Build a Brain Assignment

Transcription

1 Build a Brain Assignment For this project, you will be working in groups of 2-3 to build a model of a brain and the endocrine system. You may use anything you want to build your model. Some ideas might be food, legos, play dough, found items etc. Be creative. Each part of your brain MUST include and be labeled with the list below. Your assessment for this unit will be oral. You and your group will present your model to the class. I will then randomly draw one question PER PERSON which you must answer, so everyone in your group will have a different question. You will not be able to use your notes which means you will need to study the answers to ALL the questions. Everyone in the group will receive the same grade on the model (unless you get fired see below), but you will earn individual grades for your answers to your question. If you fail your question, you will have the opportunity to recapture those points. You will need to come in after school. I will then ask you TWO questions. If you fail those, you need to come in again, and I will ask you THREE questions etc. Be sure to get a perfect score the first time around!!! Brain Model: /32 pts. (1 pt. per clear, labeled structure) Essential Question Answer: /15 pts. Ability to use the Model in answer to question: /13 pts. Total: /60 pts. Nervous System o Neuron Afferent (sensory) Efferent (Motor) Interneuron o Brain Brain Stem Medulla Pons Reticular Activating System Limbic System Thalamus Hypothalamus Amygdala Hippocampus Pituitary Gland Lobes Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Cortex s Motor Sensory Cerebral Cerebellum Corpus Callosum Association Areas Broca s Wernicke s Endocrine System o Hypothalamus o Pituitary Gland o Thyroid o Parathyroid o Adrenal Glands o Pancreas o Ovaries o Testes

2 You will have some time in class to research the answers to the following questions. You will need to build your model at home, so make sure you are able to contact all of your group members. You MUST be able to use your model to answer ALL of them. You will be asked one of them randomly for your exam, so be sure you can answer all of them. Describe the structure of a neuron. Demonstrate how nerve cells communicate. Demonstrate how neural impulses are generated. Demonstrate where serotonin is released and explain its impact on human behavior. How do Prozac type chemicals effect serotonin levels? Demonstrate where dopamine is released and explain its impact on human behavior. Demonstrate where acetylcholine is released and explain its impact on human behavior. Demonstrate where norepinephrine is released and explain its impact on human behavior. Demonstrate where endorphins are released and explain its impact on human behavior. Explain the role of an agonist and give an example. Explain the role of an antagonist and give an example. Identify and discuss the functions of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Identify and discuss the functions of the Autonomic Nervous System. Identify and discuss the functions of the Sympathetic Nervous System. Identify and discuss the functions of the Peripheral Nervous System. Identify and discuss the functions of the Somatic Nervous System. Identify and discuss the functions of the Parasympathetic Nervous System. Locate afferent neurons (sensory), efferent neurons (motor), and interneurons and explain their functions. Demonstrate the difference between a reflex arc and a neural network. Locate and explain the function of the brainstem, including the medulla, the pons, and the reticular formation. Locate and explain the function of the thalamus. Locate and explain the function of the cerebellum.

3 Locate and explain the function of the limbic system, including the hypothalamus, amygdala, the hippocampus, and the pituitary gland. Locate and explain the structure AND function of the cerebral cortex. What role do glial cells play in the cerebral cortex? Locate and explain the function of the frontal lobes. Locate and explain the function of the parietal lobes. Locate and explain the function of the occipital lobes. Locate and explain the function of the temporal lobes. Locate and explain the function of the motor cortex. Why do the fingers and mouth take up the greatest amount of cortical space? Locate and explain the function of the sensory cortex. Why do the lips take up a greater space than other body parts? Locate and explain the function of the association areas. Using Geschwind s explanation, demonstrate how we use language. Identify the right and left hemispheres of the brain, explain how they differ and how they communicate. Identify the body s major Endocrine glands and their function. Demonstrate the link between the Nervous System and the Endocrine System. Explain the difference. Demonstrate how the Nervous System and the Endocrine System would respond if you found yourself in an emergency situation. Exercise 1 Mr. Livingston is a 39 year-old African-American male who has been brought into your neurology clinic by his wife. She has become increasingly alarmed regarding her husband's health over the past four months. Upon completion of a CT scan, it is determined that Mr. Livingston's condition is the result of the presence of two tumors that have developed within his brain. Using the patient history information listed below and the information from class and your textbook, determine where these two tumors are probably located. Be able to explain your rationale. muscle weakness vastly increased appetite (gained 25 lbs in the last three months) inappropriate body temperature fluctuations jerky movements decreased sexual desire poor balance when walking and

4 standing increased frequency of urination inability to throw objects inappropriate sleep patterns (seems to fall asleep randomly during day and night) uncontrolled aggressiveness (rather violent, "short fuse ) exaggerated efforts to coordinate movements in a task Exercise 2 At 1:30 am you (a trauma surgeon) are called for emergency surgery on a 17 year old Caucasian female that was shot in the head during a drive-by shooting. After a tedious surgery, the patient remarkably remains alive and doing reasonably well. The bullet traveled completely through the skull leaving a path of destroyed tissue behind it. You have decided to speak with the parents about what noticeable changes will occur in their daughter due to the destruction of neural tissue. Based on the information below, determine the approximate path the bullet traveled (i.e., what structures were damaged- keep in mind that it is possible for fragmenting and ricocheting of the bullet resulting in somewhat unlikely combinations of areas effected). limb apraxia inability to control the muscular movements of the left shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand slow, laborious, non-fluent speech inability to sound out words and write them phonetically pure alexia difficulty finding appropriate words when speaking inability to use or recall nouns in speech and communication inability for sensory input to be recognized verbally poor word repetition decreased sex drive Exercise 3 You are a pathologist in a large Northwestern city. You are conducting an autopsy on an 83 year old male who was found dead in his home with no obvious cause of death. During the autopsy, you discover the individual suffered two strokes. Based on the functional information below provided by the next-of-kin, where were the two areas that suffered from the cerebral vascular accidents? failure to do certain specific movements massive over eating disrupted circadian rhythms increased susceptibility to stress poor muscle tone discontinued secretion of gluccocorticoids inability to adjust heart rate. unrestricted water loss in kidneys loss of control to react to body temperature changes failure of the respiratory. system inability to do locomotion

5 Neurotransmitters and Receptors Acetylcholine is released at the synaptic ends of nerve fibers in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and results in transmission of nerve impulses that contract or dilate muscles. It also increases stomach peristalsis, urinary tract contractions and voluntary voiding pressure on the bladder. Amphetamine, a volatile liquid, C 9 H 13 N, is a central nervous system stimulant that releases noradtenaline neurotransmitter and activates cellular activities. Cocaine, an alkaloid, C 17 H2 1 N0 4, is an analgesic that induces euphoria. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses-in the substantia nigra, basal ganglia, and corpus striatum of the brain. It is controlled by the enzyme Monamine Oxidase (MAO-B) that inhibits its production. Nicotine inhibits MAO and hence raises level of dopamine with euphoric results. Low levels of dopamine are associated with Parkinson s Disease. Endorphins are a group of peptide hormones that bind to opiate receptors and are found mainly in the brain. Endorphins reduce the sensation of pain and. affect emotions. Epinephrine (adrenaline) C 9 H 13 NO 3 is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and is released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress. It is a vasoconstrictor that increases heart rate and blood pressure. Ephedrine is an alkaloid C 10 H 15 CO that stimulates the nervous system and is used for allergies and asthma. Melatonin is a hormone derived from serotonin that is produced by the epineal gland at the base of the brain. Ingested as a chemical, it induces drowsiness (sleep), lowers blood pressure by artery constriction, and is contra indicated for asthma. Norepinephrine is a hormone and neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla and the nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system to cause vasoconstriction and increase heart rate. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter arising from emotional stimuli of the limbic system. It is an organic compound, C 10 H 12 N 2 0, formed from tryptophan and found in animal and human tissue, especially the brain, blood serum, and gastric mucous membranes. It is active in vasoconstriction, stimulation of the smooth muscles, transmission of impulses between nerve cells, and regulation of cyclic body processes. Low levels are associated with depression that seems to be relieved by Prozac type chemicals that act as serotonin uptake blockers. Firing Clause If you choose to slack on your group, you might be fired. In order to fire a group member, the ENTIRE group must meet with me. The people who would like to fire a group member must explain, with specific reasons, why this person is getting the boot. The

6 person in danger of getting fired will have the opportunity to defend themselves and explain how they have participated in the group. I will have the final say. If you get fired, you will be responsible for completing the entire brain project on your own.