Ecology. Part 1: Habitats, Ecosystems and Biomes
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1 Ecology Part 1: Habitats, Ecosystems and Biomes
2 Introduction What is a habitat? A habitat is the environment where an organism lives, grows and reproduces. Habitats can be very diverse: a tree, a log, a marsh, a pond, a hive, a cactus
3 Habitats A habitat is made up of many factors. Biotic Factors The living parts of the ecosystem Abiotic Factors The nonliving parts of the ecosystem
4 Biotic Factors
5 Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors
6 Habitats A habitat is made up of many factors. Biotic Factors Plants Animals Decomposers Bacteria Abiotic Factors Water Sunlight Temperature Soil
7 What are the biotic & abiotic factors in this habitat?
8 What are the biotic & abiotic factors in this habitat?
9 Ecosystems What is an ecosystem? An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (biotic) and the nonliving factors (abiotic) in a certain area. An ecosystem can be a forest, a stream, coastline or open ocean.
10 Biomes Similar ecosystems can be grouped together. A biome is a collection of ecosystems with similar climate and organisms. There are 7 terrestrial (land) biomes. And 7 aquatic (water) biomes.
11 Biomes Terrestrial Biomes Rain Forest Desert Deciduous Forest Tundra Boreal Forest Savannah Grassland
12
13 Desert Receives < 25 cm of rainfall per year Large changes in temp. from day to night Organisms are specially adapted
14 Rainforest Receives cm of rain per year Found near the Equator Huge diversity of plants and animals
15 Deciduous Forest Receive > 50 cm of rain per year Trees shed leaves in the winter Many animals hibernate or go dormant
16 Coniferous (Boreal) Forest Winters are very long, cold and snowy Summers are rainy but short Trees are coniferous needle leaves
17 Grassland Moderate rainfall: cm per year Enough rain for grass, not enough for trees Summers are warm, winters are cold
18 Savannah (a type of grassland) Found between forest and grassland Long dry season with short wet season Organisms adapted for seasonal changes
19 Tundra Extremely cold and dry: very little rain Most of the soil is frozen year round Low growing plants, bears, caribou, fox, etc.
20 Biomes Aquatic Biomes Rivers and Streams Coastlines Lakes and Ponds Open Ocean Wetlands Deep Ocean Coral Reef
21
22 Rivers and Streams Freshwater biome Plants grow on banks or float in pools Animals include fish, turtles, frogs, etc.
23 Lakes and Ponds Freshwater that is not moving Ponds are shallow, lakes are deeper Support insects, snakes, fish and others
24 Wetlands Receives < 25 cm of rainfall per year Large changes in temp. from day to night Organisms are specially adapted
25 Estuaries End of a river that feeds into a lake or ocean Transition from fresh to saltwater Includes marshes, wetlands and bogs
26 Coastlines Forms where tide comes and goes each day Conditions constantly change Organisms are adapted to frequent change
27 Open Ocean Sunlight penetrates this top layer Algae and phytoplankton are the producers Animals include reptiles, fish and mammals
28 Deep Ocean Sunlight cannot reach here: cold and dark Animals feed on each or on falling food Strange and unusual organisms!
29 Coral Reef Shallow area with lots of sunlight Built on living organisms called corals Huge diversity: the rainforest of the ocean
30 Any Questions?
31 Ecology Part 2: Food Chains and Food Webs
32 Introduction Energy is vital for all living things. Each organism in an ecosystem must obtain energy in some way. Each organism can be classified by the way it gets its energy Producer Consumer Decomposer
33 Producers An organism that makes its own food. Use the Sun s energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars. Algae Plants Called photosynthesis Producers are the source of all food in an ecosystem. Seaweed
34 Consumers Organisms that get their food by eating other organisms. There are several kinds Herbivore eat plants Carnivore eat animals Omnivore eat both
35 Decomposers Organisms that break down dead organisms and wastes of living things. They recycle raw materials in an ecosystem Fungi Bacteria The clean up crew!
36 An Example
37 Energy Flow Energy moves through an ecosystem as one organism eats another. Sunlight Producer Consumer Decomposer
38 Food Chains When one organism eats another organism, it obtains its energy. A food chain shows the movement of this energy through an ecosystem.
39 Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Absorbs energy from Sun plants Eats plants only herbivores Eats primary consumers carnivores Eats secondary consumers top carnivore
40 Top Consumer Tertiary Consumer Secondary Consumer Primary Consumer Producer
41 Food Webs Most producers and consumers are part of many different food chains. A food web consists of many overlapping food chains in an entire ecosystem. It shows how complex the feeding relationships in an ecosystems really are!
42 Food Webs
43 Food Webs
44 Missing Links Food webs show that organisms are interlinked with each other. If there is even small damage to one part of the web, it can have huge consequences.
45 Example: Missing Links
46 Example: Missing Links
47 Any Questions?
48 Ecology Part 3: Ecological Relationships
49 Review: Habitats A habitat is where an organism lives. e.g. desert, ocean, pond, log, tree, etc. Habitats vary in many physical factors: Temperature Soil Type Sunlight Precipitation Nutrient level Stability
50 Adaptations Organism are specially adapted to live in their natural habitat. An adaptation is a physical characteristic or behaviour that makes a species able to survive in a specific habitat. Adaptations match the specific needs of each organism.
51 Example: Polar Bear Describe 4 adaptations
52 Example: Great White Shark Describe 4 adaptations
53 Example: Dromedary Camel Describe 4 adaptations
54 Example: Saguaro Cactus Describe 4 adaptations
55 Niche Each organism has a role to play in its own environment. A niche is an organism s particular role in its own specific habitat. A niche includes many different things: Where it lives What resources it uses What it eats What eats it
56 Penguin Where does it live? What does it eat? What eats it? What resources does it use?
57 Timber Rattlesnake Where does it live? What eats it? What does it eat? What resources does it use?
58 Ecologic Interactions Organisms interact with each other. There are 3 major types of interaction: Predation Competition Symbiosis
59 Predation Predation is where one organism kills and eats another organism. The predator is the animal that eats another. The prey is the animal that gets eaten.
60 Predation
61 Predators Predators have unique adaptations that help them to catch and eat their prey.
62 Prey Prey also have unique adaptations to help them to avoid being caught and eaten.
63 What Are Their Adaptations?
64 Competition In a soccer game, two teams compete against each other to win. Competition is the struggle between two organisms over limited resources. This is because NO habitat can provide all the resources for ALL of its organisms
65 Competition There are 2 major types of competition: Intraspecies Competition between members of the same species Interspecies Competition between members of different species e.g. two lions fighting over a kill e.g. trees fighting for sunlight
66 Intra-species Competition
67 Inter-species Competition
68 Symbiosis Symbiosis means living together. Symbiosis is a close relationship between two different species where at least one benefits. The symbiotic relationship may affect the two in different ways
69 Symbiosis Symbiosis means living together. Symbiosis is a close relationship between two different species. Both species benefit equally. One species benefits the other isn t affected. One species benefits the other is harmed.
70 Symbiosis Mutualism Both species benefit equally.
71 Symbiosis Commensalism One species benefits, the other isn t affected.
72 Symbiosis Parasitism One species benefits, the other is harmed.
73 Example: The Braconid Wasp A parasitic wasp that lays its eggs on an unsuspecting hornworm caterpillar. Once the eggs hatch, the larvae eat the captive caterpillar alive.
74 Example: The Braconid Wasp
75 Example: Tapeworm A parasitic worm that attaches itself to the wall of your small intestine. It feeds on the food that you eat, getting longer each day.
76 Example: Tapeworm
77 Strange But True! Thank you tapeworms for keeping me slim!
78 A Summary Symbiosis is a close relationship between two different species. Species 1 Species 2 Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
79 Any Questions?
80 Ecology Part 4: Pyramids of Energy
81 Review: Food Chains The movement of energy through an ecosystem can be shown by food chains. A food chain shows how one organism eats another organism and obtains energy.
82 Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Absorbs energy from Sun plants Eats plants only herbivores Eats primary consumers carnivores Eats secondary consumers top carnivore
83 The Ten Percent Rule Energy is never transferred from one organism to the next perfectly. In general, only 10% of the energy in one organism is transferred to the next. This is because most of the energy an organism takes in is wasted on daily activities
84 The Ten Percent Rule
85 Energy Pyramids There is another way to show how energy flows through an ecosystem. An energy pyramid shows the amount of energy available at each feeding level. Energy pyramids always begin with producers on lowest level
86 Energy Pyramids Available energy decreases as you go up a level Most of the energy is available at the first level
87 Energy Pyramids
88 Pyramids of Number We can use other types of pyramids to show more information about an ecosystem. A pyramid of number shows you the total number of organisms at each energy level. The width of each bar is roughly equivalent to the numbers of each organism at one level.
89 Pyramids of Number
90 Pyramids of Number
91 Pyramids of Biomass Pyramids of Number do NOT take into account the sizes of each organism. A pyramid of biomass instead shows the total mass of all the organisms at each level. Numbers Biomass
92 Pyramids of Biomass
93 Pyramids of Biomass
94 Any Questions?
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