Identity and Muslim Integration Integration of Migrants and Refugees: The Role of Education

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1 Identity and Muslim Integration Integration of Migrants and Refugees: The Role of Education Prof. Dr. Naika Foroutan Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM) Humboldt Universität zu Berlin

2 Presentation Outline I. Demographic data Immigration in Germany II. III. Empirical studies on attitudes towards immigration and selected immigrant groups in Germany Dominant Antimuslim Narratives and Integration data

3 I Demographic data Muslims in Germany

4 Germans, Foreigners, Migrants, Migration- Background, Citizens? 82 million inhabitants 16,5 million with a migration background 9,7 million naturalized Germans and approx. 6,8 millionen foreigners Migrationsbericht 2014: Migrationsbericht des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge im Auftrag der Bundesregierung vom Western Bundesländer: 16,0 mil.; 96,6 % Eastern Bundesländer: ; 3,4 % Destatis: Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. Pressemitteilung Nr. 402 vom

5 Tabelle 2: Anteil der muslimischen Bevölkerung und Bevölkerungsentwicklung an der Gesamtbevölkerung im Vergleich. Eigene Zusammenstellung auf Basis der interaktiven Graphiken des Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life (2011) Muslims in Europe Country Europe 4,1% 5,1% 6% 7% 8% 1. France 1% 2,4% 7,5% 9% 10,3% 2. Belgium 2,7% 3,3% 6% 8,2% 10,2% 3. Austria 2,1% 4,2% 5,7% 7,4% 9,3% 4. Netherlands 2,3% 5,7% 5,5% 6,7% 7,8% 5. Germany 3,2% 4,5% 5% 6,1% 7,1% 6. Sweden 1,7% 2,6% 4,9% 7,5% 9,9% 7. Switzerland 2,2% 4,3% 4,7% 7% 8,1% 8. United Kingdom 2% 2,7% 4,6% 6,5% 8,2% 9. Denmark 2,1% 3,1% 4,1% 4,9% 5,6%

6 2015 Additional Categories Refugees Distribution of Asylum Seekers through the EASY-System Expected net migration in 2015: ungen/2015/09/pd15_353_12411.html ( )

7 Overestimating the Muslim Population Approx. 4-4,2 Million Muslims Half of them German Citizens Share Anteil of der Respondents Befragten Half of them under the age of 25 8,3 11,7 69,0 11,0 Quelle: MLD % 5% 10% 15% 20% 30% 40% 100% How would you estimate the percentage of Muslims in Germany? Was schätzen Sie, wie hoch ist der Anteil der Muslime an der Bevölkerung? k. A. Deutschland Postmigratnisch, 2015, S

8 II Empirical studies Attitudes towards Muslims

9 Islam perceived as a threat Attitudes towards Islam and Muslims in 2012 & 2014 Approval in % Islam is threatening Islam doesn t fit into the Western World Because of Muslims I feel like a stranger in my own country Muslim Immigration should be forbidden Source: Bertelsmann 2014

10 Negativity towards Muslims in Germany higher than elsewhere Negative attitudes towards Muslim, Hindus, Buddhist and Jews West Germany Denmark Netherlands East Germany France Portugal Muslims Hindus Buddhists Jews What is your personal attitude towards the following religious groups? Answers shown: negative & strongly negative Source Detlef Pollack:, Religiöse Vielfalt in Deutschland. Universität Münster 2011.

11 III Dominant Antimuslim Narratives and Muslim Integration

12 Strong negative attribution What do you think of when you hear Islam? West Germany Denmark Netherlands East Germany France Portugal Discrimination of Women Fanaticism Violence Narrowmindedness Source: Detlef Pollack:, Religiöse Vielfalt in Deutschland. Universität Münster 2011.

13 Are we really talking about integration? Measuring integration in relations to Muslims 1) Structural: Education Job market Political Participation 2) Cultural: Language Headscarf Swimming lessons 3) Social: Friendships and neighbourly contact Marriages Membership in association 4) Emotional- Identificatory: Emotional Connectivity with Germany (as home)

14 1) Structural Integration a) Education

15 a) Education

16 Higher Education: 1st generation Turkish immgrants Bildungsabschlüsse von Personen mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund, die zwischen 1961 und 1973 zugewandert sind (Source: Mikrozensus 2009)

17 Higher Education Vocational diploma and university-entrance diploma (Mikrozensus 2010) Data 2010 Higher Education of year-olds: with Turkish migration background 22,4% without migration background 42,2%

18 Rise in formal education (Mikrozensus 2011) Data 2011 Higher Education of yearolds: with Turkish migration background 25,4% without migration background 46,6%

19 Even further rise in formal education (Mikrozensus 2012) Data 2012 Higher Education of year-olds: with Turkish migration background 28,8% without migration background 46,9%

20 No educational development? Abbildung 3: Bildungsbeteiligung von Personen mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund nach Geschlecht und Geburtskohorten Frauen Männer Source: Forschungsdatenzentren der Statistischen Ämter des Bundes und der Länder, Mikrozensus 2009 first-hand calculations-junited

21 Knowledge of German Language: 1st generation 34,9 % of women 58,4% of men good/ very good

22 Clear dynamics in 2nd+3rd generation 70% of young women 83,5 % of young men good/very good

23 Families with a turkish migration background have higher educational aspirations in comparison to families with no migration background (80% to 74% have a desired final secondaryschool axamination) (Dollmann 2010, S. 87). Hans-Ulrich Wehler (Der SPIEGEL ) 16-25% of German students with a migration background are of Turkish origin only 18,5% of the German population with a migration background are of Turkish origin; Bildung und Qualifizierung Wehler: In comparison to many Spaniards, Greeks and Italians, who came as guest workers and educated their children on secondary school level, Turks are quiet resistant to the idea of upward social mobility and secondary education. Turkish students enrolled in higher education are hard to find.. SPIEGEL: It might have been the state who failed here Interview in

24 Exclusions from Belonging I Outgrouping of Minorities - using the example of attitudes towards Muslims % ,2 68, , ,5 30,1 25,7 20 9,3 14,8 6,3 0 Muslims are more aggressive than we are Muslims parents are as interested in education as we are We should appreciate Muslims more Yes No No answer

25 Exclusions from Belonging II Outgrouping of Minorities - using the example of attitudes towards Muslims Who did you actually have in mind when using the word we?

26 Resentments coming from the middle group of society ( Mitte-Studien - Decker et al. 2012) 57,1% against equal participation of Muslims Muslims and their religion are so different from us, that it would be naïve to grant them the same access to positions in society Source: Decker, Olliver/ Kiess, Johannes/ Brähler, Elmar (2012): Die Mitte im Umbruch. FES. p. 92

27 Conclusions I. Lack of knowledge II. Cognitive acceptance but emotional distance III. Democratic deficits in acknowlidging minority rights IV. Normative Paradox Yes to diversity! No to Muslims! No to visible minorities!vielfalt ja,

28 Thank you for your attention! More Information:

29 School swimming lessons 95% - the majority of Muslim girls and boys attend mixed sports and swimming classes. the majority of Muslim girls and boys attend mixed sports and swimming classes.

Fundamentalism and out-group hostility Muslim immigrants and Christian natives in Western Europe. Ruud Koopmans

published in: WZB Mitteilungen, December 2013 Fundamentalism and out-group hostility Muslim immigrants and Christian natives in Western Europe Ruud Koopmans In the heated controversies over immigration