two nights, and then proceeded to Indian Head; and after a hot days march was obliged to sleep under a tree with my horse, very near the place where five people had been rob d and murder d but two days before, by the Virginia crackers and rebels; a sett of thieves that were join d together to rob travelers and plunder and destroy the poor defenseless inhabitants of the new settlements. The next day I went on for a place call d the Ridge, in this days journey I luckily join d company with a trader, a thing very rare to see either a person or so much as a poor hutt for twenty or thirty miles ride thro these woods; after we have travail d about six miles, and near sun sett, he told me he saw two fellows ahead that he did not very well like... [T]hey soon gallop d up a deer track into our road, with a how do you do gentlemen, how farr have you cum this road? Have you met any horse men? and then wish d us a good evening; but soon stop d and asked if we had heard any news about the robbers, which we answer d in the negative and so on: my companion said it was well we were together, and that we had fire arms, as he had some knowledge of one fellow, and believed him to be concern d in the later murder, which proved too true; as he was took in a few days after, and I saw him executed in Charles Town in February following... I marched on for Andrew Williamsons at White-hall [near Ninety Six] near a place call d Hard Labour; about two hundred miles from Charles Town. This is one of the finest plantations in South Carolina; abounding with fine rich red loomy land, famous for raising corn, hemp, flax, cotton, rice, cattle, hogs, fruits of all sorts, and great plenty of mulberries... peachs innumerable. Friend Williamson said, in the year sixty six his peach orchard yielded near three thousand baskets; which proved of great use to the poor young inhabitants; of that part of the province; besides feeding him a great number of hogs... Thomas Griffiths, A Journal of the Voyage to South Carolina in the Year 1767 in The Colonial South Carolina Scene, Edited by H. Roy Merrens (Columbia, SC, 1977), pp Questions for Reflection:? 1. How does Griffiths describe the road from Charles Town to the Back Country? 2. Compare Charles Town and Orangeburg. 3. What evidence does Griffiths give for the need for a Circuit Court Act? 4. Compare Andrew Williamson s Back Country plantation to plantations in the Low Country. Back Country 97

10 chapter nine 2/26/06 6:22 PM Page 98 Recalling what you read I. Two Waves of Migration in the Eighteenth Century 1. What were the two largest white non-english groups in the American colonies by the middle of the eighteenth century? 2. What was the region called where their settlements were located? 3. What were the reasons for the German immigration? 4. Where did the German immigrants settle? 5. What were their religious preferences? 6. List the important reasons for the Scots-Irish movement to America. 7. What was their religious faith? 8. After Pennsylvania was settled as far as the Appalachian Mountains, where did the Great Wagon Road take the settlers? 9. What were characteristics of Back Country settlers? FOR THOUGHT 1. Why was the Back Country considered a separate region in colonial America? 2. Why did the Regulator movement increase the political power of the Back Country? 98 Chapter 9 II. The War for the Back Country 1. Who were the parties at war in the Seven Years War? 2. Why were they fighting? 3. What was George Washington s role in the war? 4. Whose side were the Native Americans on? 5. Who was responsible for turning the war in Britain s favor? 6. Why was France was the big loser in the French and Indian War? III. Discontent in the Back Country 1. What acts of the Paxton Boys were examples of civil strife on Pennsylvania s frontier? 2. Why did Back Country farmers in North Carolina protest? 3. What did the Regulators do and how did Governor William Tryon respond? IV. Filling the South Carolina Back Country 1. What route into the Back Country did settlers from the north take? 2. What river valleys did they settle in Upstate South Carolina? 3. What was the first church in the Back Country? 4. Which religious group established it and where? 5. Where did some of the Back Country counties of South Carolina get their names? 6. What were the three townships that were settled west of Ninety Six? Which groups settled them? 7. What was the growth of the Back Country population in the six-year period from ? V. Life in the Back Country 1. Who were the Back Country settlers? 2. Where did they choose to live? 3. What were their first houses like? How did their houses change? 4. Who provided labor for the farms?

11 chapter nine 2/26/06 6:22 PM Page 99 Recalling what you read 5. List the crops they planted. 6. What important buildings were the centers of Back Country communities? 7. What churches were formed wherever the Scotch-Irish settled? 8. What were the mills used for? 9. What were some items you could expect to find in Back Country stores? VI. The Great Awakening in the Back Country 1. What new religious denominations moved into the Back Country? 2. How were they different from Presbyterians? 3. Who were some important ministers that brought the new church to the South? 4. Why did this new group grow so rapidly? VII. The Cherokee War 1. Why were the Catawba no threat to settlers? 2. When there was a problem, what did the leader of the Catawba, King Haglar, say caused it? 3. What was the name of the fort built in eastern Tennessee, who was it built for, and who built it? 4. List reasons why the Cherokee began attacking outlying settlements in North and South Carolina. 5. After all of the Back Country difficulties with Native Americans, what was Lord Bute s conclusion about the handling of native affairs? VIII. The Treaty of Augusta 1. The Privy Council appointed Indian superintendents for the northern and southern colonies. Who was superintendent of the southern department? Where was his headquarters? 2. Where was the Indian boundary line set by royal proclamation? 3. In the conference at Fort Augusta on the Savannah River, what important decisions were made that affected South Carolina? 4. What boundary lines still exist in the Upstate that were established by the Treaty of Augusta? 5. What did settlers do to protect themselves from Native Americans? IX. The Regulator Movement 1. Why did settlers of the Back Country feel they were being treated unfairly by the government? 2. Since the only law enforcement was in Charles Town, what did settlers do to stop crime? 3. What did the Reverend Charles Woodmason do in the House of Commons on behalf of people in the Back Country? What did he demand? 4. What ended the Regulator crisis in the Back Country? Back Country 99