Chapter 15 Genetic Engineering. Section 15.1 Selective Breeding
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1 Chapter 15 Genetic Engineering Section 15.1 Selective Breeding
2 I. Selective Breeding To select/improve living org for human benefit Uses naturally occurring variations w/in species Breed indiv w/desired nat l variation Corn/dogs: domesticated more than 6000 TYA Teosinte (wild grass) to corn: selectively bred by Natv Americns Animals w/wanted trait reproduce
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4 A. Hybridization: Cross dissimilar organisms w/desired traits 1. Luther Burbank: Amer. botanist-greatest selective breeder Developed hundreds of plant varieties Combined disease resistance w/food producing capacity
5 B. Inbreeding: cross similar individual preserving unique traits 1. risk of combining recessive alleles for genetic disorders
6 II. Increasing Variation Biotechnology: manipulating genetic makeup Mutations: ultimate source of biologic diversity
7 A. Bacterial Mutations: 1. Heritable changes in DNA 2. Use radiatn/chemicals to induce change (some helpful) 3. Can expose millions quickly chance of beneficial change 4. Oil-digesting bacteria (now working on radioactive/ metal digesting bacteria)
8 B. Polyploid Plants 1) Cells w/ # chromosomes (drugs prevent separatn) 2) Plant survive (larger/stronger)-fatal in animals 3) Many crops/fruits (bananas) produced this way
9 16.2 Ideas that Shaped Darwin s Thinking I. Geological data uncovered an ancient, changing Earth A. Hutton-Geologic Change 1. Earth processes operate very slowly (mountn building) 2. Concluded earth millions of years old (named deep time-difficult for humans to imagine)
10 B. Lyell s Principles of Geology 1. Uniformitarianism: Laws of nature constant= past processes changing Earth same as present (rivers carving canyons) 2. Darwin studied Lyell s work on Beagle a) Saw earthquake lift beach several ft=> could build mountains w/enough time b) Observed marine animal fossils in mountains c) If earth changed, so could life
11 II. Lamarck s Evolutionary Hypotheses A. Lamarck s ideas 1. All org tend toward complexity/perfection 2. Alter size/shape based on use/disuse 3. Thought acquired traits inheritable -- Incorrect! B. Evaluating Lamarck s Hypotheses 1. Explained evolution scientifically 2. Suggested species not fixed-linked btw env/body structure 3. Work paved way for Darwin
12 III. Malthus & Population Growth A. Humans: more born than die->insufficient space/food B. Natural Factors growth: war, famine, disease C. Darwin noted same patterns for plants/animals= wondered which org. survived/why?
13 IV. Artificial Selection A. Nature provides variation/humans select for usefulness B. Darwin studied changes by breeders Nature provides raw matl s for evolution Hairless Cat Columbine Flower Species
14 16.3 Darwin Presents Case I. Evolution by Natural Selection A. Struggle for existence 1. Species compete for food/ life/space (Malthus) B. Variations occur naturally 1. Some variants better suited 2. Adaptation: Inheritd charactrstc chance of survival C. Survival of the fittest (Key Factor) 1. Fitness: ability to survive & reprod in env t 2. Lo fitness: die w/out reprod.
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16 D. Natural Selection 1. Mechanism for evolution 2. Environment influences fitness 3. Over time change in inherited charact of pop
17 II. Common Descent with modification Living species descended w/change from other species over time W/deep time: All species (living/extinct) descended from common ancestor single tree of life
18 Descent with modification. Darwin proposed that organisms are related by being descendants of a common ancestor, with modification among the descendants. Based mainly on fossil evidence, this evolutionary tree reveals that manatees and hyraxes are the elephants' closest living relatives.
19 16.4 Evidence of Evolution I. Biogeography A. Use distributn pattern of modern compared to fossl species 1. Closely related species differentiated w/diff climates (Galapagos island=variations betwn islands tortoises) 2. Distant species similar w/similar climates(similar selection pressures=develop similar adaptations)
20 II. Age of Earth and Fossils A. Age 1. Radioactive dating Enough time for evolutn by Nat.Selctn~4.5 Bil Yrs Old 2. Fossils Fossil Records: remains of ancient life Many recent fossil intermediates Trace evolution from modern to extinct ancestors Pakicetus
21 III. Comparing Anatomy and Embryology A. Homologous Structures: similar structures w/different purposes from decent w/mod from com ancestor 1. Analogous Structures: common functn not structure Homologous Analogous
22 2. Vestigial Structures: inherited structures w/lost functn Fitness not affected so not eliminated w/nat. Selctn
23 B. Embryology Similar embryo dev. evidence of common ancestor w/vert animals
24 IV. Genetics and Molecular Biology A. Genetic Code: All cells use DNA/RNA to pass info to next gen. & for protein synth. B. Homologous Molecules: Most life proteins chem/struct similar (Cytochrome C for cell resp) Hox genes: determine head->tail dev. in multicelled animals
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