Microbiology Lecture 5
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1 Microbiology Lecture 5 Structure of Viruses Professor T.J. Foster
2 Relative Sizes of Viruses, Bacterial and Mammalian Cells
3 Infectious agents Viruses DNA or RNA genomes Nucleic acid protected by protein capsid Depends on host cell for energy, building blocks (amino acids, nucleotides) and ribosomes. Only propagates within host cell Obligate intracellular parasites Bacterial, plant, and animal viruses
4 Definitions and Terminology Virion: complete virus particle Capsid: protein shell encasing genome Capsomer: protein subunit of capsid Nucleocapsid: capsid containing nucleic acid Attachment protein: surface component for attachment to receptor on host cell eg spike. Visible (by electron microscopy) attachment appendage (see adenovirus, next slide)
5 Diversity of Virus Capsid Shapes Spherical (Icosohedron) 20-faced polyhedron eg. Adenovirus 252 identical capsomers. Each capsomer has 6 neighbours (hexon). Except in 12 vertices, 5 neighbours (pentons)
6
7 Diversity of Virus Capsid Shapes Rod (rigid filament) Tobacco Mosaic Virus Central holow core 49 capsomers every 3 turns Helix 1 capsomer protects 3 nucleotides
8 Tobacco Mosaic Virus X Ray crystal structure
9 Filamentous Viruses Nucleocapsid - flexible helix eg the paramyxovirus, the Mumps virus
10 Bullet Shaped eg the rabies virus
11 Complex Cowpox virus (Vaccinia) External surface series of parallel rows Complex particle >100 proteins Contains 2 membranes Core nucleoprotein with at least 10 enzymes
12 Envelopes Some animal viruses have a membranous outer envelope Derived from host cell membrane Contains viral glycoproteins (proteins with polysaccharide chains attached, synthesized in endoplasmic reticulum) Host receptor recognition, attachment
13 Herpes Virus Structure
14 The Five Basic Structural Forms Naked Icosahedron Adenovirus, poliovirus, Naked helical (not found in animals) Tobacco mosaic virus Enveloped Icosohedron Herpes virus, rubella virus, Enveloped helical Rabies virus, influenza virus, mumps virus, measles virus Complex Pox viruses
15 Bacteriophage Viruses that Infect Bacteria Icosohedral capsid contains nucleic acid Tail fibres. Attachment to bacterial cell surface
16 Bacteriophage Bacteriophage nucleocapsid does NOT enter bacterial cell. DNA is INJECTED through cell wall. Tail lysozyme degrades peptidoglycan. Sheath contracts. Syringe-like mechanism injects DNA into cytoplasm.
17 Classification. The Baltimore Scheme Based on Nucleic Acid Composition of Genome, Replication and Information Flow Classification imposes order out of chaos
18 DNA Double stranded ds DNA
19 DNA REPLICATION ds DNA DNA polymerase ds DNA
20 The Central Dogma Information Flow DNA > mrna > Protein
21 + _ TRANSCRIPTION +
22 TRANSCRIPTION
23 Transcription ds DNA + ss mrna +
24 Group Genome Baltimore Classification of Viruses Genetic Information. From genome to message Example 1 ds DNA dsdna mrna Herpes simplex virus 2 ss DNA ssdna dsdna mrna Parvovirus 3 ds RNA dsrna mrna Reovirus 4 + ss RNA Serves as mrna 5 - ss RNA mrna template dsrna +ssrna (mrna) Enterovirus dsrna -ssrna mrna Influenza 6 ssrna ssrna dsdna mrna Retrovirus 7 Nicked ds DNA nicked ds intact ds mrna DNA DNA RNA replicate thru RNA Hepatitis B virus intermediate
25 Adenovirus Baltimore 1. Double stranded DNA genome Non-enveloped icosohedron Common human pathogen Self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections
26 Paramyxoviruses Mumps and Measles Viruses Baltimore 5. Negative single stranded RNA genomes Enveloped, filamentous Vaccination. Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) Measles rash, raised spots. Middle ear infection. Pneumonia, Encephalitis (1:1000), Fatal (1:3000) Mumps Swollen parotid gland
27 Baltimore 5 Negative single strand RNA 8 segmented genome Enveloped filamentous Seasonal flu vaccine Influenza Virus
28 Herpes Viruses Baltimore 1. Double stranded DNA Enveloped icosohedron Herpes infections of man. Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV) Cold sore on lip Genital
29 Herpes Viruses HSV-1 Enters nerve cell Migrates to trigeminal ganglia near ear. Virus remains dormant Re-activation Migrates to tip of nerve cell. Infects epithelial cells in lip.
30 Rubella Virus Baltimore 4. Positive single-stranded RNA genome Enveloped icosohedron German measles, mild rash Congenital rubella syndrome Foetal damage MMR Vaccine
31 Retrovirus Baltimore 6 Positive single stranded RNA plus reverse transcriptase Diploid Enveloped non-icosohedral elongated Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases (AIDS) No vaccine Anti-retrovirus drugs
32 Pox Viruses Baltimore 1. Double stranded DNA Complex structure Smallpox 20% mortality. Scarring Vaccinia (cowpox) virus Jenner s pioneering vaccination Eradicated by WHO vaccination programme
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