Basic Chemistry and the Periodic Table (1) -

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1 Basic Chemistry and the Periodic Table (1) - Elements Periodic Table Atomic Number Mass number SUMMARY: Chemistry deals with the properties of substances as well as the process of chemical substances making contact with each other, reacting with each other with the formation of new substances. Substances reacting with each other during a chemical reaction are described as reactants. During a chemical reaction the reactants are converted into products. Composition of the Atom Protons Neutrons Electrons Electron structure Aufbau diagram Lewis structure Substances reacting with each other (reactants) during a chemical reaction as well as substances produced (products) during a chemical reaction are described as matter as these substances have mass and occupy space. Matter is composed of atoms and atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons. Elements are important components of chemistry and are described as substances that could not be resolved into simpler substances. Properties of elements are reflected on the Periodic Table. Atoms are composed of a central section known as the nucleus of the atom with electric positive charged particles known as protons located inside the nucleus. Answers Available: D: Answer Basic Chemistry and the Periodic Table (1) Neutrons are electric neutral particles located in the nucleus of the atom. Around the nucleus are electrons that are negatively charged particles. 1

2 1. Complete: a.) The universe is composed of matter. Describe the meaning of matter. b.) Name the three phases in which matter can exist. c.) Describe the meaning of elements. 2. Name three elements as well as their symbols: a.) b.) c.) 3. Name the three sub-atomic particles: 4. a.) All the known elements that exist in nature as well as a few laboratory synthesized elements are summarized in a table known as the. b.) The Periodic Table is composed of Columns, which provide information from (left to right / top to bottom) (i) and Rows, which reflect information from (left to right / top to bottom) (ii) about the various elements that exist in nature. c.) The columns are also known as (series / groups / sections) (i) and there are (5 / 7 / 8) (ii) main groups and a few sub-groups on the table and these sub-groups are known as (metals / transition elements / non-metals) (iii). 5. Write the common names for each of the following groups on the Periodic Table: a.) Main group 1 elements: b.) Main group 2 elements: c.) Main group 7 elements: d.) Main group 8 elements: 6. ELEMENTS are described as 7.a.) Elements on the left side of the Periodic Table are known as (metals / non-metals) (i) with elements on the right side described as (metals / non-metals) (ii). b.) The Periodic Table is composed of columns, which provide information from (left to right / top to bottom) (i) and rows, which reflect information from (left to right / top to bottom) (ii) about the various elements that exist in nature. c.) The columns are also known as (series / groups / sections) (i) and there are (5 / 7 / 8) (ii) main groups and a few sub-groups on the table and these sub-groups are known as (metals / transition elements / non-metals) (iii). 8. a.) Write the names of three metals, their symbols, group number and row number: i.) ii.) iii.) b.) Write the names of three non-metals, their symbols, group number and row number: i.) _ ii.) iii.) 2

3 9. a.) Elements on the left side of the periodic table are known as (metals / non-metals / transition elements) (i) while elements on the right side of the table are described as (metals / non-metals / transition elements) (ii). 11.) Complete the following. a.) Name: (i) with a (positive / negative / neutral) (ii) electric charge. A number of elements separate these two groups of elements and these elements are known as (metals / non-metals / transition elements) (iii). b.) Elements exist in the following phases: (i) solids - for example the (metals / non-metals) (d) e - + o o + e - b.) Name: (i) with a (positive / negative / neutral) (ii) electric charge. (ii) gases - for example the (metals / non-metals) Two elements, namely (iii) and (iv), exist as liquids. c.) Name: (i) with a (positive / negative / neutral) (ii) electric charge. c.) The Periodic Table reflects information regarding all the elements that exists in nature and each element is represented by a (number / symbol) (i). Associated with the symbol are two values of which the smallest represents the (atomic / mass) (ii) number while the other figure indicates the (atomic / mass) (iii) number of the element. 10. Complete the following: 2 He 4 a.) (Atomic / Mass) number; b.) What is indicated by this number: c.) What is indicated by the symbol? d.) (Atomic / Mass) number; 12. a.) A single Helium atom contains (1/2/3) (i) protons and, as a result, (1/2/3) (ii) positive electric charges. This atom contains (1/2/3) (iii) negative charges. The resultant electric charge of a single He-atom is (iv) because the number of positive charges equals the number of negative charges. b.) Protons and neutrons in an atom are located (in / around) (i) the nucleus and these two sub-atomic particles (smaller than the atom) provide (mass / volume) (ii) to the atom. Electrons are found (in / around ) (iii) the nucleus and provide (mass / volume) (iv) to the atom. Protons and neutrons are equal in magnitude and are (v) times the size of electrons. e.) What is indicated by this number: 3

4 c.) The number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom can be calculated by 15. Name: Oxygen subtracting the (mass / atomic) (i) number from the (mass / a.) Symbol: b.) Number of protons: atomic) (ii) number. c.) Number of electrons: d.) Number of neutrons: e.) Number of positive charges: 13. Name: Sodium f.) Number of negative charges: a.) Symbol: b.) Number of protons: g.) Resultant electric charge: c.) Number of electrons: d.) Number of neutrons: h.) Why is the resultant electric charge of a sodium atom equal to zero? e.) Number of positive charges: Explain: f.) Number of negative charges: g.) Resultant electric charge: i.) Metal or Non-metal: h.) Why is the resultant electric charge of a sodium atom equal to zero? 16. Name: Calcium Explain: a.) Symbol: b.) Number of protons: c.) Number of electrons: d.) Number of neutrons: i.) Metal or Non-metal: e.) Number of positive charges: 14. Symbol: Mg f.) Number of negative charges: a.) Name: b.) Number of protons: g.) Resultant electric charge: c.) Number of electrons: d.) Number of neutrons: h.) Why is the resultant electric charge of a calcium atom equal to zero? e.) Number of positive charges: Explain: f.) Number of negative charges: g.) Resultant electric charge of a Mg-atom: i.) Metal or Non-metal: h.) Why is the resultant electric charge of a magnesium atom equal to 17. Name: Neon zero? Explain: : a.) Symbol: b.) Number of protons: c.) Number of electrons: d.) Number of neutrons: i.) Metal or Non-metal: e.) Number of positive charges: f.) Number of negative charges: g.) Resultant electric charge: h.) Why is the resultant electric charge of a neon atom equal to zero? Explain: i.) Metal or Non-metal: 4

5 18. The collective name for protons and neutrons is. 21. The mass number indicates the following of an element: a.) the number of protons only b.) the number of electrons only c.) the number of neutrons only 19. True / False: d.) the number of protons and electrons a.). Sodium is a group I element and this group is known as alkalinemetals. e.) the number of protons and neutrons. b.) Neon is a noble gas and is more reactive than Chlorine. c.) A row on the periodic table is from left to right. 22. The following are true about protons: d.) Metals are on the left-side of the Periodic Table. a.) inside the nucleus and positively charged e.) The Periodic Table reflects information on all elements in nature. b.) outside the nucleus and positively charged c.) inside the nucleus and negatively charged f.) The atomic number is an indication of the number of protons in an d.) outside the nucleus and negatively charged atom. e.) inside the nucleus with a neutral electric charged. g.) The atomic number can be used to determine the number of electrons in an atom. 23. The following are true about electrons: h.) The mass number is the total of electrons and neutrons in one atom. a.) inside the nucleus and positively charged b.) outside the nucleus and positively charged i.) The symbol of an element represents the name of an element. c.) inside the nucleus and negatively charged d.) outside the nucleus and negatively charged e.) inside the nucleus with a neutral electric charged. 20. The atomic number indicates the following of an element: a.) the number of protons only 24. The following are true about neutrons: b.) the number of electrons only a.) inside the nucleus and positively charged c.) the number of neutrons only b.) outside the nucleus and positively charged d.) the number of protons and electrons c.) inside the nucleus and negatively charged e.) the number of protons and neutrons. d.) ouside the nucleus and negatively charged e.) inside the nucleus with a neutral electric charged. 5

6 25. The following are true about a calcium atom: a.) atomic number of 40, mass number of 20 and in group 1, positive atom b.) atomic number of 20, mass number of 40 and in group 1, negative atom c.) atomic number of 20, mass number of 40 and in group 2, neutral atom d.) atomic number of 20, mass number of 40 and in group 2, positive atom e.) atomic number of 20, mass number of 40 and in group 2, negative atom. 26. The following are true about an oxygen atom: a.) atomic number of 8, mass number of 16 and in group 18, positive atom b.) atomic number of 16, mass number of 8 and in group 17, negative atom c.) atomic number of 8, mass number of 16 and in group 17, neutral atom d.) atomic number of 8, mass number of 16 and in group 2, positive atom e.) atomic number of 8, mass number of 16 and in group 16, neutral atom. 27. The following are true about the periodic table : a.) group 1 are known as alkaline-earth metals, group 17 the halogens and metals are on the left side of the table b.) group 2 are known as alkaline-earth metals, group 17 the halogens and metals are on the left side of the table c.) group 2 are known as alkaline-earth metals, group 17 the halogens and metals are on the right side of the table d.) group 2 are known as alkaline metals, group 17 the halogens and metals are on the right side of the table e.) group 2 are known as alkaline metals, group 7 the halogens and metals are on the left side of the table. 28. a.) Describe the meaning for each of the following: (i) element: (ii) symbol: (iii) atomic number: (iv) mass number: 29. How many main groups are on the Periodic Table? 30. a.) Write the common names for each of the following groups on the Periodic Table. (i) Main group 1: (ii) Main group 2: (iii) Main group 7: (iv) Main group 8: b.) Write the name and symbol for two elements that are classified as: (i) metal: (ii) non-metal: (iii) transition element: 31. Name the three sub-atomic particles in an atom. 6

7 32. Give the function, electric charge and location for each of the following sub-atomic particles. (i) proton: (ii) neutron: (iii) electron: 33. Write the collective name for protons and neutrons. 34. Which sub-atomic particle is the smallest? 35. How many electrons can be accommodated in each of the following energy levels surrounding the nucleus of an atom? (i) 1 st Energy level: (ii) 2 nd Energy level: (iii) 3 rd Energy level: 36. Which sub-atomic particle can be removed from or added to the atom? Give two reasons. 37. From which energy level will the first electron be removed from an atom. 38. What is the process of removing electrons called? 39. An electron is added to an atom. Which energy level will accept the electron? 40. What is the process of accepting electrons called? 41. Argon is a noble gas. a.) How many electrons are in one argon atom? b.) Complete the following electron structures for each element. Name each energy level. Ar c.) How many electrons are in the outer energy level of argon? d.) How many electrons more can be accommodated in this energy level? e.) Is it possible to remove electrons from this energy level? Explain. f.) Noble gases are (reactive / stabile) g.) Which phenomenon is responsible for your answer in (f)? h.) What are the electrons in the outer energy level of an atom called? i.) How many valence electrons are in one Ar-atom? 7

8 42. a.) Sodium is in group (1,2,3) (i) on the periodic table with an atomic number of (ii). b.) One sodium atom has how many protons? c.) What is the resulting electric charge of a sodium atom? d.) What is the resulting electric charge of a sodium cation? e.) How many energy levels of a sodium atom can be fully occupied by electrons? f.) Name these energy levels. g.) Complete the electron structure of a sodium atom. 43. Sodium undergoes a process called oxidation. a.) How many electrons are left after oxidation? b.) How many protons are left after oxidation? c.) What is the resultant electric charge of sodium after oxidation? d.) What is the sodium atom called after oxidation? e.) Write the formula of the sodium atom after it has donated one electron. 44. Complete the electron structure of a chlorine atom. Na Cl 45. Chlorine undergoes a process called reduction. h.) How many electrons are in the outer energy level of a sodium atom? a.) How many electrons are left after reduction? b.) How many protons are left after reduction? i.) What would be the easiest for a sodium atom to obtain an electron c.) What is the resultant electric charge of chlorine after reduction? structure with the outer energy level completely occupied with electrons? d.) What is the chlorine atom called after reduction? e.) Write the formula of the chlorine atom after it has accepted one j.) What is this process called? electron. k.) Which Nobel gas electron structure will a sodium atom exhibit when it reaches a condition with its outer energy level fully occupied with electrons? 8

9 46. Explain the following : a.) Atomic number: b.) Mass number: c.) Orbital: d.) Energy level: e.) Valence electron(s): f.) Lewis structure: g.) The number of valence electrons can be derived from the (row / group) number of oxygen on the Periodic Table. 49. Complete the following: a.) Hydrogen: i.) Atomic number: ii.) Mass number: iii.) Number of protons: iv.) Number of electrons: v.) Number of neutrons: vi.) Molecular formula: vii.) Molecular mass: viii.) Symbol: ix.) Group number: x.) Number of valence electrons: xi.) Lewis structure: xii.) Afbau diagram: h.) All the elements would like to obtain the electron structure of a noble gas and to achieve this status the metals (donate / accept) (i) electrons during a process called (oxidation / reduction) (ii). In an attempt to achieve a noble gas structure the atoms from non-metals (accept / donate) (iii) electrons and this process is described as (oxidation / reduction) (iv). i.) Describe the difference in the outer energy level of noble gases and non-noble gases. j.) Explain the meaning of the term isotope: k.) Example of isotope. : Names of orbitals: xiii.) Complete the electron structure: xiv.) Electron configuration; xv.) Phase at room temperature: 9 H

10 50. Complete the following: a.) Helium: i.) Atomic number: ii.) Mass number: iii.) Number of protons: iv.) Number of electrons: v.) Number of neutrons: vi.) Molecular formula: vii.) Molecular mass: viii.) Symbol: ix.) Group number: x.) Number of valence electrons: xi.) Lewis structure: xii.) Afbau diagram: 51. Complete the following: a.) Lithium: i.) Atomic number: ii.) Mass number: iii.) Number of protons: iv.) Number of electrons: v.) Number of neutrons: vi.) Atomic formula: vii.) Atomic mass: viii.) Symbol: ix.) Group number: x.) Number of valence electrons: xi.) Lewis structure: xii.) Afbau diagram: Names of orbitals: Names of orbitals: xiii.) Complete the electron structure: He xiii.) Complete the electron structure: Li xiv.) Electron configuration; xiv.) Electron configuration; xv.) Phase at room temperature: xv.) Phase at room temperature: 10