Wind power effects on land use and reindeer herding practices - Ecosystem Service approach

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1 Wind power effects on land use and reindeer herding practices - Ecosystem Service approach Laura Mononen, UEF & SYKE Timo Kumpula, UEF Benjamin Burkhard, CAU Petteri Vihervaara, SYKE CWE laura.mononen@uef.fi

2 Background European Union has set target to increase renewable energy use up to 20 % of the total use by 2020 Finland s national target is to increase renewable energy use up to 38 % by 2020 o It means + 9,5 % increase Ministry of Employment and the Economy wants to increase wind power capacity from 197 MW (1/2011) to 2500 MW by 2020 o Annual wind power energy production 6 TWh by 2020

3 Energy production in Finland 2011 CHP - industry 10 % Separate 9 % Total ca. 70,4 TWh Hydro power 12 % Wind power 1 % CHP - distr. heating 14 % Nuclear power 21 % Thermal power 33 % Data: Energiateollisuus ry.

4 Operating wind farms and ongoing projects Data: < Map data 2013 GIS Innovatsia, DATA+, Google

5 Land use forms in the area of reindeer husbandry Mining (gold, copper, nickel PMG, dolomite, quartz) Wind farming Peat production Water power Reindeer husbandry Nature protection Tourism Military Forestry Infrastructure (roads, railway, cable) Reindeer Herders Association 2012

6 Photo: Milla Niemi Environmental impact assessment reindeer husbandry reports Assessed perspectives on reindeer husbandry reports of EIA (Reindeer Herders Association 2012, draft guidelines): - Pastures and pasture use - Structures of reindeer husbandry - Functional areas (eg. calving area) - Socio-economical and cultural effects Mechanisms: Impacts on pastures Impacts on pasture use Impacts on reindeer herding Impacts on reindeer husbandry Traffic Cultural impacts Social impacts

7 Could ecosystem service (ES) approach bring anything new to EIAs? ES approach could help preventing ecological problems caused by human actions (eg. Effects of land use change) Ecosystems & Biodiversity Human well-being Structures Mires & Mesic and submesic forest Processes Lichen growth Functions Lichen growth capasity Ecosystem services Food Fodder Habitat Human benefit Reindeer meat Traditional livelihood Value Saved costs in supplementary feeding Tourism Meat; incomes related to reindeer herding 25M ( ) Human impact! Land use change Grazing conditions

8 Ecosystem services related to reindeer herding are these services secured if wind power enters the scene? Provisioning services Food provision of reindeer herding Raw material and fibre (provisioning sources for) Fodder and forage: lichens Fibre: leather and fur Ornamental resources (provisioning of) traditional handicraft Cultural services Recreational and tourism enjoyment (general) Inspiration Cultural and spiritual values Samí culture s values and identity TEEB Nordic 2013

9 Balance? Vihervaara et al 2010

10 Balance? Reindeer have effects on ecosystem structure and function high reindeer density pasture degradation high reindeer density pasture degradation increase of reindeer stock limited natural forage resources other forms of land use negative effects of climate change limited natural forage resources pasture regeneration decrease of reindeer stock pasture regeneration supplementary feeding negative feedback loop in traditional reindeer management feedback loop in contemporary reindeer management Burkhard & Müller 2008

11 Conclusions If ecosystem and ecosystem service approach is used in EIAs, more information on the effects can be found on how changes in biophysical level respond to availability of ecosystem services Helps understanding the big picture

12 Thank you!

13 References Burkhard, B. & F. Müller (2008). Indicating human-environmental system properties: Case study northern Fenno-Scandinavian reindeer herding. Ecological Indicators 8, Reindeer Herders Association (2012). Ohjeistus poronhoidon tarkasteluun maankäyttöhankkeissa. Luonnos < TEEB Nordic (2013). Socio-economic importance of ecosystem services in the Nordic Countries - Synthesis in the context of The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) Vihervaara, P., Kumpula, T., Tanskanen, A. & B. Burkhard (2010). Ecosystem services A tool for sustainable management of human environment systems. Case study Finnish Forest Lapland. Ecological Complexity 7, VTT (TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND) (2012). Wind energy statistics. <