FUEL CELL: Background and Application to Automotive Vehicles
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1 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF RADOM Technical University of Radom Andrzej Kowalewicz FUEL CELL: Background and Application to Automotive Vehicles Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
2 1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Background 2.1. Van t Hoff equilibrium box 2.2. How does FC act 3. Application of Fuell Cell to Automotive Vehicles 3.1. Fuel cell: Present status 3.2. Hydrogen FC 3.3. Methanol FC 3.4. Gasoline FC 4. Recent FC Vehicles 5. Forecast 6. Conclusions
3 Introduction Nicolaus Carnot Robert Bunsen William Grove 1830 Jacobus van t Hoff Francis Bacon first fuel cell 6 kw
4 Theoretical Background Fig. 1. Van t Hoff equilibrium box
5 Theoretical Background Fig. 2. Equilibrium of reaction a A+ b B m M + n N
6 Theoretical Background Fig. 3. Hydrogen FC
7 Theoretical Background Hydrogen FC
8 Theoretical Background Theoretical Efficiency of Fuel Cell 1 st Law of Thermodynamics: H = G + Q where: H - chemical energy of fuel (enthalpy of fuel) G - Gibbs free energy (electric energy) Q - thermal energy (heat) theoretical efficiency: th = 1- Q/H
9 Theoretical Background
10 Voltage Theoretical Background U Voltageof idling Part load Area of work du/di ~Ri Rated last Area of max current Current intensity Short circuiting Current voltage characteristics of single H 2 O 2 FC i
11 Theoretical Background Voltage at single FC Hydrogen FC works at temperature 90ºC Voltage of single FC - maximum 1,23 V - rated voltage 0,6 0,8 V
12 Theoretical Background Type PEMFC DMFC SOFC Electrolyte Poly-perfluoro sulfinic acid Poly-perfluoro sulfinic acid Zirconium & yttrium oxides Operating temp ( C) Principal applications Transport Transport Transport, power generation AFC Potassium hydroxide Space, transport MCFC Lithium and potassium carbonates PAFC Phosphoric acid Key: SPFC solid polymer fuel cell; SOFC solid oxide fuel cell; AFC alkaline fuel cell; PEMFC proton exchange membrane; MCFC molten carbonate fuel cell; DMFC direct methanol fuel cell; PAFC phosphoric acid fuel cell Power generation Power generation
13 Theoretical Background Comparison of power source efficiency
14 Theoretical Background Present Status of FC Energy density: 10 kg/kw, 1,0 2,0 kw/dm 3 Emission of CO 2 from FC (gasoline) is twice less than from IC engine Fuel consumption (gasoline) is twice less at the same distance of way Price of FC is Price of IC engine is US$ 300/kW US$ 50/kW
15 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles Type of hydrogen storage Liquefied hydrogen Compressed hydrogen Methanol Gasoline Metal hydrides Sodium borohydride, NaBH 4 Features. Advantages/Shortcomings Hydrogen cooled to 253ºC. Contained in cryogenic tanks. High cost of cooling process and cost of tank. Problem: Cooling equipment on-board vehicle? Hydrogen compressed to 69 MPa. Dangerous? Distribution demands new infrastructure. Requires on-board reformation at 260ºC. Methanol FC is 30% more efficient than IC engine. Requires on-board reformation at 600ºC. Less efficiency than methanol FC. Good infrastructure. Can store 1,5-2,5% wt hydrogen. Requires infrastructure. Nontoxic, nonexplosive, nonflammable the most benign fuel for FC. Dry powder, water-based solution stored in an aqueous solution containing 3% wt NaOH to inhibit the evolution of hydrogen. Requires infrastructure.
16 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles Companies producing FC Ballard (XCELLSIS) Global Alternative Propulsion Center (GAPC)
17 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles Companies, which apply FC to automotive vehicles DaimlerChrysler Liquid hydrogen FC (NECAR 4) Compressed Hydrogen FC (NECAR 4a) Methanol FC (NECAR 5 and Jeep Comander 2 SUW) Gasoline FC Sodium borohydride as a source of hydrogen to FC (NATRIUM minivan) Renault VW GME Honda Ford Ford Liquid hydrogen FC Liquid hydrogen FC (Bora) Methanol FC (Opel Zafira) Methanol FC (Research vehicle) Gaseous Hydrogen FC (Ford Focus) Methanol FC (Ford Mondeo)
18 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles Overview of fuel cell demonstration cars developed by Daimler Chrysler, based on different onboard fuel storage concepts
19 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles The FC energy source could by hydrogen, methanol or gasoline
20 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles Hydrogen FC Direct application of hydrogen to FC Anode Reaction 2H 2 4H + + 4e - Cathode Reaction 4H + + O 2 + 4e - 2H 2 O
21 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles Methanol FC Reforming of methanol CH 3 OH 2H 2 + CO dissociation CH 3 OH + H 2 O 3H 2 + CO 2 steam reforming Autothermal reforming: combination of total oxidation and steam-reforming model of autothermal reforming of methanol
22 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles Methanol FC Combustion 2 CH 3 OH + O 2 2CO 2 + 4H 2 O exothermic reaction Steam reforming CH 3 OH + H 2 O 3H 2 + CO 2 endothermic reaction Catalyst: CuO/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 Net reaction enthalpy change = 0
23 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles GM s example of function principle of methanol powered FC system
24 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles Opel Zafira powered by FC 1 battery, 2 electric motor, 3 transreformer, 4 inlet of air to FC, 5 FC, 6 vaporizer - mixer, 7 compressor, 8 cooling system, 9 reformer
25 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles General scheme of automotive Ford Motor Co. methanol FC 1 methanol tank, 2 reformer, 3 FC, 4 transreformer, 5 electric motor DC, 6 air compressor
26 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles Gasoline FC Liquid Gasoline Vapourizer Partial Oxidation Water-gas shift Preferential Oxidation PROX FC
27 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles Gasoline FC
28 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles Chrysler Co. FC than runs on gasoline
29 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles Sodium borohydride FC catalyst NaBH 4 2H2O 4H2 NaBO 2 heat stoichiometric reaction generation of hydrogen
30 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles HOD System
31 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles DaimlerChrysler Natrium minivan with on-board Hydrogen-On-Demand (HOD) System
32 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles What should be improved? In previous years companies were still working on proof-ofconcept of FC, they need now build a vehicle! Now main problems being solved are: quick start-up (presently 20 sec) of vehicle manufacturability crash safety fuel (hydrogen: on board storage and fuel infrastructure are being key obstacles; synthetic gasoline, methanol?) electric drive/drivertain need very efficient heat exchanges (cooling) cost of FC remains a key challenge
33 Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles FC as Auxiliary Power Unit APU for electronic systems (BMW Delphi) Fuel consumption of ICE for electronic systems = 1,5 dm 3 /100 km Fuel consumption of gasoline fuelled FC = 0,7 dm 3 /100 km
34 Recent FC Vehicles NECAR 5 Daimler Chrysler, 2004 FC: Compressed hydrogen Hydrogen stotage: Two hydrogen tanks, 350,0 bar Ballard FC stack Electric motor: 65 kw, 210 Nm Battery: NiMH, 1,4 kwh capacity NECAR 5 range: 150 km Acceleration: km/h in 16s Also FC for Mercedes A - Class
35 Recent FC Vehicles NATRIUM Chrysler s Minivan FC: Compressed hydrogen Range: 500 km Speed: 130 km/h
36 Recent FC Vehicles Hyunday s FC Vehicle TUSCON CAR FC: hydrogen, operaters at temp. < 0 C Battery: Lithium ion polymer Hydrogen storage: compressed H dm 3 Electric motor: 80 kw, 260 Nm Range of the vehicle: 300 km Speed: 155 km/h
37 Recent FC Vehicles AUDI A2 Hydrogen FC, PEM Hydrogen storage: liquid H 2, 1,8 kg Electric motor: synchronous, 66 kw/110 kw for 30s, 425 Nm Battery: NiMH Range of the vehicle: 220 km Acceleration: km in 10s Speed: 175 km/h
38 Recent FC Vehicles Toyota FCHV-4 (demonstrator vehicle) FC: Hydrogen 400 V Hydrogen tanks: 4 tanks, 350 bar Electric motor: 80 kw, 260 Nm Battery: NiMH Vehical speed: 155 km/h Range: 300 km
39 Recent FC Vehicles Inteligent Energy ENV, Fuel Cell Motorbike FC: Hydrogen, 1 kw Hydrogen storage: Composite cylinder, 2,5 kwh Electric motor: 6 kw, 48 V, DC Batteries: lead acid Range: 160 km Acceleration: 0 80 km in 12,1 s
40 Recent FC Vehicles FC Diesel ICE or Spark Ignition ICE FC Diesel ICE or NG Fuelled Dual Fuel Engine
41 Recent FC Vehicles F600 Hygenius, Mercedes Benz Hydrogen FC, 4 stacks, 100 cells Hydrogen reservoir: 4 kg H 2 at 700 bar Electric motor: 60 kw/80 kw, 250/350 Nm (Synchronous AC) Battery: Lithium ion, V ICE: Diesel, 2,9 dm 3 /100 km Range of the vehicle: 400 km Speed: 170 km/h
42 Forcast Options of fuel Technology will be developed Demonstration prototypes Gasoline Methanol Emission Fuel Economy Preliminary options are made Cost, Weight Hydrogen Are Technology accesible Infrastructure and technology must be developed Infrastructure of fuels
43 Number of sold cars Forcast Phase 1 Testphase of existing FCV Phase 2 Niche Technology: Developmint of reformers technique and infrastructure Phase 3 Development of the FCV market and technology Phase 4 Further Development of FCV market technology and infrastructure % theoretic Market share 15 Mio Under 0,5 % theor. Market share % theoretic Market share % theoretic Market share 3 Mio ~ 25 % World sale of cars Years
44 Conclusions Fuel-cell converts potential chemical energy of the fuel into electrical energy without need for transfer it into heat in low temperature process. Theoretical efficiency of fuel-cell is very high and not limited by efficiency of Carnot cycle. Due to low temperature of electrochemical reactions and hydrogen as a fuel, FC is practically zero emission power.
45 Conclusions Emission of greenhouse gas (CO 2 ) of hydrogen FC is much more lower for methanol or gasoline fuel-cell then for conventional IC engine. At present the most advanced are research vehicles powered with hydrogen FC. First into the market gasoline FCV will be introduced due to existing fuel market.
46
47 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF RADOM THANK YOU Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
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