Hvad er kriterierna till bæredygtige biodrivmidler
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1 Hvad er kriterierna till bæredygtige biodrivmidler Nordisk konference om biomasse i tung transport Køpenhamn, 6 december 2016 Pål Börjesson Environmental and Energy Systems Studies Lund University Sweden
2 Production systems for biofuels Forest Agriculture land Sea/water culture Stem wood, forest residues Energyforest Oil crops Wheat, S beet Macro algae Micro algae Residues Waste Thermal gasification Anaerobic digestion Fermentation Esterification Hydration Other FT-diesel DME Methanol etc Ethanol Methane Hydrogen FAME/ RME HVO, biodiesel Börjesson, Lundgren, Ahlgren, Nyström (2013)
3 Share of biofuels in the Swedish road transport sector Target in EU Renewable Energy Directive to 2020 SPBI 2016
4 Sustainability criteria biofuels & bioenergy 1) Greenhouse gas performance 2) Biodiversity 3) Indirect land use changes (iluc) 4) Water management 5) Soil management 6) Energy efficiency 7) Waste management 8) Air quality EU (RED*) 9) Social criteria (labour, human & land-use rights etc.) 10) Economic criteria (economic sustainability, fair business practices, financial risk management) *(Renewable Energy Directive, 2009; 2015) **(ISO 13065, 2015) Global (ISO**)
5 Greenhouse gas (GHG) calculation methodology
6 GHG performance biofuels (Sweden) Börjesson, Lundgren, Ahlgren, Nyström (2013)
7 Total GHG emissions Wheat-based ethanol - per MJ biofuel (no allocation) Carbon dioxide Nitrous oxide gram CO2-equivalents/MJ Biomass in ethanol plant Natural gas in ethanol plant Worst case! Coal in ethanol plant Petrol
8 Börjesson, Lundgren, Ahlgren, Nyström (2013) Production costs biofuels (Sweden)
9 Tall oil-based HVO as drop-in fuel in diesel Forest company Innovation company Oil company SunPine, Piteå, Sweden Idea Commercial plant Photo: Magnus Wikman, SunPine 100,000 m3 biodiesel 2015
10 Feedstock for the HVO used in Sweden Animal fat Palm oil Slaughter house waste Tall oil Vegetable & animal waste oil Approx. 19 % domestic feedstock (64 % Europe and 16 % S.E. Asia) Swedish Energy Agency (2015)
11 GHG performance HVO Biodiesel (EU)* * Well-to-tank Report 4.0, JRC et al (2013)
12 Low indirect impact biofuels (minimizing risks of indirect land use changes - iluc) A. Increased productivity GO! NO GO! C. Expansion of cropland Land of high competition and carbon stock & biodiv. High yields, intensively utilised Global cropland 1500 million ha Low yields, partly utilised GO! C. Expansion of cultivated land Land of low competition and carbon stock & biodiv. B. Increased utilisation of wastes and residues GO!
13 Expansion of palm oil plantations in Indonesia Photo: Chedar Anderson/Greenpeace/TT
14 Abandoned arable land Central & East Europe (Alcantara et al, 2013) ( 50 million hectare)
15 Biomass Potential - Abandoned Land (EJ) - global 10% of current global energy supply Akhurst et al, 2011; Woods 2011
16 Wastes and Residues (EJ) - global 10% of current global energy supply Akhurst et al, 2011; Woods 2011
17 Surplus Forest Products (EJ) - global 10% of current global energy supply Akhurst et al, 2011; Woods 2011
18 EU legislation Agriculture crop-based biofuels Renewable Energy Directive (RED): - 10 % renewable fuels in the road transport by Maximum 7 % crop-based biofuels Revised RED after 2020? (proposed by the Commission 30 November 2016): - Maximum 3.8 % crop-based biofuels by % Advanced biofuels and electricity by % Advanced biofuels, incl. biogas, by 2030, having > 70% GHG reduction Current use in Sweden: approximately 7 %! Crops Waste Swedish Energy Agency 2015
19 Balans - ökad tillförsel * & efterfrågan på biomassa i Sverige Biofuels Börjesson (2016) *Inklusive tekniska, ekologiska och ekonomiska begränsningar
20 Lignocellulosic-based biofuels Photo: Staffan Eriksson, GoBiGas Göteborg Energi Forest logging residues Forest industry by-products Black liquor / lignin Crop residues Etc Pyrolysis oil - HVO Methane Methanol / Ethanol FT diesel Etc
21 Biogas from anaerobic digestion Photo: Energigas Sv., Jorberga Biogas Industrial waste Municipal waste Manure Crop residues Etc Biogas (compressed) (liquefied)
22 Increased risk due to political uncertainties Stages of technology development Risk profile Bio-refineries Lignocellulosebased biofuels Current biofuels Political Political incentives and barriers, such as RED!
23 Conclusions Today s sustainability criteria have mainly been focused on greenhouse gas performance and biodiversity, but additional criteria will be included over time A critical aspect is type of feedstock, thus securing that utilised feedstock will fulfil coming sustainability criteria and certification systems is essential Today s political tendency (in EU) is to abandon crop-based biofuels, and (vaguely) promote biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass (so called advanced biofuels) From a scientific point of view, the forsake of crop-based biofuels is not completely grounded, since regional conditions, production systems design, e t c vary significantly making several biofuel system sustainable today A low risk strategy is, however, to focus on fuel and overall energy efficiency improvements in combination with biofuels from local/regional lignocellulosic resources, such as traceable waste and forest residue feedstock e t c
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