What is Matter? Visual Concept: Matter. Elements. Elements, continued. Visual Concept: Elements Compounds. How can matter be classified?
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1 What is Matter? Visual Concept: Matter How can matter be classified? Every sample of matter is either an element, a compound, or a mixture. matter: anything that has mass and takes up space Elements Why are carbon and copper classified as elements? Each element is made of one kind of atom. element: a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means atom: the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element Elements, continued Elements are represented by symbols. Atoms that make up a molecule act as a unit. molecule: a group of atoms that are held together by chemical forces; a molecule is the smallest unit of matter that can exist by itself and retain all of a substance s chemical properties. Visual Concept: Elements Compounds How are elements related to compounds? Each molecule of a compound contains two or more elements that are chemically combined. Elements combine chemically to form a compound. compound: a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
2 Visual Concept: Compounds Compounds, continued Compounds have unique properties. Chemical formulas represent compounds. The following chemical formula represents the compound for indigo: Visual Concept: Chemical Formula Pure Substances and Mixtures What is the difference between a pure substance and a mixture? Elements and compounds are pure substances, but mixtures are not. pure substance: a sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties mixture: a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined Pure Substances and Mixtures, continued Types of Mixtures Mixtures are classified by how thoroughly the substances mix. heterogeneous mixture: substances aren t mixed uniformly and are not evenly distributed homogeneous mixture: substances are evenly distributed, and the mixture is the same throughout miscible: substances that can be mixed immiscible: substances that cannot be mixed Gases can mix with liquids.
3 Visual Concept: Comparing Miscible and Immiscible Liquids Section 2: Properties of Matter Preview Key Ideas Bellringer Physical Properties Math Skills Chemical Properties Physical Properties Why are color, volume, and density classified as physical properties? Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed without t changing the identity of the substance. Physical Properties, continued Physical properties can help identify substances. Physical properties can be observed or measured. Examples: shape, color, odor, texture, state, melting point, boiling point, strength, hardness, magnetism, the ability to conduct electricity or heat melting point: the temperature and pressure at which a solid becomes a liquid boiling point: the temperature and pressure at which a liquid becomes a gas Physical properties help determine uses. Visual Concept: Solid, Liquid and Gas Physical Properties, continued Density is a physical property. density: the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance mass m density =, or D = volume V common unit of density is g/cm 3 Density is different from weight.
4 Visual Concept: Equation for Density Math Skills Density If 10.0 cm 3 of ice has a mass of 9.17 g, what is the density of ice? 1. List the given and unknown values. Given: mass, m = 9.17 g volume, V = 10.0 cm 3 Unknown: density, D =? g/cm 3 Math Skills, continued 2. Write the equation for density. density = mass/volume, or D = m/v 3. Insert the known values into the equation, and solve. D m V 9.17 g 10.0 cm = D = 3 Chemical Properties Why are flammability and reactivity classified as chemical properties? A chemical property describes how a substance bt changes it into a new substance, bt either by combining with other elements or by breaking apart into new substances. D = g/cm 3 Chemical Properties, continued Flammability is a chemical property. flammability: the ability to burn Reactivity it is a chemical property. reactivity: the capacity of a substance to combine chemically with another substance Chemical Properties, continued Physical and chemical properties are different. Physical properties can be observed without changing the identity of a substance. Chemical properties can be observed only in p p y situations in which the identity of the substance changes.
5 Visual Concept: Comparing Physical and Chemical Properties Section 3: Changes of Matter Preview Key Ideas Bellringer Physical Changes Chemical Changes Breaking Down Mixtures and Compounds Physical Changes Why is getting a haircut an example of a physical change? A physical change affects one or more properties of a substance without changing the identity of the substance. physical change: a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties Physical Changes, continued Physical changes do not change a substance s identity. Examples of physical changes: cutting, crushing, reshaping, changing state Dissolving is a physical change. Chemical Changes Chemical Changes Why is baking bread an example of a chemical change? A chemical change happens when one or more substances are changed into entirely new substances that have different properties. chemical change: a change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties
6 Chemical Changes, continued Chemical changes happen everywhere. Examples of chemical changes: burning, rusting, digesting, decomposing Visual Concept: Comparing Physical and Chemical Changes Chemical changes form new substances. Chemical changes can be detected. Signs include: change of color, change of smell, fizzing, production of heat, production of sound, production of light Chemical changes cannot be reversed by physical changes. Breaking Down Mixtures and Compounds How can mixtures and compounds be broken down? Mixtures can be separated by physical changes, but compounds must be broken down by chemical changes. Breaking Down Mixtures and Compounds, continued Mixtures can be physically separated. Examples of separating a mixture: Separating saltwater into its parts by heating it: When the water evaporates, the salt remains. Using a distillation device to heat a mixture whose components have different boiling points: The component that boils and evaporates first separates from the mixture. Using a centrifuge: The mixture spins rapidly until the components separate. Breaking Down Mixtures and Compounds, continued Some compounds can be broken down through chemical changes. Examples of separating a compound: When mercury(ii) oxide is heated, it breaks down into the elements mercury and oxygen. When a current is passed through melted table salt, the elements sodium and chlorine are produced. When you open a bottle of soda, carbonic acid in the soda breaks down into carbon dioxide and water.
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