2. But if we mention the moment when it is achieved, so we would have to use the past simple

Transcription

1 U N I V E R S I D A D M E T R O P O L I T A N A L A T I N C A M P U S L I C E N C I A T U R A E N A D M I N I S T R A C I Ó N D E E M P R E S A S M A T E R I A : 1130-B INGLES II P R E S E N T A : J O A Q U I N V E R A R O M E R O M A T R I C U L A : DE MAYO DE 2014

2 1. The present perfect is a tense used to describe action that just happened in the past and that have a relation with the present. It is equivalent in Spanish to past perfect: I have read a book Yo he leído un libro. 2. But if we mention the moment when it is achieved, so we would have to use the past simple I read a book this morning Yo leí un libro esta mañana. 3. The present perfect continuous is a tense mainly used to refer to actions that began in the past but that they are still being achieved in the present. I have been reading Yo he estado estudiando. She has been speaking Ella ha estado hablando. 4. The future simple is used to describe actions to be done in the future. I will play tennis Yo jugaré tenis. We will write letters Escribiremos cartas. 5. The negative form is consturcted with not between the auxiliary and the main verb. We usually use the contracted form of will not represented by won t I won t (will not) eat steak No comeré bistek. He won t (will not) win the game Él no ganará el juego. 6. The interrogative form is constructed by beginning the sentence with the auxiliary will, followed by the subject and the main verb: Will she buy a car? - Comprará ella un coche? Will you come with me? - Vendras conmigo? 7. We also express the future with the form to be going + invifnitive. It is used for sentences that the subject has decided to achieve and on which he has made certain preparations: (voy a I m going to) I am going to buy a house next summer Voy a comprar una casa el próximo verano We are going to study in England Vamos a estudiar en Inglaterra

3 8. In English there are three types of conditional sentences. This second conditional is characterized because the conditional clause is very improbable to be achieved. In these sentences, the verb is written in conditional: If I work harder, I would pass the exam Si trabajo más, pasaría el examen. If she eats more, she would be very fat Si ella come más, estaría muy gorda. 9. We also use the conditional form as the equivalent of the future, from a past time: I think she will buy a car for herself Pienso que ella se comprará un coche. I thought she would buy a car for herself Pensé que ella se compraría un coche. 10. The negative form is constructed by interposing the negation not between the auxiliary form would and the main verb. We can also use the contraction wouln t (and also shouldn t with the first person of the singular and plural): We wouldn t (would not) say that Nosotros no diríamos eso. We shouldn t (should not) buy that house No deberíamos comprar esa casa. 11. The negative interrogative form is constructed by putting the negation not between the subject and the main verb. Although we can also use the contraction wouldn t ) (o shouldn t ), in which case they would go at the beginning of the sentence: Wouln t (would not) you go to the party? No irías a la fiesta? Wouldn t (would not) they learn English? - No aprenderían ingles? 12. This third type of conditional sentence is characterized because the conditional clause cannot be fulfilled. If I had worked, I would have passed the exam. Si hubiera trabajado, habría paso el examen. If you had come, you would have seen my brother. Si huberas venido, habrías visto a mi hermano. 13. The negative interrogative form is constructed by beginning the sentence with would, followed by the subject, the negation not, the infinitive form have and the main verb. We can also use the contraction wouldn t at the beginning of the sentence:

4 Wouldn t you have gone to the party? No habrías ido a la fiesta? Woul t she have cooked the dinner? - No habría ella cocinado la cena? 14. There are two types of articles in English: indefinite article a/an, equivalent in Spanish to uno/una, and the definite article the, equivalent to el/la. In English the articles have no gender or number, unlike in Spanish. The car El coche The cars Los coches. 15. In English they use demonstrative adjectives this (este/esta) and that (ese/esa): This pencil Este lápiz That girl Esa niña 16. This adjectives match in number (singular/plural) with the noun they go with, whilst in gender there are no differences between masculine and feminine: This student is intelligent Este estudiante es inteligente. These students are intelligent Estos estudiantes son inteligentes. That book is interesting Ese libro es interesante. Those books are interesting Esos libros son interesantes. 17. The reflexive pronouns in English are: Myself mi mismo, yo mismo Yourself tú mismo Himself/herself/itself el mismo, ella misma, eso mismo. Ourselves nosotros mismos Yourselves ustedes mismos Themselves ellos mismos. 18. This pronoun is used with reflexive verbs, that is, those accompanied by a subject and by an object that are the same person: I cut myself Me corté (me corté yo mismo/ a mí mismo) You hurt yourself Te lastimas (te lastimas tú mismo /a ti mismo) 19. The passive form in English, just as in Spanish, is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be, accompanied by the participle (past participle) of the main verb:

5 The house is built La casa está construida. The book is read El libro es leído. 20. We use the preposition at to refer to the time and punctual moments of the day. We also use it with some time expressions: At ten o clock A las diez en punto. At the moment En el momento. 21. The preposition on is used with days of the wick and dates: On Monday el lunes On 10 th of April el 10 de abril 22. The preposition in is used with months, and, also with the seasons of the year. In January en enero In spring en primavera 23. And with some time expressions referred to periods of the day (except with night : In the morning en la mañana In the afternoon en la tarde At night en la noche. 24. Other prepositions of time used in English are: Before antes After después For por, para During durante Since desde From de, desde Till a, hasta