Reduced Instruction Set Computer
|
|
- Laurel Webster
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Reduced Instruction Set Computer Virendra Singh Associate Professor Computer Architecture and Dependable Systems Lab Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Computer Organization & Architecture Lecture 11 (09 April 2013)
2 Processor Architecture PI Controlle r Control Signals From memory Datapath Status Signals PO To memory 08 Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi 2
3 Where Does It All Begin? In a register called program counter (PC). PC contains the memory address of the next instruc9on to be executed. In the beginning, PC contains the address of the memory loca9on where the program begins. 08 Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi 3
4 Where is the Program? Processor Memory Program counter (register) Start address Machine code of program 08 Apr 2013 Computer Mandi 4
5 How Does It Run? Start PC has memory address where program begins Fetch instruction word from memory address in PC and increment PC PC + 4 for next instruction Decode and execute instruction No Program complete? Yes STOP 08 Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi
6 Datapath and Control Ø Datapath: Memory, registers, adders, ALU, and communica9on buses. Each step (fetch, decode, execute) requires communica9on (data transfer) paths between memory, registers and ALU. Ø Control: Datapath for each step is set up by control signals that set up dataflow direc9ons on communica9on buses and select ALU and memory func9ons. Control signals are generated by a control unit consis9ng of one or more finite- state machines. 08 Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi 6
7 Datapath for Instruction Fetch 4 Add PC Address Instruction Memory Instruction word to control unit and registers 08 Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi 7
8 Register File: A Datapath Component Read registers Write register Write data reg 1 reg 2 Registers (reg. file) reg 1 data reg 2 data RegWrite from control 08 Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi 8
9 Multi-Operation ALU Opera9on select ALU func9on 000 AND 001 OR 010 Add 110 Subtract 111 Set on less than Operation select from control ALU 3 zero overflow result zero = 1, when all bits of result are 0 08 Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi 9
10 R-Type Instructions Also known as arithme9c- logical instruc9ons add, sub, slt Example: add $t0, $s1, $s2 Machine instruc9on word opcode $s1 $s2 $t0 func9on Read two registers Write one register Opcode and func9on code go to control unit that generates RegWrite and ALU opera9on code. 08 Apr 2013 Computer Mandi 10
11 Datapath for R-Type Instruction opcode $s1 $s2 $t0 function (add) Read register numbers Write reg. number $s1 $s2 $t0 Registers (reg. file) Operation select from control (add) ALU 3 zero overflow result Write data RegWrite from control activated 08 Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi 11
12 Load and Store Instructions I- type instruc9ons lw $t0, 1200 ($t1) # incr. in bytes opcode $t1 $t sw $t0, 1200 ($t1) # incr. in bytes opcode $t1 $t Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi 12
13 Read register numbers Write reg. number Write data Datapath for lw Instruction opcode $t1 $t $t1 $t0 16 Registers (reg. file) RegWrite from control activated Sign extend ALU Operation select from control (add) 08 Apr 2013 Computer Mandi 13 3 zero overflow result mem. data to $t0 Addr. Write data MemWrite Read data Data memory MemRead activated
14 Read register numbers Write reg. number Write data Datapath for sw Instruction opcode $t1 $t $t1 $t0 16 Registers (reg. file) RegWrite from control Sign extend ALU Operation select from control (add) 08 Apr 2013 Computer Mandi 14 3 zero overflow result $t0 data to mem. MemWrite activated Addr. Write data Read data Data memory MemRead
15 Branch Instruction (I-Type) beq $s1, $s2, 2 # if $s1 = $s2, advance PC through 2 instruc9ons Note: 16- bits opcode $s1 $s2 2 Can branch within ± 2 1 words from the current instruction address in PC. 08 Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi 1
16 Datapath for beq Instruction Read register numbers Write reg. number Write data $s1 $s2 Sign extend Registers (reg. file) RegWrite from control Shift left opcode $s1 $s2 2 Operation select from control (subtract) 3 ALU zero overflow PC+4 From instruction fetch datapath result To branch control logic Add Branch target 08 Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi 16
17 J-Type Instruction j 200 # jump to instruc9on 2, bits opcode 2, bits from PC+4 -bit jump address 08 Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi 17
18 Datapath for Jump Instruction Branch 4 Add Branch addr. PC+4 1 mux 0 Jump 0 mux 1 4 PC Address Instruction Memory 26 Shift left 2 opcode (bits 26-31) to control 6 28 Instruction word to control and registers 08 Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi 18
19 0-2 Jump Shift 4 Add RegDst opcode left 2 CONTROL Branch ALU 1 mux 0 0 mux 1 MemtoReg PC Instr. mem. Combined Datapaths Sign ext. 1 mux 0 Reg. File Shift left 2 1 mux 0 ALU ALU Cont. zero MemWrite MemRead Data mem. 0 mux Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi 19
20 Control Logic Instruction bits opcode Instruction bits 0- funct. Control Logic ALUOp RegDst Jump Branch MemRead MemtoReg MemWrite ALUSrc RegWrite ALU Control 08 Apr 2013 Computer Mandi 20 2 to ALU
21 Control Logic: Truth Table Instr type Inputs: instr. opcode bits RegDst Jump Outputs: control signals Branch MemWrite MemRead RegWrite MemtoReg ALUSrc ALOOp1 ALUOp2 R lw sw X 0 1 X beq X 0 0 X j X 1 X X X X X X X X 08 Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi 21
22 How Long Does It Take? Assume control logic is fast and does not affect the cri9cal 9ming. Major 9me delay components are ALU, memory read/write, and register read/write. Arithme9c- type (R- type) Fetch (memory read) 2ns Register read 1ns ALU opera9on 2ns Register write 1ns Total 6ns 08 Apr 2013 Computer Mandi 22
23 Time for lw and sw (I-Types) ALU (R- type) 6ns Load word (I- type) Fetch (memory read) 2ns Register read 1ns ALU opera9on 2ns Get data (mem. Read) 2ns Register write 1ns Total 8ns Store word (no register write) 7ns 08 Apr 2013 Computer Mandi 23
24 Time for beq (I-Type) ALU (R- type) 6ns Load word (I- type) 8ns Store word (I- type) 7ns Branch on equal (I- type) Fetch (memory read) 2ns Register read 1ns ALU opera9on 2ns Total ns 08 Apr 2013 Computer Mandi 24
25 Time for Jump (J-Type) ALU (R- type) 6ns Load word (I- type) 8ns Store word (I- type) 7ns Branch on equal (I- type) ns Jump (J- type) Fetch (memory read) 2ns Total 2ns 08 Apr 2013 Computer Mandi 2
26 How Fast Can the Clock Be? If every instruc9on is executed in one clock cycle, then: Clock period must be at least 8ns to perform the longest instruc9on, i.e., lw. This is a single cycle machine. It is slower because many instruc9ons take less than 8ns but are s9ll allowed that much 9me. Method of speeding up: Use mul9cycle datapath. 08 Apr 2013 Computer Architecture@IIT Mandi 26
27 Thank You 08 Apr 2013 Computer Mandi 27
Solutions. Solution 4.1. 4.1.1 The values of the signals are as follows:
4 Solutions Solution 4.1 4.1.1 The values of the signals are as follows: RegWrite MemRead ALUMux MemWrite ALUOp RegMux Branch a. 1 0 0 (Reg) 0 Add 1 (ALU) 0 b. 1 1 1 (Imm) 0 Add 1 (Mem) 0 ALUMux is the
More informationComputer organization
Computer organization Computer design an application of digital logic design procedures Computer = processing unit + memory system Processing unit = control + datapath Control = finite state machine inputs
More informationComputer Organization and Components
Computer Organization and Components IS5, fall 25 Lecture : Pipelined Processors ssociate Professor, KTH Royal Institute of Technology ssistant Research ngineer, University of California, Berkeley Slides
More informationDesign of Digital Circuits (SS16)
Design of Digital Circuits (SS16) 252-0014-00L (6 ECTS), BSc in CS, ETH Zurich Lecturers: Srdjan Capkun, D-INFK, ETH Zurich Frank K. Gürkaynak, D-ITET, ETH Zurich Labs: Der-Yeuan Yu dyu@inf.ethz.ch Website:
More informationReview: MIPS Addressing Modes/Instruction Formats
Review: Addressing Modes Addressing mode Example Meaning Register Add R4,R3 R4 R4+R3 Immediate Add R4,#3 R4 R4+3 Displacement Add R4,1(R1) R4 R4+Mem[1+R1] Register indirect Add R4,(R1) R4 R4+Mem[R1] Indexed
More informationPipeline Hazards. Arvind Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory M.I.T. Based on the material prepared by Arvind and Krste Asanovic
1 Pipeline Hazards Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory M.I.T. Based on the material prepared by and Krste Asanovic 6.823 L6-2 Technology Assumptions A small amount of very fast memory
More informationSystems I: Computer Organization and Architecture
Systems I: Computer Organization and Architecture Lecture : Microprogrammed Control Microprogramming The control unit is responsible for initiating the sequence of microoperations that comprise instructions.
More informationCS352H: Computer Systems Architecture
CS352H: Computer Systems Architecture Topic 9: MIPS Pipeline - Hazards October 1, 2009 University of Texas at Austin CS352H - Computer Systems Architecture Fall 2009 Don Fussell Data Hazards in ALU Instructions
More informationCentral Processing Unit (CPU)
Central Processing Unit (CPU) CPU is the heart and brain It interprets and executes machine level instructions Controls data transfer from/to Main Memory (MM) and CPU Detects any errors In the following
More informationA FPGA Implementation of a MIPS RISC Processor for Computer Architecture Education
A FPGA Implementation of a MIPS RISC Processor for Computer Architecture Education By: Victor P. Rubio, B.S. vrubio@gauss.nmsu.edu Advisor: Dr. Jeanine Cook jecook@gauss.nmsu.edu New Mexico State University
More informationIntroducción. Diseño de sistemas digitales.1
Introducción Adapted from: Mary Jane Irwin ( www.cse.psu.edu/~mji ) www.cse.psu.edu/~cg431 [Original from Computer Organization and Design, Patterson & Hennessy, 2005, UCB] Diseño de sistemas digitales.1
More information(Refer Slide Time: 00:01:16 min)
Digital Computer Organization Prof. P. K. Biswas Department of Electronic & Electrical Communication Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture No. # 04 CPU Design: Tirning & Control
More informationInstruction Set Architecture. or How to talk to computers if you aren t in Star Trek
Instruction Set Architecture or How to talk to computers if you aren t in Star Trek The Instruction Set Architecture Application Compiler Instr. Set Proc. Operating System I/O system Instruction Set Architecture
More informationPipeline Hazards. Structure hazard Data hazard. ComputerArchitecture_PipelineHazard1
Pipeline Hazards Structure hazard Data hazard Pipeline hazard: the major hurdle A hazard is a condition that prevents an instruction in the pipe from executing its next scheduled pipe stage Taxonomy of
More informationComputer Architecture Lecture 2: Instruction Set Principles (Appendix A) Chih Wei Liu 劉 志 尉 National Chiao Tung University cwliu@twins.ee.nctu.edu.
Computer Architecture Lecture 2: Instruction Set Principles (Appendix A) Chih Wei Liu 劉 志 尉 National Chiao Tung University cwliu@twins.ee.nctu.edu.tw Review Computers in mid 50 s Hardware was expensive
More informationAddressing The problem. When & Where do we encounter Data? The concept of addressing data' in computations. The implications for our machine design(s)
Addressing The problem Objectives:- When & Where do we encounter Data? The concept of addressing data' in computations The implications for our machine design(s) Introducing the stack-machine concept Slide
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. EEC180B Lab 7: MISP Processor Design Spring 1995
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering EEC180B Lab 7: MISP Processor Design Spring 1995 Objective: In this lab, you will complete the design of the MISP processor,
More information150127-Microprocessor & Assembly Language
Chapter 3 Z80 Microprocessor Architecture The Z 80 is one of the most talented 8 bit microprocessors, and many microprocessor-based systems are designed around the Z80. The Z80 microprocessor needs an
More informationDesign of Pipelined MIPS Processor. Sept. 24 & 26, 1997
Design of Pipelined MIPS Processor Sept. 24 & 26, 1997 Topics Instruction processing Principles of pipelining Inserting pipe registers Data Hazards Control Hazards Exceptions MIPS architecture subset R-type
More informationInstruction Set Architecture
Instruction Set Architecture Consider x := y+z. (x, y, z are memory variables) 1-address instructions 2-address instructions LOAD y (r :=y) ADD y,z (y := y+z) ADD z (r:=r+z) MOVE x,y (x := y) STORE x (x:=r)
More informationl C-Programming l A real computer language l Data Representation l Everything goes down to bits and bytes l Machine representation Language
198:211 Computer Architecture Topics: Processor Design Where are we now? C-Programming A real computer language Data Representation Everything goes down to bits and bytes Machine representation Language
More informationInstruction Set Architecture. Datapath & Control. Instruction. LC-3 Overview: Memory and Registers. CIT 595 Spring 2010
Instruction Set Architecture Micro-architecture Datapath & Control CIT 595 Spring 2010 ISA =Programmer-visible components & operations Memory organization Address space -- how may locations can be addressed?
More informationCPU Organization and Assembly Language
COS 140 Foundations of Computer Science School of Computing and Information Science University of Maine October 2, 2015 Outline 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Homework and announcements Reading: Chapter 12 Homework:
More informationQ. Consider a dynamic instruction execution (an execution trace, in other words) that consists of repeats of code in this pattern:
Pipelining HW Q. Can a MIPS SW instruction executing in a simple 5-stage pipelined implementation have a data dependency hazard of any type resulting in a nop bubble? If so, show an example; if not, prove
More informationECE410 Design Project Spring 2008 Design and Characterization of a CMOS 8-bit Microprocessor Data Path
ECE410 Design Project Spring 2008 Design and Characterization of a CMOS 8-bit Microprocessor Data Path Project Summary This project involves the schematic and layout design of an 8-bit microprocessor data
More informationMICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER BASICS
Introduction MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER BASICS At present there are many types and sizes of computers available. These computers are designed and constructed based on digital and Integrated Circuit
More informationCPU Organisation and Operation
CPU Organisation and Operation The Fetch-Execute Cycle The operation of the CPU 1 is usually described in terms of the Fetch-Execute cycle. 2 Fetch-Execute Cycle Fetch the Instruction Increment the Program
More informationThe WIMP51: A Simple Processor and Visualization Tool to Introduce Undergraduates to Computer Organization
The WIMP51: A Simple Processor and Visualization Tool to Introduce Undergraduates to Computer Organization David Sullins, Dr. Hardy Pottinger, Dr. Daryl Beetner University of Missouri Rolla Session I.
More informationCS:APP Chapter 4 Computer Architecture. Wrap-Up. William J. Taffe Plymouth State University. using the slides of
CS:APP Chapter 4 Computer Architecture Wrap-Up William J. Taffe Plymouth State University using the slides of Randal E. Bryant Carnegie Mellon University Overview Wrap-Up of PIPE Design Performance analysis
More informationComputer Organization. and Instruction Execution. August 22
Computer Organization and Instruction Execution August 22 CSC201 Section 002 Fall, 2000 The Main Parts of a Computer CSC201 Section Copyright 2000, Douglas Reeves 2 I/O and Storage Devices (lots of devices,
More informationWAR: Write After Read
WAR: Write After Read write-after-read (WAR) = artificial (name) dependence add R1, R2, R3 sub R2, R4, R1 or R1, R6, R3 problem: add could use wrong value for R2 can t happen in vanilla pipeline (reads
More informationData Dependences. A data dependence occurs whenever one instruction needs a value produced by another.
Data Hazards 1 Hazards: Key Points Hazards cause imperfect pipelining They prevent us from achieving CPI = 1 They are generally causes by counter flow data pennces in the pipeline Three kinds Structural
More informationCentral Processing Unit
Chapter 4 Central Processing Unit 1. CPU organization and operation flowchart 1.1. General concepts The primary function of the Central Processing Unit is to execute sequences of instructions representing
More informationThe 104 Duke_ACC Machine
The 104 Duke_ACC Machine The goal of the next two lessons is to design and simulate a simple accumulator-based processor. The specifications for this processor and some of the QuartusII design components
More informationSummary of the MARIE Assembly Language
Supplement for Assignment # (sections.8 -. of the textbook) Summary of the MARIE Assembly Language Type of Instructions Arithmetic Data Transfer I/O Branch Subroutine call and return Mnemonic ADD X SUBT
More informationChapter 9 Computer Design Basics!
Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals Chapter 9 Computer Design Basics! Part 2 A Simple Computer! Charles Kime & Thomas Kaminski 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. (Hyperlinks are active in View Show mode)
More informationCHAPTER 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer
CHAPTER 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer 4.1 Introduction 195 4.2 CPU Basics and Organization 195 4.2.1 The Registers 196 4.2.2 The ALU 197 4.2.3 The Control Unit 197 4.3 The Bus 197 4.4 Clocks
More informationMICROPROCESSOR. Exclusive for IACE Students www.iace.co.in iacehyd.blogspot.in Ph: 9700077455/422 Page 1
MICROPROCESSOR A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer s central processing unit (CPU) on a single Integrated (IC), or at most a few integrated circuit. It is a multipurpose, programmable
More informationReduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) Focuses on reducing the number and complexity of instructions of the ISA. RISC Goals RISC: Simplify ISA Simplify CPU Design Better CPU Performance Motivated by simplifying
More informationEE282 Computer Architecture and Organization Midterm Exam February 13, 2001. (Total Time = 120 minutes, Total Points = 100)
EE282 Computer Architecture and Organization Midterm Exam February 13, 2001 (Total Time = 120 minutes, Total Points = 100) Name: (please print) Wolfe - Solution In recognition of and in the spirit of the
More informationGenerating MIF files
Generating MIF files Introduction In order to load our handwritten (or compiler generated) MIPS assembly problems into our instruction ROM, we need a way to assemble them into machine language and then
More informationCS101 Lecture 26: Low Level Programming. John Magee 30 July 2013 Some material copyright Jones and Bartlett. Overview/Questions
CS101 Lecture 26: Low Level Programming John Magee 30 July 2013 Some material copyright Jones and Bartlett 1 Overview/Questions What did we do last time? How can we control the computer s circuits? How
More informationCS 61C: Great Ideas in Computer Architecture Finite State Machines. Machine Interpreta4on
CS 61C: Great Ideas in Computer Architecture Finite State Machines Instructors: Krste Asanovic & Vladimir Stojanovic hbp://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c/sp15 1 Levels of RepresentaKon/ InterpretaKon High
More informationCHAPTER 7: The CPU and Memory
CHAPTER 7: The CPU and Memory The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software & Networking: An Information Technology Approach 4th Edition, Irv Englander John Wiley and Sons 2010 PowerPoint slides
More informationPreface. Any questions from last time? A bit more motivation, information about me. A bit more about this class. Later: Will review 1st 22 slides
Preface Any questions from last time? Will review 1st 22 slides A bit more motivation, information about me Research ND A bit more about this class Microsoft Later: HW 1 Review session MD McNally about
More informationPART B QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UNIT I
PART B QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UNIT I 1. Explain the architecture of 8085 microprocessor? Logic pin out of 8085 microprocessor Address bus: unidirectional bus, used as high order bus Data bus: bi-directional
More informationChapter 2 Logic Gates and Introduction to Computer Architecture
Chapter 2 Logic Gates and Introduction to Computer Architecture 2.1 Introduction The basic components of an Integrated Circuit (IC) is logic gates which made of transistors, in digital system there are
More informationMACHINE ARCHITECTURE & LANGUAGE
in the name of God the compassionate, the merciful notes on MACHINE ARCHITECTURE & LANGUAGE compiled by Jumong Chap. 9 Microprocessor Fundamentals A system designer should consider a microprocessor-based
More informationCSE 141 Introduction to Computer Architecture Summer Session I, 2005. Lecture 1 Introduction. Pramod V. Argade June 27, 2005
CSE 141 Introduction to Computer Architecture Summer Session I, 2005 Lecture 1 Introduction Pramod V. Argade June 27, 2005 CSE141: Introduction to Computer Architecture Instructor: Pramod V. Argade (p2argade@cs.ucsd.edu)
More informationCSE 141L Computer Architecture Lab Fall 2003. Lecture 2
CSE 141L Computer Architecture Lab Fall 2003 Lecture 2 Pramod V. Argade CSE141L: Computer Architecture Lab Instructor: TA: Readers: Pramod V. Argade (p2argade@cs.ucsd.edu) Office Hour: Tue./Thu. 9:30-10:30
More informationA s we saw in Chapter 4, a CPU contains three main sections: the register section,
6 CPU Design A s we saw in Chapter 4, a CPU contains three main sections: the register section, the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), and the control unit. These sections work together to perform the sequences
More informationCOMP 303 MIPS Processor Design Project 4: MIPS Processor Due Date: 11 December 2009 23:59
COMP 303 MIPS Processor Design Project 4: MIPS Processor Due Date: 11 December 2009 23:59 Overview: In the first projects for COMP 303, you will design and implement a subset of the MIPS32 architecture
More informationHow It All Works. Other M68000 Updates. Basic Control Signals. Basic Control Signals
CPU Architectures Motorola 68000 Several CPU architectures exist currently: Motorola Intel AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) PowerPC Pick one to study; others will be variations on this. Arbitrary pick: Motorola
More informationGiving credit where credit is due
CSCE 230J Computer Organization Processor Architecture VI: Wrap-Up Dr. Steve Goddard goddard@cse.unl.edu http://cse.unl.edu/~goddard/courses/csce230j Giving credit where credit is due ost of slides for
More informationTIMING DIAGRAM O 8085
5 TIMING DIAGRAM O 8085 5.1 INTRODUCTION Timing diagram is the display of initiation of read/write and transfer of data operations under the control of 3-status signals IO / M, S 1, and S 0. As the heartbeat
More informationChapter 5 Instructor's Manual
The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture Linda Null and Julia Lobur Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2003 Chapter 5 Instructor's Manual Chapter Objectives Chapter 5, A Closer Look at Instruction
More informationChapter 4 Register Transfer and Microoperations. Section 4.1 Register Transfer Language
Chapter 4 Register Transfer and Microoperations Section 4.1 Register Transfer Language Digital systems are composed of modules that are constructed from digital components, such as registers, decoders,
More informationAdvanced Computer Architecture-CS501. Computer Systems Design and Architecture 2.1, 2.2, 3.2
Lecture Handout Computer Architecture Lecture No. 2 Reading Material Vincent P. Heuring&Harry F. Jordan Chapter 2,Chapter3 Computer Systems Design and Architecture 2.1, 2.2, 3.2 Summary 1) A taxonomy of
More informationInstruction Set Design
Instruction Set Design Instruction Set Architecture: to what purpose? ISA provides the level of abstraction between the software and the hardware One of the most important abstraction in CS It s narrow,
More informationChapter 4 Lecture 5 The Microarchitecture Level Integer JAVA Virtual Machine
Chapter 4 Lecture 5 The Microarchitecture Level Integer JAVA Virtual Machine This is a limited version of a hardware implementation to execute the JAVA programming language. 1 of 23 Structured Computer
More informationCSE140: Components and Design Techniques for Digital Systems. Introduction. Prof. Tajana Simunic Rosing
CSE4: Components and Design Techniques for Digital Systems Introduction Prof. Tajana Simunic Rosing Welcome to CSE 4! Instructor: Tajana Simunic Rosing Email: tajana@ucsd.edu; please put CSE4 in the subject
More informationLet s put together a Manual Processor
Lecture 14 Let s put together a Manual Processor Hardware Lecture 14 Slide 1 The processor Inside every computer there is at least one processor which can take an instruction, some operands and produce
More informationChapter 2 Basic Structure of Computers. Jin-Fu Li Department of Electrical Engineering National Central University Jungli, Taiwan
Chapter 2 Basic Structure of Computers Jin-Fu Li Department of Electrical Engineering National Central University Jungli, Taiwan Outline Functional Units Basic Operational Concepts Bus Structures Software
More informationSolution: start more than one instruction in the same clock cycle CPI < 1 (or IPC > 1, Instructions per Cycle) Two approaches:
Multiple-Issue Processors Pipelining can achieve CPI close to 1 Mechanisms for handling hazards Static or dynamic scheduling Static or dynamic branch handling Increase in transistor counts (Moore s Law):
More informationA single register, called the accumulator, stores the. operand before the operation, and stores the result. Add y # add y from memory to the acc
Other architectures Example. Accumulator-based machines A single register, called the accumulator, stores the operand before the operation, and stores the result after the operation. Load x # into acc
More informationLevels of Programming Languages. Gerald Penn CSC 324
Levels of Programming Languages Gerald Penn CSC 324 Levels of Programming Language Microcode Machine code Assembly Language Low-level Programming Language High-level Programming Language Levels of Programming
More informationSequential Logic. (Materials taken from: Principles of Computer Hardware by Alan Clements )
Sequential Logic (Materials taken from: Principles of Computer Hardware by Alan Clements ) Sequential vs. Combinational Circuits Combinatorial circuits: their outputs are computed entirely from their present
More informationwhat operations can it perform? how does it perform them? on what kind of data? where are instructions and data stored?
Inside the CPU how does the CPU work? what operations can it perform? how does it perform them? on what kind of data? where are instructions and data stored? some short, boring programs to illustrate the
More informationBuilding a computer. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
Building a computer Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) CSCI 255: Introduc/on to Embedded Systems Keith Vertanen Copyright 2011 Layers of abstrac
More informationBasic Computer Organization
Chapter 2 Basic Computer Organization Objectives To provide a high-level view of computer organization To describe processor organization details To discuss memory organization and structure To introduce
More informationEECS 427 RISC PROCESSOR
RISC PROCESSOR ISA FOR EECS 427 PROCESSOR ImmHi/ ImmLo/ OP Code Rdest OP Code Ext Rsrc Mnemonic Operands 15-12 11-8 7-4 3-0 Notes (* is Baseline) ADD Rsrc, Rdest 0000 Rdest 0101 Rsrc * ADDI Imm, Rdest
More informationCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE. Input/Output
HUMBOLDT-UNIVERSITÄT ZU BERLIN INSTITUT FÜR INFORMATIK COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE Lecture 17 Input/Output Sommersemester 2002 Leitung: Prof. Dr. Miroslaw Malek www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/rok/ca CA - XVII -
More informationComputer Organization and Architecture
Computer Organization and Architecture Chapter 11 Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats Instruction Set Design One goal of instruction set design is to minimize instruction length Another goal
More informationA SystemC Transaction Level Model for the MIPS R3000 Processor
SETIT 2007 4 th International Conference: Sciences of Electronic, Technologies of Information and Telecommunications March 25-29, 2007 TUNISIA A SystemC Transaction Level Model for the MIPS R3000 Processor
More informationHere is a diagram of a simple computer system: (this diagram will be the one needed for exams) CPU. cache
Computer Systems Here is a diagram of a simple computer system: (this diagram will be the one needed for exams) CPU cache bus memory controller keyboard controller display controller disk Computer Systems
More informationCOMPUTERS ORGANIZATION 2ND YEAR COMPUTE SCIENCE MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING JOSÉ GARCÍA RODRÍGUEZ JOSÉ ANTONIO SERRA PÉREZ
COMPUTERS ORGANIZATION 2ND YEAR COMPUTE SCIENCE MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING UNIT 1 - INTRODUCTION JOSÉ GARCÍA RODRÍGUEZ JOSÉ ANTONIO SERRA PÉREZ Unit 1.MaNoTaS 1 Definitions (I) Description A computer is: A
More informationMemory ICS 233. Computer Architecture and Assembly Language Prof. Muhamed Mudawar
Memory ICS 233 Computer Architecture and Assembly Language Prof. Muhamed Mudawar College of Computer Sciences and Engineering King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Presentation Outline Random
More information5 Combinatorial Components. 5.0 Full adder. Full subtractor
5 Combatorial Components Use for data transformation, manipulation, terconnection, and for control: arithmetic operations - addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. logic operations - AND, OR,
More informationOverview. CISC Developments. RISC Designs. CISC Designs. VAX: Addressing Modes. Digital VAX
Overview CISC Developments Over Twenty Years Classic CISC design: Digital VAX VAXÕs RISC successor: PRISM/Alpha IntelÕs ubiquitous 80x86 architecture Ð 8086 through the Pentium Pro (P6) RJS 2/3/97 Philosophy
More informationTEACHING COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE THROUGH SIMULATION (A BRIEF EVALUATION OF CPU SIMULATORS) *
TEACHING COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE THROUGH SIMULATION (A BRIEF EVALUATION OF CPU SIMULATORS) * Timothy Stanley, PhD Computer and Network Sciences, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah 84058, 801 863-8978, TStanley@uvu.edu
More informationChapter 02: Computer Organization. Lesson 04: Functional units and components in a computer organization Part 3 Bus Structures
Chapter 02: Computer Organization Lesson 04: Functional units and components in a computer organization Part 3 Bus Structures Objective: Understand the IO Subsystem and Understand Bus Structures Understand
More informationPROBLEMS. which was discussed in Section 1.6.3.
22 CHAPTER 1 BASIC STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS (Corrisponde al cap. 1 - Introduzione al calcolatore) PROBLEMS 1.1 List the steps needed to execute the machine instruction LOCA,R0 in terms of transfers between
More informationa storage location directly on the CPU, used for temporary storage of small amounts of data during processing.
CS143 Handout 18 Summer 2008 30 July, 2008 Processor Architectures Handout written by Maggie Johnson and revised by Julie Zelenski. Architecture Vocabulary Let s review a few relevant hardware definitions:
More informationIntel 8086 architecture
Intel 8086 architecture Today we ll take a look at Intel s 8086, which is one of the oldest and yet most prevalent processor architectures around. We ll make many comparisons between the MIPS and 8086
More informationSIM-PL: Software for teaching computer hardware at secondary schools in the Netherlands
SIM-PL: Software for teaching computer hardware at secondary schools in the Netherlands Ben Bruidegom, benb@science.uva.nl AMSTEL Instituut Universiteit van Amsterdam Kruislaan 404 NL-1098 SM Amsterdam
More informationEC 362 Problem Set #2
EC 362 Problem Set #2 1) Using Single Precision IEEE 754, what is FF28 0000? 2) Suppose the fraction enhanced of a processor is 40% and the speedup of the enhancement was tenfold. What is the overall speedup?
More informationUsing Graphics and Animation to Visualize Instruction Pipelining and its Hazards
Using Graphics and Animation to Visualize Instruction Pipelining and its Hazards Per Stenström, Håkan Nilsson, and Jonas Skeppstedt Department of Computer Engineering, Lund University P.O. Box 118, S-221
More informationMore on Pipelining and Pipelines in Real Machines CS 333 Fall 2006 Main Ideas Data Hazards RAW WAR WAW More pipeline stall reduction techniques Branch prediction» static» dynamic bimodal branch prediction
More informationManagement Challenge. Managing Hardware Assets. Central Processing Unit. What is a Computer System?
Management Challenge Managing Hardware Assets What computer processing and storage capability does our organization need to handle its information and business transactions? What arrangement of computers
More information361 Computer Architecture Lecture 14: Cache Memory
1 361 Computer Architecture Lecture 14 Memory cache.1 The Motivation for s Memory System Processor DRAM Motivation Large memories (DRAM) are slow Small memories (SRAM) are fast Make the average access
More informationMIPS Assembler and Simulator
MIPS Assembler and Simulator Reference Manual Last Updated, December 1, 2005 Xavier Perséguers (ing. info. dipl. EPF) Swiss Federal Institude of Technology xavier.perseguers@a3.epfl.ch Preface MIPS Assembler
More informationBASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN
1 BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN Instruction Codes Computer Registers Computer Instructions Timing and Control Instruction Cycle Memory Reference Instructions Input-Output and Interrupt Complete
More informationMicroprocessor/Microcontroller. Introduction
Microprocessor/Microcontroller Introduction Microprocessor/Microcontroller microprocessor - also known as a CU or central processing unit - is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single
More informationLesson-16: Real time clock DEVICES AND COMMUNICATION BUSES FOR DEVICES NETWORK
DEVICES AND COMMUNICATION BUSES FOR DEVICES NETWORK Lesson-16: Real time clock 1 Real Time Clock (RTC) A clock, which is based on the interrupts at preset intervals. An interrupt service routine executes
More informationCPU Performance Equation
CPU Performance Equation C T I T ime for task = C T I =Average # Cycles per instruction =Time per cycle =Instructions per task Pipelining e.g. 3-5 pipeline steps (ARM, SA, R3000) Attempt to get C down
More informationLecture 3 Addressing Modes, Instruction Samples, Machine Code, Instruction Execution Cycle
Lecture 3 Addressing Modes, Instruction Samples, Machine Code, Instruction Execution Cycle Contents 3.1. Register Transfer Notation... 2 3.2. HCS12 Addressing Modes... 2 1. Inherent Mode (INH)... 2 2.
More information1 Computer hardware. Peripheral Bus device "B" Peripheral device. controller. Memory. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
1 1 Computer hardware Most computers are organized as shown in Figure 1.1. A computer contains several major subsystems --- such as the Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, and peripheral device controllers.
More informationRegister File, Finite State Machines & Hardware Control Language
Register File, Finite State Machines & Hardware Control Language Avin R. Lebeck Some slides based on those developed by Gershon Kedem, and by Randy Bryant and ave O Hallaron Compsci 04 Administrivia Homework
More informationRead-only memory Implementing logic with ROM Programmable logic devices Implementing logic with PLDs Static hazards
Points ddressed in this Lecture Lecture 8: ROM Programmable Logic Devices Professor Peter Cheung Department of EEE, Imperial College London Read-only memory Implementing logic with ROM Programmable logic
More informationTo design digital counter circuits using JK-Flip-Flop. To implement counter using 74LS193 IC.
8.1 Objectives To design digital counter circuits using JK-Flip-Flop. To implement counter using 74LS193 IC. 8.2 Introduction Circuits for counting events are frequently used in computers and other digital
More information