Cell Organelles. September 2014 CP Biology
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1 Cell Organelles September 2014 CP Biology
2 Organelles Organelles are small structures in or on a cell that carry out a particular function. They are similar to the organs of the human body because each organelle has a specific job to do. Eukaryotes have distinct membrane bound organelles and prokaryotes do not.
3 Plasma Membrane Flexible boundary between the cell and its environment, that controls what leaves and enters the cell. Selective permeability: process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through while keeping others out. Ex.: screen door lets air in & keeps bugs out
4 Plasma Membrane Structure Phospholipid (review) Composed of Two fatty acid tails Glycerol backbone & Phosphate group ( head ) Phospholipid bilayer Non-polar, fatty acid tails face each other Polar, heads face watery environment inside and outside of the cell Fluid Mosaic model Phospholipids move within the membrane
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6 Presence of double bonds in fatty acid tails prevents tight packing and makes the lipid bilayer difficult to freeze and it also makes it more fluid.
7 Other Plasma Membrane Components Transmembrane proteins Recognition proteins: identify cells as self Receptor proteins: identify chemical signals Transport proteins: move needed substances Cholesterol Helps to stabilize the phospholipids by preventing the fatty acid tails from sticking together.
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9 Organelles (Eukaryotic Cell Structure) Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosomes Cytoplasm Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Smooth Vacuoles (plants) Mitochondria Cell wall (plants) Chloroplasts (plants) Cilia/Flagella (some cells) Cytoskeleton Microtubules Microfilaments Centrioles
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11 Organelle Functions Nucleus The Boss Contains directions to make protein Nucleolus: makes ribosomes Nuclear envelope: separates nucleus from cytoplasm (double phospholipid membrane w/ pores) Contains chromatin Strands of genetic material, DNA
12 Organelle Function Ribosome Sites where the cell produces proteins Not bound by a membrane Made of RNA and proteins Found in cytoplasm and attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
13 Organelle Functions Cytoplasm Clear, gelatinous fluid inside a cell Made up of a liquid medium called cytosol Maintains shape of cell Storage place for needed nutrients and chemical substances (i.e. enzymes, salts, proteins, etc.)
14 Organelle Function Golgi Apparatus ( UPS ) Once proteins are made, they are transferred to the Golgi apparatus where they are sorted into packages and packed into vesicles, go to be sent to the appropriate destination. Named after Italian physician, Camillo Golgi, who identified it in 1898.
15 Organelle Function Lysosome ( Trash guys ) Contains digestive enzymes Responsible for digesting worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. Can fuse with vacuoles to digest contents (ex. amoebas)
16 Organelle Function Vacuoles Compartment for temporary storage of materials Some store food, enzymes, needed materials Others store waste products Usually found in plants Smaller ones may be found in animal cells
17 Organelle Functions Endoplasmic Reticulum Site of cellular chemical reactions Highly folded membranes Two types Rough (with ribosomes) Protein synthesis Smooth (no ribosomes) Production and storage of lipids
18 Plastids Organelle Structure Organelles found in plant cells Contain pigments Chromoplasts: contains pigments Amyloplasts: type of leukoplast that stores starch
19 Organelle Function Chloroplasts (plants) Cell organelle that captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy Has a double membrane Thylakoid membrane: Folded inner membrane where light is converted to energy Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps light energy and gives leaves & stems their green color
20 Organelle Function Mitochondria Transform energy for the cell How? Cellular respiration Cristae: Inner folds that increase surface area for chemicals reactions
21 Organelle Function Cell wall (plants only) Forms an inflexible barrier that protects the cell and gives it support Composed of cellulose (polysaccharide remember those?) Fibrous and porous Not selective like cell membrane
22 Organelle Function Cilia Short numerous projections that look like hairs Aid in movement (unicellular organisms) or eating Flagella Longer projections that move with a whip-like motion
23 Organelle Function The cytoskeleton Forms a framework for the cell Maintains cell shape Anchors organelles Microtubules Thin, hollow cylinders made of proteins Microfilaments Smaller, solid protein fibers Centrioles (animal cells) Important in cell division Made of microtubules
24 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic (in regard to organelles) Plasma Membrane: Both Cell wall: Prok. & plants Ribosomes: Both Chloroplasts: plants Cytoskeleton: Euk. Only Endopl. Ret.: Euk. Only Golgi App.: Euk. Only Lysosome: Euk. Only Nucleus: Euk. Only Vacuole: Euk. Only
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