Biology: Identifying the Substance of Genes ( )
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1 Name Class Date Biology: Identifying the Substance of Genes ( ) 1. What happened when Griffith injected mice with the pneumonia-causing strain of bacteria that had been heat-killed? 2. What happened when Griffith injected mice with a mixture of heat-killed, pneumoniacausing bacteria and live bacteria of the harmless type? 3. What was the purpose of Oswald Avery s experiments? 4. What experiments did Avery do? 5. What did Avery conclude? 6. What did Hershey and Chase conclude? Why? 7. How did Hershey and Chase confirm Avery s results? 8. List and explain each of the three functions of DNA. 9. By 1952, many scientists were convinced that genes are made of DNA, but they did not yet know how DNA worked. Why was it important to determine the structure of DNA to understand how DNA stored, copied, and transmitted information?
2 10. Why was the fact of transformation so important to the study of DNA s role? What did transformation demonstrate? The Components of DNA Section 12.2 For Questions 1 5, complete each statement by writing in the correct word or words. 1. The building blocks of DNA are. 2.Nucleotides in DNA are made of three basic components: a sugar called a, and a nitrogenous. 3. DNA contains four kinds of nitrogenous bases:,,, and. 4. In DNA, can be joined in any order. 5. The nucleotides in DNA are joined by bonds. 6. Complete the table to describe each scientist s contribution to solving the structure of DNA. _, Scientist Erwin Chargaff Contribution Rosalind Franklin James Watson and Francis Crick 7.Complete the table by estimating the percentages of each based on Chargaff s rules. DNA sample adenine thymine guanine cytosine
3 The Double-Helix Model For Questions 8 13, on the lines provided, label the parts of the DNA molecule that correspond to the numbers in the diagram. 14.The drawing below shows half of a DNA molecule. Fill in the appropriate letters for the other half. Explain why you drew your sketch the way you did.
4 15.Complete this table to show how the structure of the DNA molecule allows it to perform each essential function. Function Structure of the Molecule Store information Copy information Transmit information Section 12.3 Copying the Code 1. Why are the strands of a DNA molecule said to be complementary? 2. What is the first step in eukaryotic DNA replication? 3. If the base sequence on a separated DNA strand is CGTAGG, what will the base sequence on its complementary strand be? 4. What enzyme joins individual nucleotides to produce the new strand of DNA? 5. What enzyme makes it less likely that DNA will be lost from telomeres during replication? 6. How does this enzyme work? 7. What is a replication fork? 8. Does DNA replication take place in the same direction along both strands of the DNA molecule that is being replicated? Explain your answer. (Hint: Look at the illustration of DNA replication in your textbook.)
5 9. Make a sketch of the double helix of DNA. Show how it unzips for replication and how complementary strands are built. Label the nitrogenous bases, replication fork, DNA polymerase, the original strand, and the new strand. 10. Complete the table to compare and contrast DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Location of DNA Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Amount of DNA Starting Point(s) for Replication
6 11. Is DNA replication always a foolproof process? Explain your answer. 12. Why is the pairing of bases during replication essential for the transmission of inherited traits from parent to offspring? Chapter Vocabulary Review For Questions 1 6, match the term with its definition. Definition 1. In DNA, the fit between thymine and adenine and the fit between cytosine and guanine. 2. An enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA 3. The process that can change a harmless bacterial strain into a disease-causing strain 4. The tip of a chromosome 5. The process that copies a DNA molecule 6. A kind of virus that infects bacteria Term A. transformation B. bacteriophage C. base pairing D. replication E. DNA polymerase F. telomere For Questions 7 15, complete each statement by writing in the correct word or words. 7. Each time a chromosome is replicated, some DNA may be lost from the tip of the chromosome, or. 8. Griffith s experiments showed that some chemical compound in cells must be responsible for bacterial. 9. Hershey and Chase studied a that was composed of a DNA core and a protein coat. 10. The center of the DNA strand exhibits. 11. The enzyme that proofreads each new DNA strand so that each molecule is a nearperfect copy of the original is. 12. In eukaryotic cells, can begin at dozens or even hundreds of places on the DNA molecule. 13. The double-helix model explains Chargaff s rule of. 14. The DNA molecule separates into two strands during. 15. The principal enzyme involved in DNA replication is.
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