o Cytoskeleton o Nucleus o Ribosomes o The endo-membrane o The mitochondrion and the o The peroxisome
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1 Cell Structure and Function (Outline) Abiotic and biotic phases of the earth; aerobic and anaerobic atmospheric conditions on earth. Components of a functional cell; Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. List their similarities and differences. The Endo-symbiotic Theory Structure and function of membranes structure and function of all eukaryotic cellular organelles: o Cytoskeleton o Nucleus o Ribosomes o The endo-membrane o The mitochondrion and the o The peroxisome
2 Major Events in the History of Earth Cenozoic Humans Land plants Animals Origin of solar system and Earth Multicellular eukaryotes 1 Proterozoic eon 2 Archaean eon 3 4 Single-celled eukaryotes Atmospheric oxygen Prokaryotes
3 Major Events in the History of Earth Cenozoic Humans Land plants Animals Origin of solar system and Earth Multicellular eukaryotes 1 Proterozoic eon 2 Archaean eon 3 4 Anaerobic Single-celled eukaryotes Atmospheric oxygen Prokaryotes Aerobic
4 A cell is a living unit greater than the sum of its parts Components of a functional cell Boundary-membrane Cytoplasm: Cytosol (soluble components) & particulates DNA-information Ribosomes-protein synthesis
5 Prokaryotic Cell Structure Pili Nucleoid Ribosomes Bacterial chromosome Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule Flagella
6 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
7 Cenozoic Humans Land plants Animals Origin of solar system and Earth Multicellular eukaryotes Single-celled eukaryotes Proterozoic Archaean eon eon Atmospheric oxygen Prokaryotes Evolution of larger Eukaryotic cells was accompanied by ability of cells to increase their surface area/volume ratio The Endo-symbiotic Theory
8 The Endosymbiotic Theory: Origin of Eukaryotes
9
10 The ancestral eukaryotic animal cell evolved from 2 different prokaryotes present in a state of endosymbiosis The ancestral eukaryotic plant cell evolved from 3 different prokaryotes present in a state of endosymbiosis Mitochondrion Engulfing of aerobic prokaryote Host cell Some cells Engulfing of photosynthetic prokaryote Chloroplast Mitochondrion Host cell
11 Evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory: mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA and ribosomes Endosymbiosis is seen among some existing prokaryotic cells today
12 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Differ in - size - complexity Cells - presence of internal membrane creating organelles (Sub-cellular compartments where different cell functions of eukaryotic cells are carried out)
13 Similarities Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Plasma membrane Cytosol Chromosomes made of DNA Ribosomes for protein synthesis
14 Differences Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Chromosomes Nuclear membrane Membranebounded organelles
15 Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Animal and Plant cells /animations/cell_structure/cell_structure. htm
16 Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum NUCLEUS: Nuclear envelope Chromosomes Nucleolus Lysosome Centriole Peroxisome CYTOSKELETON: Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Mitochondrion
17 Golgi apparatus NUCLEUS: Nuclear envelope Chromosome Nucleolus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Central vacuole Chloroplast Cell wall Plasmodesmata CYTOSKELETON: Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Cell wall of adjacent cell
18 Role Cell membranes Compartmentalization of cellular functions
19 A. Plasma membrane - Boundary of the cell - Surrounds the cytoplasm - Selective barrier - Allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes.
20 B. Internal membranes of eukaryotes Partitioning the cell into compartments - Local environments that facilitate specific metabolic functions Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails Inside cell Proteins Hydrophobic region of protein Hydrophilic region of protein
21 Cytoskeleton A network of protein fibers that functions in cell structural support and motility Nucleus Nucleus Actin subunit Fibrous subunits Tubulin subunit 7 nm 10 nm 25 nm Microfilament Intermediate filament Microtubule
22 Roles of the Cytoskeleton: 1. structural or mechanical support to the cell 2. cell motility and organelle motion 3. regulation of structural organization and activities of the cell Vesicles or organelles carried to various destinations along monorails provided by the cytoskeleton.
23 The Flow of Genetic Information: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology The sequence of bases in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins - DNA codes for the production of messenger RNA. - Messenger RNA codes for the production of protein. - Proteins do not code for the production of protein, RNA or DNA
24 Cell organelles and structures involved with the flow of genetic information Nucleus Ribosomes
25 Nucleus Home of most genetic material (DNA) Site of transcription of: - messenger RNA (mrna) - ribosomal RNA (rrna) (nucleolus) Two membranes of nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Nucleus Pore Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes
26 Ribosomes Made of rrna and protein. Sites of protein synthesis Free and bound ribosomes (to endoplasmic reticulum) Ribosomes ER Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes TEM showing ER and ribosomes Large subunit Small Diagram of subunit a ribosome
27 The Endomembrane System Sub-cellular components Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vesicles Lysosomes Vacuoles Plasma membrane Function - Regulation of protein traffic within the cell - Sites of synthesis, breakdown, & modification of macromolecules
28 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Smooth ER (No ribosomes. Rough ER (bound ribosomes) are attached to the outside Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Ribosomes Rough ER
29 Smooth ER Contains enzymes for functions that include synthesis of lipids, phospholipid, steroids Rough ER (membrane factory) - Produces proteins and membranes for transport by vesicles
30 Transport vesicle buds off 4 Ribosome Secretory protein inside transport vesicle 1 3 Sugar chain Polypeptide 2 Glycoprotein Rough ER
31 The Golgi Apparatus Finishing, sorting, and shipping cell products Receiving side of Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER New vesicle forming Shipping side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from the Golgi
32 Lysosomes Membrane-bounded sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that digestive enzymes
33 Lysosome Digestion Vesicle containing damaged mitochondrion
34 Nucleus Nuclear membrane Rough ER Smooth ER Transport vesicle Transport vesicle Golgi apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Plasma membrane
35 Vacuoles Larger versions of vesicles Many functions in cell maintenance Food vacuoles, fuse with lysosomes Contractile vacuoles, pump excess water out Central vacuoles in plant cells
36 Chloroplast Nucleus Central vacuole
37 Nucleus Contractile vacuoles
38 Other Membranous Organelles not part of the endomembrane system Energy transformers of cells Mitochondria- sites of cellular respiration (animals & plants) Chloroplasts- sites of photosynthesis (plants only) Peroxisomes- Generate and Degrade H 2 O 2-
39 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Contain their own ribosomes and cytosol Contain small quantities of DNA that direct the synthesis of the polypeptides produced by these internal ribosomes. Grow and reproduce as semi-autonomous organelles
40 Mitochondria Video (4) Chloroplast Video (4)
41 Peroxisomes A single membrane Abundant in liver and kidney - breakdown of fatty acids - detoxify alcohol
42 Glycoprotein complex with long polysaccharide Collagen fiber Connecting glycoprotein Integrin Cell Surfaces EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Microfilaments The extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and polysaccharides, in animal cells CYTOPLASM
43 Vacuole Walls of two adjacent plant cells Plasmodesmata Primary cell wall Secondary cell wall Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Plant cells have a cell wall and Plasmodesmata as an intercellular junction
44 Intercellular animal junctions Tight junctions Anchoring junction Gap junctions Animals- Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Extracellular matrix
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