6. Which weather station model for a New York State location indicates that snow may be about to fall? (1) (3)

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1 1. Which list correctly matches each instrument with the weather variable it measures? (1) wind vane wind speed thermometer temperature precipitation gauge relative humidity (2) wind vane wind direction thermometer dewpoint psychrometer air pressure (3) barometer relative humidity anemometer cloud cover precipitation gauge probability of precipitation (4) barometer air pressure anemometer wind speed psychrometer relative humidity 5. Which weather instrument has most improved the accuracy of weather forecasts over the past 40 years? (1) thermometer (3) weather satellite (2) sling psychrometer (4) weather balloon 6. Which weather station model for a New York State location indicates that snow may be about to fall? (1) (3) 2. Weather-station measurements indicate that the dewpoint temperature and air temperature are getting farther apart and that air pressure is rising. Which type of weather is most likely arriving at the station? (1) a snowstorm (3) cool, dry air (2) a warm front (4) maritime tropical air (2) (4) 3. The map below shows high-pressure and lowpressure weather systems in the United States. 7. Which graph best represents the relationship between air temperature and air density in the atmosphere? (1) (3) Which two lettered positions on the map are most likely receiving precipitation? (1) A and B (3) C and E (2) B and D (4) A and D 4. A temperature of 104ºF is approximately equal to (1) 220ºC (3) 43ºC (2) 214ºC (4) 40ºC (2) (4) 8. Earth s surface winds generally blow from regions of higher (1) air temperature toward regions of lower air temperature (2) air pressure toward regions of lower air pressure (3) latitudes toward regions of lower latitudes (4) elevations toward regions of lower elevations Page 1

2 9. Base your answer to the following question on the weather map below, which shows the location of fronts and the temperature field on a given day in the United States. Which two cities most likely have an air temperature closest to 75 F? (1) Chicago and Detroit (3) Oklahoma City and Memphis (2) Los Angeles and Denver (4) Cincinnati and Kansas City Base your answers to questions 10 and 11 on the graph below which shows variations in Earth's monthly temperatures from normal Earth temperatures between January 1990 and January Earth's average monthly temperature for October 1990 was approximately (1) 0.1ºC above normal (2) 0.2ºC above normal (3) 0.3ºC above normal (4) 0.4ºC above normal 11. The greatest temperature variation from normal occurred during (1) May 1991 (2) August 1992 (3) July 1993 (4) March Which substance is a form of precipitation? (1) frost (3) fog (2) hail (4) dew Page 2

3 13. Which weather condition most directly determines wind speeds at Earth s surface? (1) visibility changes (2) amount of cloud cover (3) air-pressure gradient (4) dewpoint differences Base your answers to questions 16 and 17 on the map below, which shows sea-level air pressure, in millibars, for a portion of the eastern coast of North America. Points A, B, C, and D are sea-level locations on Earth s surface. 14. The diagram below represents an aneroid barometer that shows the air pressure, in inches of mercury. When converted to millibars, this air pressure is equal to (1) mb (3) mb (2) mb (4) mb 15. Base your answer to the following question on the weather map below. Points A, B, C, and D are locations on Earth's surface. 16. The air pressure recorded at point D was most likely (1) 1014 mb (3) 1010 mb (2) 1012 mb (4) 1006 mb 17. Which location most likely recorded the highest wind speed? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D 18. Which weather variable can be determined by using a psychrometer? (1) barometric pressure (3) relative humidity (2) cloud cover (4) wind speed The strongest winds are closest to location (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D 19. Pollutants are most likely to be removed from the atmosphere by (1) evaporation (3) volcanic activity (2) precipitation (4) transpiration Page 3

4 20. An observer measured the air temperature and the dewpoint and found the difference between them to be 12 C. One hour later, the difference between the air temperature and the dewpoint was found to be 4 C. Which statement best describes the changes that were occurring? (1) The relative humidity was decreasing and the chance of precipitation was decreasing. (2) The relative humidity was decreasing and the chance of precipitation was increasing. (3) The relative humidity was increasing and the chance of precipitation was decreasing. (4) The relative humidity was increasing and the chance of precipitation was increasing. 21. The chart below shows the air temperature and the dewpoint temperature near the ground at a given location for four consecutive days. All temperatures were recorded at noon. Which statement is best supported by the data? (1) Relative humidity was highest on day 1. (2) The greatest amount of water vapor was in the atmosphere on day 2. (3) The base level for cloud formation was highest on day 3. (4) The chance of precipitation was greatest on day The surface winds in a typical Northern Hemisphere high-pressure system are generally moving (1) counterclockwise away from the high-pressure center (2) counterclockwise toward the high-pressure center (3) clockwise away from the high-pressure center (4) clockwise toward the high-pressure center 23. Which type of air mass is associated with warm, dry atmospheric conditions? (1) cp (3) mp (2) ct (4) mt Page 4

5 Base your answers to questions 24 and 25 on the graph below. The graph shows air temperature and relative humidity at a single location during a 24-hour period. 24. What was the approximate change in relative humidity from 12 noon to 4 p.m.? (1) 10% (2) 15% (3) 20% (4) 30% 25. At which time would the rate of evaporation most likely be greatest? (1) 11 p.m. (2) 6 a.m. (3) 10 a.m. (4) 4 p.m. 26. Great volcanic eruptions send dust and ash into the stratosphere. Weeks after such great eruptions, air temperatures are often (1) cooler than normal because the atmosphere is less transparent (2) cooler than normal because the atmosphere is more transparent (3) warmer than normal because the atmosphere is less transparent (4) warmer than normal because the atmosphere is more transparent 27. As a weather balloon released from the surface of Earth rises through the troposphere, the instruments it carries will usually indicate that (1) temperature, atmospheric pressure, and concentration of water vapor decrease (2) temperature decreases, but atmospheric pressure and concentration of water vapor increase (3) temperature increases, but atmospheric pressure and concentration of water vapor decrease (4) temperature, atmospheric pressure, and concentration of water vapor increase Page 5

6 28. The graph below shows the maximum possible amounts of water vapor that air can hold at different temperatures. What is the approximate maximum amount of water vapor that a cubic meter of air can hold at 20ºC? (1) 15 g (2) 20 g (3) 25 g (4) 30 g 29. The map below illustrates the distribution of acid rain over the United States on a particular day. The isolines represent acidity measured in ph units. According to the ph scale shown below the map, which region of the United States has the greatest acid rain problem? (1) northeast (3) southeast (2) northwest (4) southwest Page 6

7 30. Which map best represents the surface wind pattern associated with high-pressure and low-pressure systems in the Northern Hemisphere? (1) (3) (2) (4) 31. Which graph best represents the most common relationship between the amount of air pollution and the distance from an industrial city? (1) (3) (2) (4) 32. Compared to a maritime tropical air mass, a maritime polar air mass has a (1) higher temperature and more water vapor (2) higher temperature and less water vapor (3) lower temperature and more water vapor (4) lower temperature and less water vapor Page 7

8 Base your answers to questions 33 through 35 on the water cycle diagram shown below. Some arrows are numbered 1 through 4 and represent various processes. 33. Which atmospheric condition is most likely responsible for the wind blowing the clouds from the sea toward the land? (1) high air temperature over the sea and low air temperature over the land (2) high air pressure over the sea and low air pressure over the land (3) low air density over the sea and high air density over the land (4) low visibility over the sea and high visibility over the land 34. Which numbered arrow best represents the process of transpiration? (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) The clouds have formed primarily because moist air (1) rises, expands, and cools (3) sinks, compresses, and cools (2) rises, expands, and warms (4) sinks, compresses, and warms 36. The properties of an air mass are mostly determined by the (1) rate of Earth s rotation (2) direction of Earth s surface winds (3) source region where the air mass formed (4) path the air mass follows along a land surface 37. Which geographic area is a common source region for cp air masses that move into New Jersey? (1) southwestern United States (2) central Canada (3) the north Pacific Ocean (4) the Gulf of Mexico 38. An air mass classified as mp usually forms over which type of Earth surface? (1) warm land (3) cool land (2) warm ocean (4) cool ocean Page 8

9 39. Which map view best represents the pattern of isobar values, in millibars, and the pattern of wind flow, shown by arrows, at Earth s surface surrounding a Northern Hemisphere low-pressure center? (1) (2) (3) (4) 40. An Earth science student observed the following weather conditions in Richmond, Virginia, for 2 days: The first day was warm and humid with southerly winds. The second day, the temperature was 15 degrees cooler, the relative humidity had decreased, and wind direction was northwest. Which type of air mass most likely had moved into the area on the second day? (1) continental tropical (3) maritime tropical (2) continental polar (4) maritime polar Page 9

10 41. Which map best represents the direction of surface winds associated with the high-pressure and low-pressure systems? (1) (3) (2) (4) 42. If a low-pressure system follows a typical storm track across New York State, it will move toward the (1) southeast (3) northeast (2) southwest (4) northwest 43. Which weather station model indicates the highest relative humidity? (1) (3) (2) (4) Page 10

11 Base your answers to questions 44 and 45 on the graph below, which shows air temperature, dewpoint, and present weather conditions for a 23-hour period at Dallas, Texas. 44. The thunderstorm that occurred between 11 p.m. and 12 midnight was most likely the result of (1) the arrival of a warm front (2) the arrival of a cold front (3) an increase in the difference between air temperature and dewpoint (4) an increase in both air temperature and dewpoint 45. Which weather condition was reported at Dallas when the air temperature was equal to the dewpoint? (1) fog (2) rain (3) thunderstorm (4) drizzle 46. The station model below shows the weather conditions at Houston, Texas, at 9 a.m. on a particular day in June. What was the barometric pressure at Houston 3 hours earlier on that day? (1) mb (3) mb (2) mb (4) mb Page 11

12 47. The map below shows the boundary between two air masses. The arrows show the direction in which the boundary is moving. Which weather map uses the correct weather front symbol to illustrate this information? (1) (2) (3) (4) Page 12

13 Base your answers to questions 48 through 50 on the weather map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The weather map shows a typical low-pressure system and associated weather fronts labeled A and B. The L indicates the center of the low-pressure system. A few New York State cities are shown. Symbols cp and mt represent different air masses. The wind direction at Utica and Rochester is shown on the station models. 48. Which front symbols are drawn correctly, based on the air masses shown? (1) (2) (3) (4) Page 13

14 49. Which map shows the regions that are most likely experiencing the precipitation associated with this weather system? (1) (3) (2) (4) 50. If this weather system is following a normal storm track, the center of this low is most likely moving toward which city? (1) Buffalo (2) Ithaca (3) Utica (4) Plattsburgh 51. Under which atmospheric conditions will water most likely evaporate at the fastest rate? (1) hot, humid, and calm (2) hot, dry, and windy (3) cold, humid, and windy (4) cold, dry, and calm 52. Which process occurs when water vapor moves out of the leaves of a tree into the atmosphere? (1) condensation (3) runoff (2) infiltration (4) transpiration 53. When would the water in a Georgia pond evaporate fastest? (1) in January, when the pond is frozen (2) in March, when the pond ice is melting (3) in May on a calm, sunny day (4) in July on a hot, windy day Page 14

15 54. On which weather map do the front symbols best represent the direction of movement of the cold front and warm front associated with the low-pressure system shown on the map? (1) (3) (2) (4) 55. What is the relative humidity if the dry-bulb temperature is 22 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 17 C? (1) 5% (3) 60% (2) 14% (4) 68% 56. As a stationary airmass is heated, its density will generally (1) decrease (3) remain the same (2) increase Page 15

16 57. The graph below shows changes in the atmosphere occurring above typical air-mass source regions A, B, C, and D. Changes in air temperature and altitude are shown as the graphed lines. Changes in water-vapor content, in grams of vapor per kilogram of air, are shown as numbers on each graphed line. Which list best identifies each air-mass source region? (1) A ct, B cp, C mp, D mt (3) A mp, B mt, C ct, D cp (2) A cp, B mp, C mt, D ct (4) A mt, B ct, C cp, D mp 58. All of the containers shown below contain the same volume of water and are at room temperature. In a two-day period, from which container will the least amount of water evaporate? (3) (1) (2) (4) 59. What is the relative humidity when the air temperature is 29 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 23 C? (1) 6% (3) 54% (2) 20% (4) 60% Page 16

17 60. The cross section of a house is shown below. Open stairways allow air to move from one floor to another. The ridge vent is an opening in the roof that allows air to move in or out of the attic. During a windless summer day, the air inside this house is warmed by the Sun. In which cross section do the arrows show the most likely air movement when the windows are opened? (1) (2) (3) (4) 61. Which statement best explains why an increase in the relative humidity of a parcel of air generally increases the chance of precipitation? (1) The dewpoint is farther from the condensation point, causing rain. (2) The air temperature is closer to the dewpoint, making cloud formation more likely. (3) The amount of moisture in the air is greater, making the air heavier. (4) The specific heat of the moist air is greater than the drier air, releasing energy. Page 17

18 62. The map below shows the average number of thunderstorms each year in the continental United States. The average number of thunderstorms that occur each year in Albany, New York is approximately (1) 15 (2) 25 (3) 35 (4) The weather instrument below can be used to determine relative humidity. Based on the temperatures shown, the relative humidity is (1) 19% (3) 33% (2) 2% (4) 40% Page 18

19 64. Which station model shows the correct form for indicating a northwest wind at 25 knots and an air pressure of mb? (1) (2) (3) (4) 65. According to the graph below, what happens to the density of a mass of air when its water vapor content increases? (1) Density decreases. (2) Density increases. (3) Density remains the same. 66. When molecules of water evaporate into the air and replace the heavier molecules of oxygen and nitrogen, the density of the air generally (1) decreases (3) remains the same (2) increases 67. During the warmest part of a June day, breezes blow from the ocean toward the shore at the beach. Which statement best explains why this happens? (1) Winds usually blow from hot to cold areas. (2) Winds never blow from the shore toward the ocean. (3) Air pressure over the ocean is higher than air pressure over the land. (4) Air pressure over the land is higher than air pressure over the ocean. 68. The Earth's planetary winds are deflected as a result of the Earth's (1) revolution around the Sun (2) seasonal changes (3) rotation on its axis (4) tilted axis Page 19

20 69. The flowchart below shows part of Earth s water cycle. The question marks indicate a part of the flowchart that has been deliberately left blank. Which process should be shown in place of the question marks to best complete the flowchart? (1) condensation (2) deposition (3) evaporation (4) infiltration 70. The diagrams below show the setup and results of an experiment. 71. Adjacent water and land masses are of equal temperature at sunrise. They are heated by the morning sun on a clear, calm day. After a few hours, a surface wind develops. Which diagram best represents this wind's direction? (1) (3) (2) (4) 72. The diagram below shows how prevailing winds cause different weather conditions on the windward and leeward sides of a mountain range. Which statement best explains the results of the experiment? (1) Condensation is the primary source of moisture for the atmosphere. (2) Energy is required for evapotranspiration. (3) Precipitation at a given location depends on surface area. (4) Transpiration moves moisture from the plant into the atmosphere. Clouds usually form on the windward sides of mountains because this is where air (1) rises and cools (3) sinks and cools (2) rises and warms (4) sinks and warms Page 20

21 73. The diagram below shows the Earth's high and low air pressure belts and direction of prevailing winds for a particular time of the year. The winds do not appear to blow in a straight line from the highpressure belts to the low-pressure belts. Which statement best explains this observation? (1) Wind direction is modified by the Earth's rotation. (2) Wind direction is modified by land forms. (3) Wind direction is modified by water areas. (4) Wind direction is modified by the Sun's motion. 74. A desert often forms on the leeward side of a mountain range, as shown in the cross section below. After most of the moisture is removed from the air on the windward side, deserts form on the leeward side because the sinking air (1) compresses and warms (2) compresses and cools (3) expands and warms (4) expands and cools 75. Snowfall is rare at the South Pole because the air over the South Pole is usually (1) rising and moist (3) sinking and moist (2) rising and dry (4) sinking and dry Page 21

22 76. Which diagram best illustrates how air rising over a mountain produces precipitation? (1) (3) (2) (4) 77. Which atmospheric conditions are necessary for condensation? (1) saturated air and dewpoint temperature much lower than air temperature (2) unsaturated air and dewpoint temperature much higher than air temperature (3) saturated air and equal dewpoint and air temperatures (4) unsaturated air and equal dewpoint and air temperatures 78. When clouds form, heat energy is released into the atmosphere by (1) expanding air (2) falling precipitation (3) condensation nuclei (4) condensing water vapor Page 22

23 Base your answers to questions 79 and 80 on the diagram of a mountain shown below. The arrows represent the direction of airflow over the mountain. 79. Compared to the temperature and humidity conditions at location A, the conditions at location B are (1) warmer and less humid (2) warmer and more humid (3) cooler and less humid (4) cooler and more humid 80. As the air moves up the windward side of the mountain, the air (1) compresses and warms (2) compresses and cools (3) expands and warms (4) expands and cools 81. The diagram below shows the flow of planetary winds over a mountain ridge. As air rises on the windward side of the mountain ridge, the air's temperature decreases. Which process usually causes this temperature decrease? (1) expansion of rising air (2) compression of rising air (3) precipitation from clouds (4) evaporation from clouds Page 23

24 82. The diagram below shows the average yearly precipitation, in centimeters, at locations A through E across the State of Washington. Arrows indicate the direction of prevailing winds. Which statement best explains why location B and location E receive relatively low average yearly precipitation? (1) These locations are on the leeward side of mountain ranges. (2) These locations are on the windward side of mountain ranges. (3) These locations receive more insolation than the other locations. (4) These locations receive less insolation than the other locations. 83. Which statement best explains how atmospheric dust particles influence the water cycle? (1) Dust particles are the main source of dissolved salts in the sea. (2) Dust particles increase the capacity of the atmosphere to hold water vapor. (3) Dust particles increase the amount of evaporation that takes place. (4) Dust particles provide surfaces on which water vapor can condense. 84. Condensation will most likely occur in a given volume of air when the air is (1) saturated and contains no condensation nuclei (2) saturated and contains condensation nuclei (3) unsaturated and contains no condensation nuclei (4) unsaturated and contains condensation nuclei 85. People sometimes release substances into the atmosphere to increase the probability of rain by (1) raising the air temperature within the clouds (2) providing condensation nuclei (3) lowering the relative humidity within the clouds (4) increasing the energy absorbed during condensation and sublimation 86. A high air-pressure, dry-climate belt is located at which Earth latitude? (1) 0 (3) 30 N (2) 15 N (4) 60 N 87. The diagram below shows a sealed container holding liquid water and clean air saturated with water vapor. (Relative humidity is 100%.) The container has been placed on a block of ice to cool. Which statement best explains why a cloud has not formed in the sealed container? (1) The air in the container is above the freezing point. (2) The ice is cooling the water in the container. (3) The air in the container lacks condensation nuclei. (4) The water in the container is still evaporating. 88. Most of the Gulf Stream Ocean Current is (1) warm water that flows southwestward (2) warm water that flows northeastward (3) cool water that flows southwestward (4) cool water that flows northeastward Page 24

25 89. A strong west wind steadily blew over Lake Ontario picking up moisture. As this moist air flowed over the Tug Hill Plateau, the plateau received a 36-inch snowfall. This snow fell from clouds that formed when rising air was (1) cooled by expansion, causing water vapor to condense (2) cooled by compression, causing water vapor to condense (3) warmed by expansion, causing water vapor to evaporate (4) warmed by compression, causing water vapor to evaporate 93. Which graph best represents the relationship between water droplet size and the chance of precipitation? (1) (3) Base your answers to questions 90 and 91 on the diagram below, which shows the frontal boundary between mt and cp air masses. (2) (4) 94. Large oceans moderate the climatic temperatures of surrounding coastal land areas because the temperature of ocean water changes (1) rapidly, due to water s low specific heat (2) rapidly, due to water s high specific heat (3) slowly, due to water s low specific heat (4) slowly, due to water s high specific heat 90. Why do clouds and precipitation usually occur along the frontal surface? (1) The warm air rises, expands, and cools. (2) The warm air sinks, expands, and warms. (3) The cool air rises, compresses, and cools. (4) The cool air sinks, compresses, and warms. 91. If the front at ground level is moving toward city B. which type of weather front is shown? (1) cold front (3) occluded front (2) warm front (4) stationary front 92. Why is it possible for no rain to be falling from a cloud? (1) The water droplets are too small to fall. (2) The cloud is water vapor. (3) The dewpoint has not yet been reached in the cloud. (4) There are no condensation nuclei in the cloud. 95. The heavy lake-effect snowfalls in the Tug Hill Plateau region occur primarily because the plateau is located (1) in the path of prevailing winds from Lake Ontario (2) in the Northern Hemisphere (3) near the Atlantic Ocean (4) west of the Hudson-Mohawk Lowlands 96. Which conditions are most likely to develop over a land area next to an ocean during a hot, sunny afternoon? (1) The air temperature over the land is lower than the air temperature over the ocean, and a breeze blows from the land. (2) The air temperature over the land is higher than the air temperature over the ocean, and a breeze blows from the land. (3) The air pressure over the land is higher than the air pressure over the ocean, and a breeze blows from the ocean. (4) The air pressure over the land is lower than the air pressure over the ocean, and a breeze blows from the ocean. Page 25

26 97. Which graph best shows the relationship between windspeed and the average height of ocean waves formed by the wind? 100. The cartoon below presents a humorous look at wave action. (1) (3) (2) (4) 98. In the diagram below, arrows represent air movement near an ocean coastline on a summer afternoon. Compared to the air over the ocean, the air over the land has a (1) lower temperature and lower barometric pressure (2) lower temperature and higher barometric pressure (3) higher temperature and lower barometric pressure (4) higher temperature and higher barometric pressure 99. Which ocean current brings warm water to the western coast of Africa? (1) Agulhas Current (2) North Equatorial Current (3) Canaries Current (4) Guinea Current The ocean waves that are providing enjoyment for Roy's companion are the result of the (1) interaction of the hydrosphere with the moving atmosphere (2) interaction of the lithosphere with the moving troposphere (3) absorption of short-wave radiation in the stratosphere (4) absorption of energy in the asthenosphere 101. What is the best explanation for these two statements? Some mountains located near the Earth's Equator have snow-covered peaks. Icecaps exist at the Earth's poles. (1) High elevation and high latitude have a similar effect on climate. (2) Both mountain and polar regions have arid climates. (3) Mountain and polar regions receive more energy from the Sun than other regions do. (4) An increase in snowfall and an increase in temperature have a similar effect on climate. Page 26

27 102. Which cross section best shows the normal movement of the air over Oswego, New York, on a very hot summer afternoon? Base your answers to questions 105 and 106 on the map below, which shows an imaginary continent on Earth. Arrows represent prevailing wind directions. Letters A through D represent locations on the continent. Locations A and B are at the same latitude and at the same elevation at the base of the mountains. (1) (3) (2) (4) 103. The graph below shows the average number of days each year that thunderstorms occur at different latitudes on Earth. According to the graph, what is the approximate number of days each year that thunderstorms occur at locations along the 40 N parallel of latitude? (1) 8 days (3) 24 days (2) 18 days (4) 32 days 104. During the summer months, which change in location would most likely cause a decrease in the observed daytime air temperatures? (1) from 45º N latitude to 20º N latitude (2) from sea level to 5 km above sea level (3) from sea level on the windward side of a mountain to sea level on the leeward side (4) from the ocean coast to an inland location 105. The climate at location C is much drier than at location D. This difference is best explained by the fact that location C is located (1) farther from any mountain range (2) closer to a large body of water (3) at a latitude that experiences longer average annual daylight (4) at a latitude where air is sinking and surface winds diverge 106. Over the course of a year, compared to location B, location A will have (1) less precipitation and a smaller temperature range (2) less precipitation and a greater temperature range (3) more precipitation and a smaller temperature range (4) more precipitation and a greater temperature range 107. Which statement best summarizes the general effects of ocean currents at 20 S latitude on coastal regions of South America? (1) The east coast and west coast are both warmed. (2) The east coast and west coast are both cooled. (3) The east coast is warmed and the west coast is cooled. (4) The east coast is cooled and the west coast is warmed. Page 27

28 108. Which graph best shows the average annual amounts of precipitation received at different latitudes on Earth? (1) 110. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the average monthly temperature of two cities A and B. (2) (3) (4) The temperature in city B is highest in January and lowest in July because city B is located (1) on the side of a mountain (2) on an island (3) in the Southern Hemisphere (4) at the North Pole 111. The map below shows the major climate zones on Earth Which graph best shows the general effect that differences in elevation above sea level have on the average annual temperature? (1) (3) The primary factor controlling these climate zones is (1) elevation (3) latitude (2) solar time (4) longitude (2) (4) Page 28

29 112. The graph below represents the average temperature of a city for each month of the year. Where is this city most likely located? (1) inland in the Northern Hemisphere, in a middle latitude (2) inland in the Southern Hemisphere, in a middle latitude (3) on a coast near the Equator (4) on a coast in the Antarctic 113. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the average yearly temperature and average yearly precipitation for Earth locations A through E Which factor most likely causes two cities at the same elevation and latitude to have different yearly average temperature ranges? (1) rotation of Earth (2) duration of insolation (3) distance from a large body of water (4) direction of prevailing winds 115. Compared to the climate conditions of dry inland locations, the climate conditions of locations influenced by a nearby ocean generally result in (1) hotter summers and colder winters, with a larger annual range of temperatures (2) hotter summers and colder winters, with a smaller annual range of temperatures (3) cooler summers and warmer winters, with a larger annual range of temperatures (4) cooler summers and warmer winters, with a smaller annual range of temperatures 116. Which two ocean currents are both warm currents that primarily flow away from the equator? (1) Guinea Current and Labrador Current (2) Brazil Current and Agulhas Current (3) Alaska Current and Falkland Current (4) Canaries Current and Gulf Stream Current 117. The arrows on the cross section below show the prevailing wind that flows over a mountain. Points A and B represent locations on opposite sides of the mountain. Locations A and C have different average yearly temperatures. This difference most likely is due to the fact that (1) A has a higher elevation (2) A is located nearer to the Equator (3) C has more precipitation (4) C has a greater longitude Which statement correctly describes the differences in the climates of locations A and B? (1) Location A is warmer and drier than location B. (2) Location A is cooler and wetter than location B. (3) Location B is warmer and wetter than location A. (4) Location B is cooler and drier than location A. Page 29

30 118. The arrows in the cross section below show the prevailing winds moving across northern New York State into Vermont during the summer. Base your answers to questions 121 and 122 on the map below, which shows Earth's planetary wind belts. Compared to the climate of location A, the climate of location B is (1) warmer and wetter (3) cooler and wetter (2) warmer and drier (4) cooler and drier 119. The diagram below shows wind flowing over a mountain range Which climatic conditions exist where the trade winds converge? (1) cool and wet (3) warm and wet (2) cool and dry (4) warm and dry As the wind flows down the leeward side of the mountain range, the air becomes (1) cooler and drier (3) warmer and drier (2) cooler and wetter (4) warmer and wetter 122. Which wind belt has the greatest effect on the climate of New York State? (1) prevailing northwesterlies (2) prevailing southwesterlies (3) northeast trades (4) southeast trades 120. Why are most beaches often considerably cooler than nearby inland locations on hot summer afternoons? (1) A land breeze develops due to the lower specific heat of water and the higher specific heat of land. (2) A sea breeze develops due to the higher specific heat of water and the lower specific heat of land. (3) The beaches are closer to the Equator than the inland locations are. (4) The beaches are farther from the Equator than the inland locations are. Page 30

31 123. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section shows the general movement of air within a portion of Earth s atmosphere located between 30 N and 30 S latitude. Numbers 1 and 2 represent different locations in the atmosphere. Which map best shows the surface movement of winds between 30º Ν and 30 S latitude? (1) (3) (2) (4) Page 31

32 124. Which map shows the two correctly labeled air masses that frequently converge in the central plains to cause tornadoes? (1) (3) (2) (4) Page 32

33 Base your answers to questions 125 through 128 on the satellite image below, which shows a Northern Hemisphere hurricane When the eye of this hurricane reaches 43 N latitude, this hurricane will most likely be pushed by planetary winds toward the (1) northwest (2) northeast (3) southwest (4) southeast 126. Clouds form in the hurricane because the air is (1) sinking, expanding, and cooling (3) rising, expanding, and cooling (2) sinking, compressing, and warming (4) rising, compressing, and warming 127. Which air mass is normally associated with the formation of hurricanes? (1) continental tropical (2) maritime tropical (3) continental polar (4) maritime polar 128. What is the usual surface wind pattern around the eye of Northern Hemisphere hurricanes? (1) clockwise and outward (3) counterclockwise and outward (2) clockwise and inward (4) counterclockwise and inward Page 33

34 129. The map below shows part of North America. The arrows shown on the map most likely represent the direction of movement of (1) Earth's rotation (3) ocean conduction currents (2) the prevailing northeast winds (4) Atlantic Ocean hurricanes 130. Base your answer to the following question on the weather map below, which shows a hurricane that was located over southern Florida. The isobars show air pressure in inches of mercury. Letters A through D represent four widely separated locations. What is the latitude and longitude at the center of the hurricane? (1) 26º N 81º W (2) 26º N 89º W (3) 34º N 81º W (4) 34º N 89º W Page 34

35 Base your answers to questions 131 and 132 on the barogram below, which shows air pressure recorded in millibars at Green Bay, Wisconsin, from April 2 through April 4, What most likely caused the changes in air pressure for the period of time shown on the graph? 132. Calculate the rate of change in air pressure from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. on April 3. Label your answer with the correct units. Page 35

36 Base your answers to questions 133 and 134 on the graph below, which shows the average monthly temperatures for a year for city X and city Y. Both cities are located at the same latitude Explain why city X has a greater difference between summer and winter temperatures than city Y What was the range in the average monthly temperatures for city Y during the year? Page 36

37 Base your answers to questions 135 and 136 on the diagram below, which shows the temperature change when a parcel of air warms, rises, and expands to form a cloud. Location A is at the base of the cloud Assume the cooling rate of the rising parcel of air is constant. Determine the temperature of the air parcel at the foot altitude. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a degree. ºF 136. State the relative humidity of the air at location A. % Page 37

38 Base your answers to questions 137 through 139 on the weather map below. The weather map shows a low-pressure system in New York State during July. The L represents the center of the low-pressure system. Two fronts extend from the center of the low. Line XY on the map is a reference line Identify one action that people should take to protect themselves from lightning The forecast for one city located on the map is given below: In the next hour, skies will become cloud covered. Heavy rains are expected with possible lightning and thunder. Temperatures will become much cooler. State the name of the city for which this forecast was given The cross section below shows a side view of the area along line XY on the map. On lines 1 and 2 in the cross section, place the appropriate two-letter air-mass symbols to identify the most likely type of air mass at each of these locations. Page 38

39 140. Base your answer to the following question on the information on the four station models shown below. The weather data were collected at Niagara Falls, Syracuse, Utica, and New York City at the same time. Explain how the weather conditions shown on the station models suggest that Utica had the greatest chance of precipitation. Page 39

40 Answer Key

41 Answer Key Examples: passage of low-pressure system passage of a cold front arrival of a warm air mass followed by the arrival of a cold air mass to 3.2 millibars/hour 133. Examples: City X is located farther inland from the ocean. City Y is located closer to a large body of water C to 15 C F % 137. Examples: Move indoors. Do not use electrical equipment or telephones. Do not stand under tall objects Binghamton 139. (1) cp (2) mt 140. Examples: The air temperature is closest to the dewpoint in Utica. The air pressure in Utica is lowest. The amount of cloud cover is 100% in Utica. The relative humidity is highest in Utica. Air pressure is decreasing in Utica