Mastery. Chapter Content. The Cell Cycle and Cell Division CHAPTER 2. apart. where they become identical chromosomes. LESSON 1

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1 Chapter Content Mastery The Cell Cycle and Cell Division CHAPTER 2 LESSON 1 Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below. metaphase prophase telophase interphase mitosis ends, the cytoplasm divides, and each new cell enters a period called mitosis begins, chromosomes have separated sister chromatid pairs are now visible, leading to anaphase 3. pairs of chromatids line up in the center of the cell Directions: Use the five terms in the ovals of the concept map to identify the steps of the cell cycle. 4. New nuclear membranes form and chromosomes become less tightly coiled. 5. DNA in sister chromatids twists into coils, making them visible, and nuclear membranes break apart. 6. Sister chromatid pairs line up across the center of the cell. 7. Each sister chromatid pair splits at the centromere and separates to opposite ends of the cell where they become identical chromosomes. 8. The cell grows, functions, and replicates its chromosomes. From a Cell to an Organism 11

2 Chapter Content Mastery Levels of Organization CHAPTER 2 LESSON 2 Directions: Circle the term that correctly completes each sentence. 1. (Eukaryotes/Prokaryotes) are one-celled organisms without organelles. 2. Protists are (less/more) complex than bacteria. 3. Some (eukaryotes/prokaryotes) live and function together in groups or colonies. 4. Cell (organization/differentiation) is the process by which a many-celled organism develops many types of cells. 5. (Stem/Tissue) cells are undifferentiated, meaning they can become different types of cells. 6. A group of similar tissues working together to perform a function is a(n) (fiber/organ). Directions: Match each organ system below with some of its associated organs by writing the correct letter in the blank at the left. 7. lymphatic A. heart, blood vessels 8. cardiovascular 9. muscular 10. integumentary B. bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints C. lungs, trachea, bronchi D. uterus, vagina, scrotum, penis 11. nervous 12. endocrine 13. skeletal 14. respiratory 15. reproductive 16. urinary 17. digestive E. mouth, stomach, intestines F. brain, spinal cord, nerves G. skin H. lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen I. pituitary, thyroid, pancreas J. muscles K. kidneys, ureters, bladder 12 From a Cell to an Organism

3 Reinforcement The Cell Cycle and Cell Division CHAPTER 2 LESSON 1 Directions: Study the following diagram. Then label the appropriate steps of mitosis Directions: Fill in the chart with brief descriptions of the three stages of interphase. Stages G 1 5. Description S 6. G 2 7. Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided. 8. How does cytokinesis occur in plant cells? 9. How many chromosomes does each daughter cell contain after mitosis if the parent cell had 52 original cell chromosomes? 10. How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do you have in each cell of your body? 11. Why are your skin cells continuously undergoing mitosis? From a Cell to an Organism 15

4 Reinforcement Levels of Organization CHAPTER 2 LESSON 2 Directions: Answer each question and respond to each statement on the lines provided. 1. A. What type of organism has the simplest level of organization? B. Name an example of this type of organism. 2. Name an example of a eukaryote that lives together in colonies. 3. How are one-celled eukaryotes different from cells in many-celled eukaryotes? 4. What two things distinguish the organization of most many-celled organisms from the organization of one-celled organisms? A. B. 5. What is the process through which cells in your body become different types of cells? 6. What is an example of a differentiated cell in the human body, and how does it function? 7. What is an undifferentiated cell called? 8. What is an organ system? 9. Give two examples of organ systems in your body, and name an organ associated with each. A. B. 16 From a Cell to an Organism

5 Content Vocabulary Directions: Fill in each blank in the sentences below with the correct term for the process being described. anaphase the cell cycle cytokinesis interphase metaphase mitosis prophase telophase 1. The first phase of mitosis is. 2. During, the chromosomes in the cell s nucleus replicate. 3. Phases of growth, development, and reproduction are included in. 4. One of the first signs that has begun is that the cell membrane pinches inward. 5. The events of are nearly the reverse of what happens in prophase. 6. The replicated chromosomes move to the middle of the cell during. From a Cell to an Organism 7. The nucleus divides in a process called. CHAPTER 2 8. During, the chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Directions: Use each of the following terms in a complete sentence that demonstrates your knowledge of its meaning. 9. homologous chromosomes 10. daughter cells 11. sister chromatids 12. centromere 13. cell plate From a Cell to an Organism 19

6 Content Vocabulary CONTINUED 14. organ 15. cell differentiation 16. stem cell 17. tissue 18. organ system 19. cytokinesis 20. eukaryotic 21. prokaryotic 22. DNA 20 From a Cell to an Organism

7 Chapter Review Part A. Vocabulary Review From a Cell to an Organism Directions: Determine whether each statement below is true or false. If the statement is correct, write T in the blank. If it is false, change the italicized word or words to make the statement correct and write the replacement in the blank at the left. 1. Mitosis is the process by which the cytoplasm divides. 2. Stem cells can become many different types of cells. 3. During cytokinesis, two complete nuclei are formed. 4. Pairs of similar chromosomes are called centromeres. 5. Sister chromatids separate during anaphase. 6. Following cytokinesis, two identical cell plates are formed. 7. Cell differentiation results in specialized cells. 8. In plants, a kalanchoe forms between the two new nuclei. 9. The cell cycle includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. CHAPTER 2 Part B. Concept Review Directions: Arrange the steps of mitosis described below in order by writing the correct number (1 4) and phase name in each blank. 1. New nuclear membranes form and chromosomes become less tightly coiled. 2. Sister chromatid pairs line up across the center of the cell. 3. DNA in sister chromatids twists into coils and nuclear membranes break apart. 4. Sister chromatid pairs separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. From a Cell to an Organism 21

8 Chapter Review CONTINUED Directions: Respond to each statement below in complete sentences. 5. Compare and contrast cell organization and function in a one-celled eukaryote and in a human muscle cell. 6. Distinguish between the three stages of interphase. Name each stage and its function. 7. Conclude why cell division is important. 8. Arrange the cell groupings of tissue, organ, organ system, and organism in order by increasing level of complexity, and describe how each relates to the others. 9. Speculate about why stem cell research is valuable in modern medical science. 10. Choose two organ systems in your body, and describe the function of each. 11. Compare and contrast plant organs and human organs. 22 From a Cell to an Organism

9 Chapter Outline Lesson 1: The Cell Cycle and Cell Division From a Cell to an Organism CHAPTER 2 A. The is the life cycle of the cell. 1. of the cell cycle include interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. a. is when a cell is preparing to reproduce. b. During the phase, the nucleus and cytoplasm divide producing two new cells. 2. The of a cell cycle differs for different organisms and cells. 3. A cell performs specific during interphase. a. consists of three phases: G 1, S, and G 2. b. In the cell grows and carries out normal functions. c. Some cells such as muscle, nerve, and red blood cells, stay in G 1 and never. d. In S phase, the chromosome pairs in the cell s nucleus replicate. e. The copies of the chromosomes made during S phase are. f. The replication ensures that the new cells formed are. g. In phase, the cell grows and functions, and some replicate. B. is the process by which the nucleus divides; is the process by which the cytoplasm divides. 1. Mitosis and cell ensure that each new cell receives all it needs to function. a. Mitosis and cell division old worn-out cells, and are the method of reproduction for some organisms. b. Mitosis and cell division produce most cells in a organism. c. A different type of cell division produces and cells. 32 From a Cell to an Organism

10 Chapter Outline CONTINUED 2. There are phases of mitosis. a. In, DNA in chromosomes twists into tight coils and the nucleus breaks apart. b. In, the chromosomes move to the middle of the cell and pairs of sister chromatids line up. c. In, fibers attached to the of the sister chromatids pull them apart toward opposite ends of the cell. d. In, a new membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, creating two identical nuclei, and chromosomes become less tightly coiled. 3. is the final stage of cell division. a. The cytoplasm and its contents divide to form two identical. b. At the start of cytokinesis, the cell membrane inward. c. In a cell with a cell wall, a forms between the two new nuclei. d. The cell plate later becomes the cell, which builds the new cell walls. 4. Cell division results in new daughter cells to replace the original parent cell. a. The daughter cells chromosomes are identical to the parent cell s in and type. b. All the cells in your body, except sperm and cells, have identical chromosomes. Lesson 2: Levels of Organization A. A organism carries out all the functions it needs to survive. 1. Prokaryotes, such as, do not have nuclei or membrane-bound organelles. a. Bacteria have with specific functions. b. Some processes that occur in in eukaryotes happen along specialized membranes in prokaryotes. From a Cell to an Organism 33

11 Chapter Outline CONTINUED 2. Each one-celled has a nucleus and organelles with specialized functions. a. One-celled eukaryotes include and some fungi. b. One-celled eukaryotes are more complex than cells in eukaroytes because they are self-sufficient. c. Cells in many-celled organisms on other cells to perform different functions. d. Some protists, including Volvox, live and function in with specialized cells. B. Many-celled organisms have many and usually have more than one type of cell. 1. Cell is the process by which cells become different types of cells. a. Even though all cells in an organism have sets of chromosomes, cells are able to differentiate by using the instructions on the chromosomes. parts of b. Differentiated cells often have structures and shapes to perform specific functions. c. Liver cells have ER for filtering blood; cells are highly branched for sending and receiving signals. d. Once most human cells, they cannot become any other cell type. e. are undifferentiated; they can become different types of cells. f. Some cells can differentiate into another type of cell after they have differentiated into one type. 2. A is a group of cells, such as muscle fiber, that works together to perform a function. 3. An is a group of similar tissues that work together to perform a function. a. Examples of human are the heart, lungs, brain, stomach, and muscles. 34 From a Cell to an Organism

12 Chapter Outline CONTINUED b. have organs that store nutrients, transport substances, provide protection, and perform. c. A is an example of a plant organ. 4. An is one or more organs working together to perform one or more functions. a. The muscular, digestive, and skeletal systems are examples of organ. b. The sends and receives signals to coordinate the organ systems in the body. 5. The many-celled is the most complex unit of living things. a. Each organ system has its own but depends on other organ systems. From a Cell to an Organism 35