Infrastructure, Effects on reindeer behaviour experiences from Finland

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1 Infrastructure, Effects on reindeer behaviour experiences from Finland Alfred Colpaert Department of Geography and Historical Studies University of Eastern Finland

2 Research history Pasture inventory 1995 Land use questions 2000 Effects of Infrastructure 2005 Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Reindeer research Jouko Kumpula Marja Anttonen Timo Kumpula Ari Tanskanen

3 Finnish reindeer herd summer winter

4 Landsat TM 1987 satellite image Finnish Norwegian border Norway Finland

5

6 Pasture classification

7

8

9 Change in forest landscape Grid cells(0,5 x 0,5 km) with at least 40 % mature or old growth forest N = N = Change19 %

10 GPS tracking of reindeer Research districts Reindeer position with GPS-collar 1-3 times / day (8 hour interval) Ivalo, female reindeer locations Oraniemi, female reindeer locations

11 GPS locations and yearly habitat (MCP) Ivalo district

12 Infrastructure Point - house Line - road Area- camping

13 Study of impact of infrastructure We studied seven forms of infrastructure Build up areas Buildings Main roads Forest roads Skiing trails Snowmobile tracks Gold digging areas We tested buffers of 100, 400 and 1500 meter around the infrastructure (2500 m for population centers).

14 Method We used the Aebisher s Compositional Analysis On two spatial scales Home range selection Within home range selection Three seasonal periods Early winter (Nov Jan) Late winter (Feb April) Summer autumn (May Oct)

15 Effects of infrastructure Building stage traffic, noise, dust. High level of disturbance. Period of adjustment, regeneration of vegetation and landscape. Possible spreading of infrastructure. Increasing levels of disturbance. Habitat loss and fragmentation. Combined effects of different infrastructure. Functional habitat loss

16 Disturbance Effects can be measured up to 1500 meter. Differences between season. Differences between vegetation zones.

17 Photos : Jouko Kumpula

18 Infrastructure forming networks, fragmenting and reducing pasture value Map: Gold digging areas, Saariselkä area (Metsähallitus 2004)

19 Infrastructure Home range selection Avoidance distance (m) Potential area affected (% of the land area) Within-home-range selection Avoidance Potential area distance (m) affected (% of the land area) Early winter: Population centres ,2 2500* 5,2 Buildings , ,5 Main roads , ,2 roads ** Snowmobile tracks ,3 0 0 Skiing trails Gold digging areas Total area affected 27,5 (709,6 km 2 ) 16,9 (436,2 km 2 ) Late winter: Population centres ,2 2500* 5,2 Buildings ,8 0 0 Main roads , ,0 roads Snowmobile tracks , ,3 Skiing trails ,3 1500* 8,3 Gold digging areas ,9 0 0 Total area affected 39,0 (1004,5 km 2 ) 20,3 (524,0 km 2 ) Summer-autumn: Population centres , ,2 Buildings , ,5 Main roads , ,0 roads Snowmobile tracks Skiing trails Gold digging areas ,9 0 0 Total area affected 30,7 (790,3 km 2 ) 7,2 (185,8 km 2 )

20 Infrastructure coverage- and influence areas

21 Ivalo infrastructure

22 Infrastructure, coverage and affected area.

23 Mudd usjä rven paliskun ta In arijärvi Pa atsjoe n paliskunta Ivalo district N ellim Ha mmastun tu rin paliskun ta Ivalo Ke väjärvi Tsa rm itu nturin eräma a Indeksia rvo (malli 3, kesä) -3 Grid map indicating usability of pasture in relation to natural and human conditions (Määttä, M. 2004) -2-1 Törm änen Tie t Ha mma stun turin erä maa Saariselkä U rho Kekkosen kansallispu isto Lapin paliskunta ³ km Maria Määttä Maantieteen laitos Ou lun yliopisto GPS locations Summer index Mudd usjä rven paliskun ta Pa atsjoe n paliskunta In arijärvi N ellim Ha mmastun tu rin paliskun ta Ke väjärvi Tsa rm itu nturin eräma a In deksia rvo (malli 1, talvi) Ivalo Törm änen Tie t Ha mma stun turin erä maa km Saariselkä U rho Kekkosen kansallispu isto Lapin paliskunta ³ Maria Määttä Maantieteen laitos Ou lun yliopisto Winter index

24 Mining New Kevitsa Ni ja Cu open pit mine, Sodankylä. Mine needs new bridge, road and power line. rigin=rss

25

26 Kevitsa Mining area 14.8 km m buffer 8.7 km 2

27 Tracking period

28 Caribou Wind Farm, Quebec, Canada

29 Conclusions There is no green energy. Development should be concentrated Restrict infrastructure spreading. Optimize not only for profit, but also for landscape and environment. Fair compensation

30 References Kumpula, J., Colpaert, A. & Anttonen, M. 2007: Does forest harvesting and linear infrastructure change the usability value of pastureland for semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Annales Zoologici Fennici 44: Kumpula, J & Colpaert, A. 2007: Snow conditions and usability value of pastureland for semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in northern boreal forest area. Rangifer 27 (1): Kumpula, J., Colpaert, A. & Tanskanen, A. 2008: Porojen laidunten valinta muuttuneessa metsä- ja maisemarakenteessa Keski- Lapissa. Suomen Riista 54: Anttonen, M., Kumpula, J. & Colpaert, A.: Range selection by semidomesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in relation to infrastructure and human activity in boreal forest environment, northern Finland. Manuscript

31 The end

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