2. What did Hershey & Chase determine was the genetic material of the cell? How?
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1 Figure 11-1 Griffith showed that although a deadly strain of bacteria could be made harmless by heating it, some factor in that strain is still able to change 1. In your own words, describe the significance of Griffith's experiment. Figure 11-4 Hershey and Chase offered further evidence that DNA, not proteins, is the genetic material. Only the DNA of the old generation of viruses is incorporated into the new generation. 2. What did Hershey & Chase determine was the genetic material of the cell? How? 1
2 1. DNA stands for 2. DNA belongs to a 4 th category of Organic Compound called. 3. What are the building blocks of DNA called? 4. Nucleotide: the building block of DNA. What are the THREE parts of a Nucleotide? FOUR different Nitrogenous Bases. Explain HOW they pair. 2
3 Building a DNA Molecule 1. What type of bond joins together the DNA strands between the Sugar (Deoxyribose) and Phosphate, called the Sugar-Phosphare "Backbone"? The blue band is called the Sugar-Phosphate Backbone In this picture, you can see Nucleotide Monomers join together to make a DNA strand, a polymer. DNA Structure: The Double Helix and Complementary Base Pairs 2. Describe the structure of a DNA molecule? Where is the sugarphosphate backbone? Where are the bases located? 3. What is the Complimentary Base-pair Rule and Which Bases can form pairs? Write them below: 4. What type of bond attracts base pairs together? 5. If six bases on one strand of a DNA double helix are AGTCGG, what are the six bases on the complementary section of the other strand of DNA? 3
4 DNA Replication Using the website above, Name the Enzymes/Proteins & What they do in correct Order: (You won t find this information in your textbook; you must use the website above)
5 1. What is a Gene? (*look this up) 2. What is a Polypeptide? 3. Define: Genotype: 4. Define: Phenotype: Information Flow: DNA to RNA to Protein (Central Dogma of Biology) 5. What does RNA stand for? Compare/Contrast RNA Sugar Bases # of Strands DNA 6. Briefly Describe the Transcription Process: 7. Briefly Describe the Translation Process: 5
6 8. What is a Codon? 9. How many Amino Acids are there? 10. How many possible Codons? 11. Translate the following codons into their correct Amino Acid: AGG: CGU: GGC: AUG: UAA: 12. Explain what is meant by the universal nature of the Genetic code? In other words, why is it possible to transfer the gene of one species to another and successfully make that protein as in the case of this genetically engineered glow-in-the-dark fish that is expressing the glow gene from a jellyfish? 6
7 I. Transcription 1. Explain the purpose of TRANSCRIPTION: DNA mrna Ia. Editing the RNA Message 2. What is RNA splicing? 3. What are Introns? 4. What are Exons? 7
8 II. Translation: RNA to Protein 5. Explain the fundamental process of TRANSLATION: mrna Protein 6. What s difference between the P and A sites and where are they found? 7. What is the function of trna? 8. What and Where is an Anti-codon? 9. What does the trna carry and Where to? 8
9 Translation Chart always read the Codon off the mrna molecule (never trna) 10. What is the START Codon? 11. What are the three STOP codons? 9
10 Practice: Transcribe & Translate a Gene Review of Protein Synthesis Explain how the Genotype relates to the Phenotype. Complete the Summary: The DNA serves as a, dictating transcription of a complementary strand of. In turn, mrna specifies the sequence of in a polypeptide built with the assistance of and the rrna of a ribosome. Finally, the that form from the polypeptides determine the appearance and functioning of the cell and of the whole organism. 1. What is a Mutation? 2. What is a Mutagen? 3. What is a POINT Mutation? 10
11 Two Types of POINT Mutation: I. Base Substitution: Can lead to Silent Mutation: Can Lead to Missense Mutation: Can lead to Nonsense Mutation (if a premature STOP Codon forms): II. Base Deletion or Addition (always causes a Frame Shift) Always leads to Nonsense Mutation: For each case above, write how many Codons are affected? ow many Amino Acids? And which type of mutation is worse? 11
12 HBB: The Gene Associated with Sickle Cell Anemia Official Gene Symbol: HBB Name of Gene Product: hemoglobin Locus: The HBB gene is found on human chromosome 11. Protein Function: Hemoglobin molecules, which reside in red blood cells, are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to various parts of the body for use in respiration. Protein Structure The structure of normal deoxy hemoglobin is shown in Figure 1. The four gray clusters are "heme" groups which as a contact site for binding one molecule of oxygen. A genetic variant of this amino acid is the most common cause of sickle cell anemia. Figure 2 shows the clumping together of two deoxy hemoglobin molecules that contain this genetic variant. Approximate gene location is based on Chromosome 11 map from NCBI Entrez Map Viewer. Figure 1: The Crystal Structure of Human Deoxy- haemoglobin at 1.74 A Resolution. Source: PDB ID 4HHB as viewed in Protein Explorer Figure 2: The structure above is a model of two Hb S hemoglobin molecules clumping together. Source: PDB ID 2HBS as viewed in Protein Explorer 12
13 Common Disease Causing Mutation Sickle cell anemia is the most common genetic variant of hemoglobin. In this variant, the hydrophobic amino acid VALINE takes the place of hydrophilic GLUTAMIC ACID at the sixth amino acid position in the polypeptide chain. This substitution creates a hydrophobic spot on the outside of the protein structure that sticks to the hydrophobic region of an adjacent hemoglobin molecule. This clumping together of the hemoglobin molecules turns them into rigid fibers causes the "sickling" of red blood cells. ters/chromosome/hbb.shtml Figure 3: Normal and mutated HBB sequences 1. What type of mutation causes Sickle Cell? 2. How many Nucleotides are affected? 3. How many Amino Acids? 4. Can this condition be cured? 13
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